The document discusses project management techniques like the critical path method (CPM) and program evaluation and review technique (PERT) which are used to schedule projects by breaking them into tasks, estimating durations, and identifying the critical path of activities that determine the overall project duration. CPM and PERT involve creating a network diagram of tasks and their dependencies to determine the earliest and latest times that tasks can start and finish without extending the project completion date.
Construction Delay Analysis, SimplifiedMichael Pink
Learn how to perform a delay analysis in the construction industry. Capture and study your impacts to determine why a project was late. Use this proven method to ensure that you get paid for delays caused by others.
03 Construction Project Planning and Schedulingakashpadole
The presentation has prepared as per the syllabus of Mumbai University.
Go through the presentation, if you like it then share it with your friends and classmates.
Thank you :)
This is the part of the presentation done by a PMP Workgroup which includes the project managers from NashTech, Trobz and Besco to study the Project Management and get the PMP certification. This part describes the process of Sequencing Activities in the Project Schedule Management knowledge area.
Reasons for the Delay and Cost Overrun in Residential Projects - 2017Sankalp Swarnkar
This work found out the most significant reasons of time and cost overrun for ongoing residential projects, along with this, the study focuses on formulating recommendations for improving construction performance. At the end of this work, I have reached a conclusion that what are common issues that are attributing to time and cost overrun in projects.
Construction Delay Analysis, SimplifiedMichael Pink
Learn how to perform a delay analysis in the construction industry. Capture and study your impacts to determine why a project was late. Use this proven method to ensure that you get paid for delays caused by others.
03 Construction Project Planning and Schedulingakashpadole
The presentation has prepared as per the syllabus of Mumbai University.
Go through the presentation, if you like it then share it with your friends and classmates.
Thank you :)
This is the part of the presentation done by a PMP Workgroup which includes the project managers from NashTech, Trobz and Besco to study the Project Management and get the PMP certification. This part describes the process of Sequencing Activities in the Project Schedule Management knowledge area.
Reasons for the Delay and Cost Overrun in Residential Projects - 2017Sankalp Swarnkar
This work found out the most significant reasons of time and cost overrun for ongoing residential projects, along with this, the study focuses on formulating recommendations for improving construction performance. At the end of this work, I have reached a conclusion that what are common issues that are attributing to time and cost overrun in projects.
Construction Management full lecture note-By Melese Mengistu.pdfMeleseMengistu
A project is defined, whether it is in construction or not, by the
following characteristics:
A defined goal or objective, Specific tasks to be performed, A
defined beginning& end, and Resources being consumed.
Construction industry is different from other industries by its size, built
on-site, and generally unique.
Projects begin with a stated goal established by the owner and
accomplished by the project team.
project control using earned value analysis - Part 01 waleed hamdy
Project control using earned value analysis - Part 01
Mission of the projects control division
Why the earned value management?
Establishment of the Performance Measurement Baseline
EVM Analysis & Forecasting
This lecture provides a short but comprehensive review of earned value analysis and how this technique helps us to determined the project financial and schedule situation.
A contracting and project management firm, The Dalton Company has been involved with significant projects for nonprofits, including Toronto’s Wychwood Barns. Using ArtsBuild’s online guide to capital projects PLAN IT | BUILD IT, The Dalton Company discusses the planning and decision-making needed to deliver projects on budget and in time.
Primavera p6 18.8 planning and scheduling guide r3Matiwos Tsegaye
This manual is developed to assist construction professional in understanding the basic principles of planning and to guide them how planning is developed using the recent edition Primavera Professional P6 18.8.
Construction Project Management Powerpoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
It covers all the important concepts and has relevant templates which cater to your business needs. This complete deck has PPT slides on Construction Project Management Powerpoint Presentation Slides with well suited graphics and subject driven content. This deck consists of total of sixty three slides. All templates are completely editable for your convenience. You can change the colour, text and font size of these slides. You can add or delete the content as per your requirement. Get access to this professionally designed complete deck presentation by clicking the download button below. https://bit.ly/3x0pIsY
Construction planning_Construction Management (2180611) (Semester-8), Civil E...A Makwana
Planning can be defined as drawing up a method of acting, doing, proceeding.
It is thinking ahead of the activities to be performed.
In planning one is foresee and anticipate about the events which are likely to delay the attainment of stated goal.
Project scheduling and resource levelling_Construction Management A Makwana
At the time of preparing the network of any project, usually it is assumed that all resources needed for its execution are available in plenty and no consideration of resource constraints is taken into account.
