PERT and CPM are project management tools used to schedule, organize, and coordinate tasks within a project. PERT was developed for uncertain schedules and uses three time estimates, while CPM uses known times. Both tools involve identifying tasks, estimating durations, and displaying the tasks in a network diagram to identify the critical path of interdependent activities. This helps project managers monitor progress and ensure projects are completed on time, within budget, and to quality standards.

1. PERT - CPM By Naveed I. Salman

2. Quote A dream is just a dream. A goal is a dream with a plan and a deadline. - Harvey Mackay

3. Project Management What is a project? A project is a series of activities directed toward the accomplishment of a desired objective.

4. Project Management Characteristics of Projects Unique, one-time operations Involve a large number of activities that must be planned and coordinated Long time-horizon or critical time constraints Goals of meeting completion deadlines and budgets Examples Building a house Planning a meeting Introducing a new product

5. Project Scheduling Management Project scheduling is concerned with the techniques that can be employed to manage the activities that need to be undertaken during the development of a project. Scheduling is carried out in advance of the project commencing and involves: identifying the tasks that need to be carried out; estimating how long they will take; allocating resources (mainly personnel); scheduling when the tasks will occur.

6. Project Scheduling Management Once the project is underway control needs to be exerted to ensure that the plan continues to represent the best prediction of what will occur in the future: based on what occurs during the development; often necessitates revision of the plan. Effective project planning will help to ensure that the systems are delivered: within cost; within the time constraint; to a specific standard of quality.

7. Project Management Tools Older simpler - Gantt Chart More modern – CPM/PERT Newest – Microsoft Project ™

8. Gantt Chart

9. Advantages of Gantt Easy to understand Easy to construct

10. Project Management PERT - Project Evaluation and Review Technique CPM - Critical Path Method

11. PERT/CPM PERT Program Evaluation and Review Technique Developed by U.S. Navy for Polaris missile project Developed to handle uncertain activity times CPM Critical Path Method Developed by Du Pont & Remington Rand Developed for industrial projects for which activity times generally were known Today’s project management software packages have combined the best features of both approaches.

12. Project Management PERT/CPM In projects that are non-repetitive information necessary for control is sparse, non-existent or only marginally relevant. Project control then requires: A logical methodology showing the required tasks and the interrelationships of these tasks Estimation of the resources required for each activity/step Time Money Personnel Equipment

13. PERT/CPM Type Projects Construction Engineering Software Development Equipment Cut-over Anything with many interdependent activities/steps

14. Network Diagram Activities Events

15. ACTIVITIES Activities are shown as lines or arrows Activities require time and other recourses

16. Activities Some may be executed simultaneously Some cannot be performed until others are completed DO THIS AND AT THE SAME TIME DO THAT

17. Situations in network diagram A must finish before either B or C can start both A and B must finish before C can start both A and C must finish before either of B or D can start A must finish before B can start both A and C must finish before D can start A B C A B C D C B A A C B D Dummy

18. EVENTS Events or nodes or mileposts or circles They consume NO time and show connections between activities Every PERT/CPM chart has one Start event and one end event

19. CPM -Critical Path Method A tool to determine duration based on the identification of the Critical Path through the activity network. Times are known with some high degree of certainty. Management can determine the duration of a project and concentrate efforts on Critical Path activities.

20. PERT Program Evaluation and Review Technique Time are NOT known well (uncertainty) Statistics used to estimate probability of finishing within a given time

21. The Six Steps Common to PERT & CPM Define the project and identify each activity Develop relationships among the activities. (Decide which activities must precede and which must follow others.) Draw the network connecting all of the activities Assign time and/or cost estimates to each activity Compute the longest time path through the network. This is called the critical path Use the network to help plan, schedule, monitor, and control the project

22. Simple CPM Chart START 1 END Open Book Read Chapter

23. Calculating times Time for top route = 2 + 4 + 4 + 3 = 13 Time for bottom route = 2 + 3 + 2 + 4 = 11 START END 2 4 4 3 3 2 4

24. Critical Path Time for top route = 2 + 4 + 4 + 3 = 13 Time for bottom route = 2 + 3 + 2 + 4 = 11 Top is Critical path START END 2 4 4 3 3 2 4

25. Slack time Time for top route = 2 + 4 + 4 + 3 = 13 Time for bottom route = 2 + 3 + 2 + 4 = 11 For activities not on Critical path Slack time = 2 START END 2 4 4 3 3 2 4 No SLACK here

26. Slack time For activities not on critical path the slack time is extra time that could be used if necessary If event B is reached in 6 days is there a significant problem? No, not if the cause was the activity that should have taken 3 days took 4 Yes, if the cause was the 2 day activity following start took 3 days START END 2 4 4 3 3 2 4 B

27. Review of PERT/CPM A project network can be constructed to model the precedence / order of the activities and the relationship between activities. The Lines of the network represent the activities. The Circles of the network show events. A critical path for the network is a path consisting of activities with zero slack.