In such situations the duration of the project may increase escalating the cost of the project.
A brief introduction and overview of construction management and its application. A guidance for civil engineers teachers and students.
To get these slides please visit
http://www.xubitech.com/
Chapter 09 of ICT Project Management based on IOE Engineering syllabus. This chapter mainly focuses on cost and project, cost management, cost estimating and more related to cost and project. Provided by Project Management Sir of KU
Facing the Future Together: Technology, Communication & the Future of Higher...Rolin Moe
Presentation on November 17, 2014 at Seattle Pacific University looking at the opportunities for existing higher education practices to better utilize software platforms and the idea of online structure when forming learning models. In short, our dominant notions of structure are outdated and limit rather than grow the opportunity for the Internet to transform education.
Construction Management full lecture note-By Melese Mengistu.pdfMeleseMengistu
A project is defined, whether it is in construction or not, by the
following characteristics:
A defined goal or objective, Specific tasks to be performed, A
defined beginning& end, and Resources being consumed.
Construction industry is different from other industries by its size, built
on-site, and generally unique.
Projects begin with a stated goal established by the owner and
accomplished by the project team.
project control using earned value analysis - Part 01 waleed hamdy
Project control using earned value analysis - Part 01
Mission of the projects control division
Why the earned value management?
Establishment of the Performance Measurement Baseline
EVM Analysis & Forecasting
This lecture provides a short but comprehensive review of earned value analysis and how this technique helps us to determined the project financial and schedule situation.
A contracting and project management firm, The Dalton Company has been involved with significant projects for nonprofits, including Toronto’s Wychwood Barns. Using ArtsBuild’s online guide to capital projects PLAN IT | BUILD IT, The Dalton Company discusses the planning and decision-making needed to deliver projects on budget and in time.
Primavera p6 18.8 planning and scheduling guide r3Matiwos Tsegaye
This manual is developed to assist construction professional in understanding the basic principles of planning and to guide them how planning is developed using the recent edition Primavera Professional P6 18.8.
Construction Project Management Powerpoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
It covers all the important concepts and has relevant templates which cater to your business needs. This complete deck has PPT slides on Construction Project Management Powerpoint Presentation Slides with well suited graphics and subject driven content. This deck consists of total of sixty three slides. All templates are completely editable for your convenience. You can change the colour, text and font size of these slides. You can add or delete the content as per your requirement. Get access to this professionally designed complete deck presentation by clicking the download button below. https://bit.ly/3x0pIsY
Construction planning_Construction Management (2180611) (Semester-8), Civil E...A Makwana
Planning can be defined as drawing up a method of acting, doing, proceeding.
It is thinking ahead of the activities to be performed.
In planning one is foresee and anticipate about the events which are likely to delay the attainment of stated goal.
Project scheduling and resource levelling_Construction Management A Makwana
At the time of preparing the network of any project, usually it is assumed that all resources needed for its execution are available in plenty and no consideration of resource constraints is taken into account.
In such situations the duration of the project may increase escalating the cost of the project.
A brief introduction and overview of construction management and its application. A guidance for civil engineers teachers and students.
To get these slides please visit
http://www.xubitech.com/
Chapter 09 of ICT Project Management based on IOE Engineering syllabus. This chapter mainly focuses on cost and project, cost management, cost estimating and more related to cost and project. Provided by Project Management Sir of KU
Facing the Future Together: Technology, Communication & the Future of Higher...Rolin Moe
Presentation on November 17, 2014 at Seattle Pacific University looking at the opportunities for existing higher education practices to better utilize software platforms and the idea of online structure when forming learning models. In short, our dominant notions of structure are outdated and limit rather than grow the opportunity for the Internet to transform education.
Changing organisations through hands-on trainingJim Barritt
A talk I gave at XP2012 in Malmo, Sweden. It describes some of the practices we used whilst training at ThoughtWorks University with the aim that they might be interesting to people who are trying to train staff in "agile"
The performance achieved by today’s new
smartphones and tablets is enabling businesses
to come up with ever more innovative services
for their target audiences, but also with new
ways of working and interacting.
Among the many new mobile projects created
for our clients, we have been able to sense
the outstanding creative potential of these
tools, both for the design teams and the users
themselves, who are driving this (r)evolution
in phone use. More relevant and responsive
marketing campaigns through more detailed
knowledge of consumers (geolocation), which
has the added benefit of being available at any
time, improvements in customer relations with
a new and dynamic role for sales, instant
access to reliable data, more effective and
user-friendly marketing and communication
resources, increased compagny performance
and productivity through the simplification of
processes, faster deployment within teams, and
easier change management thanks to the sheer
fun and enjoyability of these new resources…
You will discover some of these many benefits
over the next few pages of this new edition of
SqliMag, entirely dedicated to mobile projects.
Our teams are bursting with ideas for new interactive
services and solutions, accessible via
these new devices. They can also help making
your new ideas become real…
There are five types of profiles for how people find information in the workplace. This presentation gives an overview of those profiles, their activities, influencers, and the research that lead to the discovery of these five profiles.
Back To The Grassroots – CED and Building Local PowerRaïmi Osseni
This workshop explores changes in dominant CED theory and practice from earlier visions linked to traditions of grassroots community organizing and building citizens' power at the local
level to a narrower entrepreneurial and technical intervention. What are the implications of these
changes? Are there practices and organizations that embody the two approaches? What does community organizing have to do with CED?
Eric Shragge, School of Community and Public Affairs, Concordia University
Raimi Osseni, CCEDNet Emerging Leaders
"𝑩𝑬𝑮𝑼𝑵 𝑾𝑰𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑱 𝑰𝑺 𝑯𝑨𝑳𝑭 𝑫𝑶𝑵𝑬"
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 (𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬) is a professional event agency that includes experts in the event-organizing market in Vietnam, Korea, and ASEAN countries. We provide unlimited types of events from Music concerts, Fan meetings, and Culture festivals to Corporate events, Internal company events, Golf tournaments, MICE events, and Exhibitions.
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 provides unlimited package services including such as Event organizing, Event planning, Event production, Manpower, PR marketing, Design 2D/3D, VIP protocols, Interpreter agency, etc.
Sports events - Golf competitions/billiards competitions/company sports events: dynamic and challenging
⭐ 𝐅𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐬:
➢ 2024 BAEKHYUN [Lonsdaleite] IN HO CHI MINH
➢ SUPER JUNIOR-L.S.S. THE SHOW : Th3ee Guys in HO CHI MINH
➢FreenBecky 1st Fan Meeting in Vietnam
➢CHILDREN ART EXHIBITION 2024: BEYOND BARRIERS
➢ WOW K-Music Festival 2023
➢ Winner [CROSS] Tour in HCM
➢ Super Show 9 in HCM with Super Junior
➢ HCMC - Gyeongsangbuk-do Culture and Tourism Festival
➢ Korean Vietnam Partnership - Fair with LG
➢ Korean President visits Samsung Electronics R&D Center
➢ Vietnam Food Expo with Lotte Wellfood
"𝐄𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲, 𝐚 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐣𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐲. 𝐖𝐞 𝐚𝐥𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐚 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬."
Cracking the Workplace Discipline Code Main.pptxWorkforce Group
Cultivating and maintaining discipline within teams is a critical differentiator for successful organisations.
Forward-thinking leaders and business managers understand the impact that discipline has on organisational success. A disciplined workforce operates with clarity, focus, and a shared understanding of expectations, ultimately driving better results, optimising productivity, and facilitating seamless collaboration.
Although discipline is not a one-size-fits-all approach, it can help create a work environment that encourages personal growth and accountability rather than solely relying on punitive measures.
In this deck, you will learn the significance of workplace discipline for organisational success. You’ll also learn
• Four (4) workplace discipline methods you should consider
• The best and most practical approach to implementing workplace discipline.
• Three (3) key tips to maintain a disciplined workplace.
Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit and TemplatesAurelien Domont, MBA
This Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit was created by ex-McKinsey, Deloitte and BCG Management Consultants, after more than 5,000 hours of work. It is considered the world's best & most comprehensive Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit. It includes all the Frameworks, Best Practices & Templates required to successfully undertake the Digital Transformation of your organization and define a robust IT Strategy.
Editable Toolkit to help you reuse our content: 700 Powerpoint slides | 35 Excel sheets | 84 minutes of Video training
This PowerPoint presentation is only a small preview of our Toolkits. For more details, visit www.domontconsulting.com
Personal Brand Statement:
As an Army veteran dedicated to lifelong learning, I bring a disciplined, strategic mindset to my pursuits. I am constantly expanding my knowledge to innovate and lead effectively. My journey is driven by a commitment to excellence, and to make a meaningful impact in the world.