28. 3 time estimates Optimistic times ( a ) Most-likely time ( m ) Pessimistic time ( b ) Follow normal distribution Expected time: t = ( a + 4 m + b )/6 Variance of times: v = (( b - a ) /6) 2 PERT Activity Times 

29. Time Estimation Estimates of Activity Times Activity time is the elapsed time required for an activity. Estimating activity times is probably one of PERT’s most critical features. Managers are reluctant to commit themselves to a rigid time schedule. Weather conditions, alone, prompt uncertainties and make it difficult for the manager to develop a single time estimate. However, experience has shown that managers are less reluctant if allowed three different estimates, especially when they understand PERT and how the concept of three time estimates is used. PERT, therefore, calls for not one, but three estimates of every activity time and allows the manager an opportunity to express his uncertainty about the possible time range of an activity.

30. Time Estimation All three time estimates assume a static level of resource use. The estimates should be as good as possible because PERT results depend directly on them. To obtain accurate estimates is not easy. It will require research, collaboration with planning team members, and homework. Simple guesswork is inadequate. If some time estimates are mere guesses, the manager will soon realize that they jeopardize or needlessly extend the project schedule date. Once the estimator realizes that his contributions are a small, but vital component of the PERT system, he will try to steadily improve his estimates. In short, guesswork will not replace intelligently derived estimates.

31. Time Estimation The person most familiar with the operation and requirements of each activity should submit the three time estimates. These should meet the following criteria: 1) Optimistic Time -- the minimum time period in which the activity can be accomplished, i.e., the time it would take to complete it if everything proceeded better than expected. (labeled a.)

32. Time Estimation 2) Most Likely Time -- the best estimate of the time period in which the activity can be accomplished, i.e., the estimate submitted if one (only) had been requested. (labeled m.) 3) Pessimistic Time -- the maximum time period it would take to accomplish the activity, i.e., the time required if everything went wrong, excluding major catastrophes. (labeled b.)

33. Time Estimation It is acceptable to state these estimates in days, weeks, or months as long as the measure is used consistently . Once made, activity time estimates are firm and should not be changed without a change in the nature and scope of the activity or in the level of resources allocated to it. The following time relationships must be adhered to: ... a equal or less than m which is equal or less then b

34. Some Important Points The process is no better than the network and the time estimates People do this Knowledgeable people must determine which activities must proceed others and the time each activity will require Some careful estimates are still better than no information The resulting schedule should be a normal schedule. A Crash schedule exists when extra resources are added to reduce time.

35. Advantages of PERT/CPM Especially useful when scheduling and controlling large projects. Straightforward concept and not mathematically complex. Graphical networks aid perception of relationships among project activities. Critical path & slack time analyses help pinpoint activities that need to be closely watched. Project documentation and graphics point out who is responsible for various activities. Applicable to a wide variety of projects. Useful in monitoring schedules and costs.

36. Benefits of CPM/PERT Useful at many stages of project management Mathematically simple Give critical path and slack time Provide project documentation Useful in monitoring costs How long will the entire project take to be completed? What are the risks involved? Which are the critical activities or tasks in the project which could delay the entire project if they were not completed on time? Is the project on schedule, behind schedule or ahead of schedule? If the project has to be finished earlier than planned, what is the best way to do this at the least cost? CPM/PERT can answer the following important questions:

37. Toast Bread Make an egg omelet Spread butter on toast Spread omelet on toast A B C D 3 minutes 2 minutes 1 minute 1 minute 7 minutes Sandwich PERT Chart 5 minutes

38. Practice Exercise 6 12 d, e j 4 6 g i 8 9 f h 5 17 a g 9 15 a f 11 9 c e 7 13 b d 5 5 - c 3 8 - b 2 6 - a Cost in (000) Rs Duration in Weeks Pre - Activity Activities

39. Questions / Answers ?? ?

40. Solution Critical Path a, 6 f, 15 b, 8 c, 5 e, 9 d, 13 g, 17 h, 9 i, 6 j, 12

41. Your Presenter Naveed I. Salman M. Sc (Mathematics), MCS, MIT, M.A.(EPM) [email_address] 0321 5168 779

42. The End Thank You