LA HUG - Video Testimonials with Chynna Morgan - June 2024Lital Barkan
Have you ever heard that user-generated content or video testimonials can take your brand to the next level? We will explore how you can effectively use video testimonials to leverage and boost your sales, content strategy, and increase your CRM data.🤯
We will dig deeper into:
1. How to capture video testimonials that convert from your audience 🎥
2. How to leverage your testimonials to boost your sales 💲
3. How you can capture more CRM data to understand your audience better through video testimonials. 📊
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey throu...dylandmeas
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey through Full Sail University. Below, you’ll find a collection of my work showcasing my skills and expertise in digital marketing, event planning, and media production.
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
www.seribangash.com
Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
https://seribangash.com/promotors-is-person-conceived-formation-company/
Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
The world of search engine optimization (SEO) is buzzing with discussions after Google confirmed that around 2,500 leaked internal documents related to its Search feature are indeed authentic. The revelation has sparked significant concerns within the SEO community. The leaked documents were initially reported by SEO experts Rand Fishkin and Mike King, igniting widespread analysis and discourse. For More Info:- https://news.arihantwebtech.com/search-disrupted-googles-leaked-documents-rock-the-seo-world/
Buy Verified PayPal Account | Buy Google 5 Star Reviewsusawebmarket
Buy Verified PayPal Account
Looking to buy verified PayPal accounts? Discover 7 expert tips for safely purchasing a verified PayPal account in 2024. Ensure security and reliability for your transactions.
PayPal Services Features-
🟢 Email Access
🟢 Bank Added
🟢 Card Verified
🟢 Full SSN Provided
🟢 Phone Number Access
🟢 Driving License Copy
🟢 Fasted Delivery
Client Satisfaction is Our First priority. Our services is very appropriate to buy. We assume that the first-rate way to purchase our offerings is to order on the website. If you have any worry in our cooperation usually You can order us on Skype or Telegram.
24/7 Hours Reply/Please Contact
usawebmarketEmail: support@usawebmarket.com
Skype: usawebmarket
Telegram: @usawebmarket
WhatsApp: +1(218) 203-5951
USA WEB MARKET is the Best Verified PayPal, Payoneer, Cash App, Skrill, Neteller, Stripe Account and SEO, SMM Service provider.100%Satisfection granted.100% replacement Granted.
RMD24 | Retail media: hoe zet je dit in als je geen AH of Unilever bent? Heid...BBPMedia1
Grote partijen zijn al een tijdje onderweg met retail media. Ondertussen worden in dit domein ook de kansen zichtbaar voor andere spelers in de markt. Maar met die kansen ontstaan ook vragen: Zelf retail media worden of erop adverteren? In welke fase van de funnel past het en hoe integreer je het in een mediaplan? Wat is nu precies het verschil met marketplaces en Programmatic ads? In dit half uur beslechten we de dilemma's en krijg je antwoorden op wanneer het voor jou tijd is om de volgende stap te zetten.
Premium MEAN Stack Development Solutions for Modern BusinessesSynapseIndia
Stay ahead of the curve with our premium MEAN Stack Development Solutions. Our expert developers utilize MongoDB, Express.js, AngularJS, and Node.js to create modern and responsive web applications. Trust us for cutting-edge solutions that drive your business growth and success.
Know more: https://www.synapseindia.com/technology/mean-stack-development-company.html
VAT Registration Outlined In UAE: Benefits and Requirementsuae taxgpt
Vat Registration is a legal obligation for businesses meeting the threshold requirement, helping companies avoid fines and ramifications. Contact now!
https://viralsocialtrends.com/vat-registration-outlined-in-uae/
RMD24 | Debunking the non-endemic revenue myth Marvin Vacquier Droop | First ...BBPMedia1
Marvin neemt je in deze presentatie mee in de voordelen van non-endemic advertising op retail media netwerken. Hij brengt ook de uitdagingen in beeld die de markt op dit moment heeft op het gebied van retail media voor niet-leveranciers.
Retail media wordt gezien als het nieuwe advertising-medium en ook mediabureaus richten massaal retail media-afdelingen op. Merken die niet in de betreffende winkel liggen staan ook nog niet in de rij om op de retail media netwerken te adverteren. Marvin belicht de uitdagingen die er zijn om echt aansluiting te vinden op die markt van non-endemic advertising.
2. What exactly is a project?
PM 1 – I’m in charge of the construction of a retail development in the
centre of a large town. There are 26 retail units and a super market in
the complex. My main responsibilities are to co-ordinate the work of
the various contractors to ensure that the project is completed to
specification, within budget and on time.
PM 2 – I am directing a team of research scientists. We are running
trials on a new analgesic drug on behalf of a pharmaceutical company.
It is my responsibility to design the experiments and make sure that
proper scientific and legal procedures are followed, so that our results
can be subjected to independent statistical analysis.
PM 3- The international aid agency which employs me is sending me to
New Delhi to organize the introduction of multimedia resources at a
teachers’ training college. My role is quite complex. I have to make
sure that appropriate resources are purchased- and in some cases
developed within the college. I also have to encourage the acceptance
of these resources by lecturers and students within the2college.
vikramthadeshvar@hotmail.com
3. f a reex d a sup he work
ion o nitl an nate t
struc tail u p -ordi
t s
ed to
the c re 26 re com o co s compl
PM o n et
2– e of er e a are t ject i
I am a r g ilntg he pro
i ies
trial ch d n. Th
It is – Iom an e tirwct esponsipi hat t
s ni b
’ n oe i
M 1 of a l g a m r
Ppro my resarewy naai ng a teosure n time. p t
prer
e p.oM lges to hnm nd o
ent scpeex nsib actorsiAd et a of r s ga
canc m i lntif ontrility Aud rug
c
th e sub ous cic a hinto n on esearch
beco b
ijec , wid
var tied ntl desie
the nt
o o egal gw t behalf scienti
n h
ificat inde proc de ex of a p sts. W
spec e d u r p er i h
pen
den reu men armac e are ru
t st a s g r e fa ts a eu t i
ti st i o ll o nd m cal c inninge to
ca l wed s me ks sendong m
anemploy so a i e su mpt ny
ich alysis , ahresonre es aa a . s
id a gency wh i tuat eu tc thatke
. ed t d o u
lt im
ion of mu nges. I havertresua
la
ternationa om
PM 3- The in
i t o or g anize the
i nt r oduc t
y ro lofs te i e
e i qu atchoimpldxin some caseslts
c
New Delh llege.tMod purchased- an
ing co e h es are acceptanc
e
in
te achers’ tra
propeiw
msourc so have to encourage thoellege.
r ate re
p n
sure that a A thin the college. I a
l c
nt s w i t hi n t he
develope d wi rs a nd s t ude
ces by l e c t ur e
of the se is sourdefined by the type of outcome it is 3 up to achieve
re
vikramthadeshvar@hotmail.com
Project not set
4. Project
A project is a temporary endeavour involving a connected sequence of
activities and a range of resources, which is designed to achieve a
specific and unique outcome and which operates within time, cost
and quality constraints and which is often used to introduce change.
Characteristic of a project
A unique, one-time operational activity or effort
Requires the completion of a large number of interrelated activities
Established to achieve specific objective
Resources, such as time and/or money, are limited
Typically has its own management structure
Need leadership
vikramthadeshvar@hotmail.com 4
5. Examples
– constructing houses, factories, shopping malls,
athletic stadiums or arenas
– developing military weapons systems, aircrafts,
new ships
– launching satellite systems
– constructing oil pipelines
– developing and implementing new computer
systems
– planning concert, football games, or basketball
tournaments
– introducing new products into market
vikramthadeshvar@hotmail.com 5
6. What is project management
• The application of a collection of tools and techniques
to direct the use of diverse resources towards the
accomplishment of a unique, complex, one time task
within time, cost and quality constraints.
• Its origins lie in World War II, when the military
authorities used the techniques of operational research
to plan the optimum use of resources.
• One of these techniques was the use of networks to
represent a system of related activities
vikramthadeshvar@hotmail.com 6
7. Project Management Process
• Project planning
• Project scheduling
• Project control
• Project team
– made up of individuals from various areas and departments within a
company
• Matrix organization
– a team structure with members from functional areas, depending on skills
required
• Project Manager
– most important member of project team
• Scope statement
– a document that provides an understanding, justification, and expected result
of a project
• Statement of work
– written description of objectives of a project
• Organizational Breakdown Structure
– a chart that shows which organizational units are responsible for work items
• Responsibility Assignment Matrix
vikramthadeshvar@hotmail.com a project
– shows who is responsible for work in 7
8. Work breakdown structure
• A method of breaking down a project into individual
elements ( components, subcomponents, activities and
tasks) in a hierarchical structure which can be scheduled
and cost
• It defines tasks that can be completed independently of
other tasks, facilitating resource allocation, assignment
of responsibilities and measurement and control of the
project
• It is foundation of project planning
• It is developed before identification of dependencies and
estimation of activity durations
• It can be used to identity the tasks in the CPM and PERT
vikramthadeshvar@hotmail.com 8
9. Work Breakdown Structure for Computer Order
Processing System Project
vikramthadeshvar@hotmail.com 9
10. Project Planning
• Resource Availability and/or Limits
– Due date, late penalties, early completion
incentives
– Budget
• Activity Information
– Identify all required activities
– Estimate the resources required (time) to complete
each activity
– Immediate predecessor(s) to each activity needed
to create interrelationships
vikramthadeshvar@hotmail.com 10
11. Project Scheduling and Control Techniques
Gantt Chart
Critical Path Method (CPM)
Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT)
vikramthadeshvar@hotmail.com 11
12. Gantt Chart
Graph or bar chart with a bar for each project activity that shows
passage of time
Provides visual display of project schedule
vikramthadeshvar@hotmail.com 12
13. History of CPM/PERT
• Critical Path Method (CPM)
– E I Du Pont de Nemours & Co. (1957) for construction of new
chemical plant and maintenance shut-down
– Deterministic task times
– Activity-on-node network construction
– Repetitive nature of jobs
• Project Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT)
– U S Navy (1958) for the POLARIS missile program
– Multiple task time estimates (probabilistic nature)
– Activity-on-arrow network construction
– Non-repetitive jobs (R & D work)
vikramthadeshvar@hotmail.com 13
14. Project Network
• Network analysis is the general name given to certain specific
techniques which can be used for the planning, management and
control of projects
• Use of nodes and arrows
Arrows An arrow leads from tail to head directionally
– Indicate ACTIVITY, a time consuming effort that is required to perform a
part of the work.
Nodes A node is represented by a circle
- Indicate EVENT, a point in time where one or more activities start and/or
finish.
• Activity
– A task or a certain amount of work required in the project
– Requires time to complete
– Represented by an arrow
• Dummy Activity
– Indicates only precedence relationships
–vikramthadeshvar@hotmail.com
Does not require any time of effort 14
15. Project Network
• Event
– Signals the beginning or ending of an activity
– Designates a point in time
– Represented by a circle (node)
• Network
– Shows the sequential relationships among activities using nodes
and arrows
Activity-on-node (AON)
nodes represent activities, and arrows show precedence
relationships
Activity-on-arrow (AOA)
arrows represent activities and nodes are events for points in
time
vikramthadeshvar@hotmail.com 15
16. AOA Project Network for House
3
Lay Dummy
foundation
2 0 Build Finish
3 1 house work
1 2 4 6 7
Design house Order and 3 1
and obtain receive Select 1 1 Select
financing materials paint carpet
5
AON Project Network for House
Lay foundations Build house
2 4
Finish work
2 3
7
Start 1 1
3
Design house and 6
3
obtain financing 5 1
1
1 Select carpet
Order and receive
vikramthadeshvar@hotmail.com
materials
Select paint 16
17. Situations in network diagram
B
A A must finish before either B or C can start
C
A
C both A and B must finish before C can start
B
A C both A and C must finish before either of
B B or D can start
D
A B
A must finish before B can start
Dummy both A and C must finish before D can start
C vikramthadeshvar@hotmail.com
17
D
19. Network example
Illustration of network analysis of a minor redesign of a product and
its associated packaging.
The key question is: How long will it take to complete this project ?
vikramthadeshvar@hotmail.com 19
20. For clarity, this list is kept to a minimum by specifying only
immediate relationships, that is relationships involving activities
that "occur near to each other in time".
vikramthadeshvar@hotmail.com 20
21. Questions to prepare activity network
• Is this a Start Activity?
• Is this a Finish Activity?
• What Activity Precedes this?
• What Activity Follows this?
• What Activity is Concurrent with this?
vikramthadeshvar@hotmail.com 21
22. CPM calculation
• Path
– A connected sequence of activities leading from
the starting event to the ending event
• Critical Path
– The longest path (time); determines the project
duration
• Critical Activities
– All of the activities that make up the critical path
vikramthadeshvar@hotmail.com 22
23. Forward Pass
• Earliest Start Time (ES)
– earliest time an activity can start
– ES = maximum EF of immediate predecessors
• Earliest finish time (EF)
– earliest time an activity can finish
– earliest start time plus activity time
EF= ES + t
Backward Pass
Latest Start Time (LS)
Latest time an activity can start without delaying critical path
time
LS= LF - t
Latest finish time (LF)
latest time an activity can be completed without delaying
critical path time
vikramthadeshvar@hotmail.com 23
LS = minimum LS of immediate predecessors
24. CPM analysis
• Draw the CPM network
• Analyze the paths through the network
• Determine the float for each activity
– Compute the activity’s float
float = LS - ES = LF - EF
– Float is the maximum amount of time that this activity can be
delay in its completion before it becomes a critical activity,
i.e., delays completion of the project
• Find the critical path is that the sequence of activities and events
where there is no “slack” i.e.. Zero slack
– Longest path through a network
• Find the project duration is minimum project completion time
vikramthadeshvar@hotmail.com 24
25. CPM Example:
• CPM Network
f, 15
g, 17 h, 9
a, 6
i, 6
b, 8
d, 13 j, 12
c, 5
e, 9
vikramthadeshvar@hotmail.com 25
26. CPM Example
• ES and EF Times f, 15
g, 17 h, 9
a, 6
0 6 i, 6
b, 8
0 8 d, 13 j, 12
c, 5
0 5 e, 9
vikramthadeshvar@hotmail.com 26
27. CPM Example
• ES and EF Times f, 15
6 21
g, 17 h, 9
a, 6
0 6 6 23 i, 6
b, 8
0 8 d, 13 j, 12
8 21
c, 5
0 5 e, 9
5 14
vikramthadeshvar@hotmail.com 27
28. CPM Example
• ES and EF Times f, 15
6 21
g, 17 h, 9
a, 6
21 30
0 6 6 23 i, 6
23 29
b, 8
0 8 d, 13 j, 12
8 21 21 33
c, 5
0 5 e, 9
Project’s EF = 33
5 14
vikramthadeshvar@hotmail.com 28
29. CPM Example
• LS and LF Times f, 15
6 21
h, 9
21 30
a, 6 g, 17
24 33
0 6 6 23 i, 6
23 29
b, 8 27 33
0 8 d, 13 j, 12
8 21 21 33
c, 5 21 33
0 5 e, 9
5 14
vikramthadeshvar@hotmail.com 29
30. CPM Example
• LS and LF Times f, 15
6 21
h, 9
18 24
21 30
a, 6 g, 17
24 33
0 6 6 23 i, 6
4 10 10 27 23 29
b, 8 27 33
0 8 d, 13 j, 12
0 8 8 21 21 33
c, 5 8 21 21 33
0 5 e, 9
7 12 5 14
12 21
vikramthadeshvar@hotmail.com 30
32. CPM Example
• Critical Path f, 15
g, 17 h, 9
a, 6
i, 6
b, 8
d, 13 j, 12
c, 5
e, 9
vikramthadeshvar@hotmail.com 32
33. PERT
• PERT is based on the assumption that an activity’s duration
follows a probability distribution instead of being a single value
• Three time estimates are required to compute the parameters of
an activity’s duration distribution:
– pessimistic time (tp ) - the time the activity would take if
things did not go well
– most likely time (tm ) - the consensus best estimate of the
activity’s duration
– optimistic time (to ) - the time the activity would take if things
did go well
Mean (expected time): te =
tp + 4 tm + to
6
2
tp - to
Variance: Vt =σ = 2
vikramthadeshvar@hotmail.com 6 33
34. PERT analysis
• Draw the network.
• Analyze the paths through the network and find the critical path.
• The length of the critical path is the mean of the project duration
probability distribution which is assumed to be normal
• The standard deviation of the project duration probability
distribution is computed by adding the variances of the critical
activities (all of the activities that make up the critical path) and
taking the square root of that sum
• Probability computations can now be made using the normal
distribution table.
vikramthadeshvar@hotmail.com 34
35. Probability computation
Determine probability that project is completed within specified
time
x-µ
Z=
σ
where µ = tp = project mean time
σ = project standard mean time
x = (proposed ) specified time
vikramthadeshvar@hotmail.com 35
37. PERT Example
Immed. Optimistic Most Likely Pessimistic
Activity Predec. Time (Hr.) Time (Hr.) Time (Hr.)
A -- 4 6 8
B -- 1 4.5 5
C A 3 3 3
D A 4 5 6
E A 0.5 1 1.5
F B,C 3 4 5
G B,C 1 1.5 5
H E,F 5 6 7
I E,F 2 5 8
J D,H 2.5 2.75 4.5
K G,I 3
vikramthadeshvar@hotmail.com 5 37 7
39. PERT Example
Activity Expected Time Variance
A 6 4/9
B 4 4/9
C 3 0
D 5 1/9
E 1 1/36
F 4 1/9
G 2 4/9
H 6 1/9
I 5 1
J 3 1/9
K 5 4/9
vikramthadeshvar@hotmail.com 39
40. PERT Example
Activity ES EF LS LF Slack
A 0 6 0 6 0 *critical
B 0 4 5 9 5
C 6 9 6 9 0*
D 6 11 15 20 9
E 6 7 12 13 6
F 9 13 9 13 0*
G 9 11 16 18 7
H 13 19 14 20 1
I 13 18 13 18 0*
J 19 22 20 23 1
K 18 23 18 23 0*
vikramthadeshvar@hotmail.com 40
41. PERT Example
Vpath = VA + VC + VF + VI + VK
= 4/9 + 0 + 1/9 + 1 + 4/9
= 2
σpath = 1.414
z = (24 - 23)/σ = (24-23)/1.414 = .71
From the Standard Normal Distribution table:
P(z < .71) = .5 + .2612 = .7612
vikramthadeshvar@hotmail.com 41
43. Cost consideration in project
• Project managers may have the option or requirement to crash the
project, or accelerate the completion of the project.
• This is accomplished by reducing the length of the critical
path(s).
• The length of the critical path is reduced by reducing the duration
of the activities on the critical path.
• If each activity requires the expenditure of an amount of money
to reduce its duration by one unit of time, then the project
manager selects the least cost critical activity, reduces it by one
time unit, and traces that change through the remainder of the
network.
• As a result of a reduction in an activity’s time, a new critical path
may be created.
• When there is more than one critical path, each of the critical
paths must be reduced.
• If the length of the project needs to be reduced further, the
vikramthadeshvar@hotmail.com 43
44. Project Crashing
• Crashing
– reducing project time by expending additional resources
• Crash time
– an amount of time an activity is reduced
• Crash cost
– cost of reducing activity time
• Goal
– reduce project duration at minimum cost
vikramthadeshvar@hotmail.com 44
45. Activity crashing
Crash
cost Crashing activity
Activity cost
Slope = crash cost per unit time
Normal Activity
Normal
cost
Normal
time
Crash Activity time
time
vikramthadeshvar@hotmail.com 45
46. Time-Cost Relationship
Crashing costs increase as project duration decreases
Indirect costs increase as project duration increases
Reduce project length as long as crashing costs are less than
indirect costs
Time-Cost Tradeoff
Min total cost = Total project cost
optimal project
Indirect
time
cost
cost
Direct cost
vikramthadeshvar@hotmail.com time
46
50. Benefits of CPM/PERT
• Useful at many stages of project management
• Mathematically simple
• Give critical path and slack time
• Provide project documentation
• Useful in monitoring costs
CPM/PERT can answer the following important
questions:
•How long will the entire project take to be completed? What are the
risks involved?
•Which are the critical activities or tasks in the project which could
delay the entire project if they were not completed on time?
•Is the project on schedule, behind schedule or ahead of schedule?
•If the project has to be finished earlier than planned, what is the best
way vikramthadeshvar@hotmail.com
to do this at the least cost? 50
51. Limitations to CPM/PERT
• Clearly defined, independent and stable activities
• Specified precedence relationships
• Over emphasis on critical paths
• Deterministic CPM model
• Activity time estimates are subjective and depend on judgment
• PERT assumes a beta distribution for these time estimates, but
the actual distribution may be different
• PERT consistently underestimates the expected project
completion time due to alternate paths becoming critical
To overcome the limitation, Monte Carlo simulations can be
performed on the network to eliminate the optimistic bias
vikramthadeshvar@hotmail.com 51
53. Practice Example
A social project manager is faced with a project with the following
activities:
Activity Description Duration
Social work team to live in village 5w
Social research team to do survey 12w
Analyse results of survey 5w
Establish mother & child health program 14w
Establish rural credit programme 15w
Carry out immunization of under fives 4w
Draw network diagram and show the critical path.
Calculate project duration.
vikramthadeshvar@hotmail.com 53
54. Practice problem
Activity Description Duration
1-2 Social work team to live in village 5w
1-3 Social research team to do survey 12w
3-4 Analyse results of survey 5w
2-4 Establish mother & child health program 14w
3-5 Establish rural credit programme 15w
4-5 Carry out immunization of under fives 4w
4
2
1 5
3
vikramthadeshvar@hotmail.com 54