The document outlines personality disorders as characterized by long-lasting maladaptive patterns that affect cognition, affectivity, interpersonal functioning, and impulse control, originating in adolescence or young adulthood. It details various types of personality disorders, including antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic, paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal, avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders, with specific diagnostic features for each. The causes of these disorders are explored from biological, psychological, and sociocultural perspectives, emphasizing the dysfunction and distress they cause in social and personal contexts.

1. PERSONALITY
DISORDERS
Abnormal Psychology

3. Defining Abnormality
 Distress
 Impairment
 Risk to Self or to Other People
 Socially & Culturally Unacceptable
Behaviour

4. Distress
 Experience of emotional or physical
pain
Impairment
 Reduction of a person’s ability to
function at an optimal or even average
level

5. Risk to Self or Other People
 Threat to the well-being of the person
Socially and Culturally Unacceptable
Behaviour
 Deviation from expected norms in a given
culture

6. Causes of Abnormality
Biological
Psychological
Sociocultural
Discrimination toward one’s social group

7. Biological Cause of Abnormality
 Genetic Inheritance
 Medical Conditions
 Brain Damage
 Exposure to environmental stimuli

8. Psychological Cause of
Abnormality
 Traumatic Life Experiences
 Learned Associations
 Distorted Perceptions
 Faulty ways of Thinking

9. Sociocultural Cause of Abnormality
 Disturbances in intimate relationships
 Problems in extended relationships
 Political or social unrest

10. PERSONALITY DISORDERS
Involves a long-lasting maladaptive pattern
of inner experience and behaviour, dating
back to adolescence or young adulthood,
that is manifested in at least two of the
following areas:
(1)Cognition, (2) Affectivity, (3) Interpersonal
Functioning and (4) Impulse Control.

11. This inflexible pattern is evident in various
personal and social situations and causes
distress or impairment.
The pattern is stable and long duration, with
an onset that can be traced back to
adolescence or early adulthood.

12. Diagnostic Features of Personality
Disorder
1. Cognition- ways of perceiving self, other
people and events
2. Affectivity- range, intensity and
appropriateness of emotional expression
3. Interpersonal Functioning
4. Impulse Control

13. Personality Disorders
 Antisocial Personality Disorder
 Borderline Personality Disorder
 Histrionic Personality Disorder
 Narcissistic Personality Disorder

14.  Paranoid Personality Disorder
 Schizoid Personality Disorder
 Schizotypal Personality Disorder
 Avoidant Personality Disorder
 Dependent Personality Disorder
 Obsessive-compulsive Personality
Disorder

15. Antisocial Personality Disorder
Diagnostic Feature
This diagnosis is assigned to adults, who
are as children showed evidence of conduct
disorder and who , from the age of 15, have
shown a pervasive pattern of disregard for
and violation of the rights of others, as
disregard for and violation of the rights of
others, as indicated by three or more of the
following:

16. Repeated engagement in behaviours that are
grounds for arrest
Deceitfulness, such a lying, using false
identities or conning others for personal profit
or pleasure
Impulsivity, or failure to plan ahead
Irritability & aggressiveness, such as
repeated fights or assaults

17. Reckless disregard for the safety of self &
others
Consistent irresponsibility, such as repeated
failure to keep a job or honor financial
obligations
Lack of remorse, such as being indifferent to
or rationalizing one’s hurtful or dishonest
behavior

18. JOHN WAYNE GACY
TED BUNDY
LUIS GARAVITO

19. Borderline Personality Disorder
Diagnostic Feature
This diagnosis is assigned to people who show
recurrent impulsivity and a pervasive pattern of
instability of interpersonal relationships, self-
image and affects, as indicated by five or more
of the following:

20. Frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined
abandonment
A pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal
relationships characterized by changes between
idealizing and devaluing others
Identity disturbances- unstable self-image or
sense of self

21. Impulsivity in at least 2 areas, such as
spending, sex, substance abuse and reckless
driving
Recurrent suicidal behavior, gestures or
threats of self mutilating behavior
Emotional instability, such as intense episodes
of sadness, irritability or anxiety, usually
lasting a few hours and sometimes several
days

22. Chronic feeling of emptiness
Inappropriate, intense anger or difficulty
controlling anger, such as frequent displays of
temper, constant anger or recurrent physical
fights
Occasional stress-related paranoid thinking or
dissociative symptoms

24. Histrionic Personality Disorder
Diagnostic Feature
This diagnosis is given to people who show a
pervasive pattern of excessive emotionality and
attention seeking, as indicated by five or more
of the following:

25.  Discomfort when not the center of attention
 Interactions characterized by inappropriate
sexually seductive or provocative behavior
 Rapid shifts and shallow expression of
emotions
 Used of physical appearance to draw
attention
 Speech that is excessively impressionistic and
lacking in detail

26.  Self-dramatization , theatricality, and
exaggerated expression of emotion
 High suggestibility
 Misinterpretation of relationships as
being more intimate than they are

28. Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Diagnostic Feature
This diagnosis applies to people who show a
pervasive pattern of grandiosity, need for
admiration and lack of empathy, as evidence by
5 or more of the following:

29. ∞ Grandiose sense of self importance
∞ Preoccupation with fantasies o success,
power, brilliance, beauty or ideal love
∞ Belief that they are so “special” that they
should associate only with other special
people, who can understand then
∞ Need for excessive admiration

30. ∞ Sense of entitlement
∞ Exploitive interpersonal style
∞ Lack of empathy
∞ Envy of others or belief that others are
envious
∞ Arrogant behaviors and attitudes

32. Paranoid Personality Disorder
Diagnostic Feature
People with this personality disorder show
pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others
whose motives they interpret as malevolent, as
indicated by four or more of the following:

33.  Unjustified suspicion that others are exploiting,
harming of deceiving them
 Preoccupation with unjustified doubts about
others’ loyalty and trustworthiness
 Reluctance to confide in others, for fear the
information will be used against them
 Tendency to read hidden demeaning or
threatening meanings into harmless remarks or
events

34.  Tendency to bear grudges
 Perception of personal attacks that are not
apparent to others and tendency to respond
with angry counterattacks
 Recurrent unjustified suspicions about the
faithfulness of spouse or sexual partner

36. Schizoid Personality Disorder
Diagnostic Features
This diagnosis applies to people who show a
pervasive pattern of detachment from
relationships and a restricted emotional range,
as indicated by 4 or more of the following:

37.  Lack of desire for enjoyment of close relationships
 Strong preference for solitary activities
 Little or no interest in sexual experiences with
another person
 Lack of pleasure in few, if any activities
 Lack of close friends or confidants, other than
immediate relatives
 Indifference to praise to criticism
 Emotional coldness, detachment, or flat
emotionally

39. Schizotypal Personality Disorder
Diagnostic Behavior
This diagnosis is given to people who show a
pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal
deficits marked by acute discomfort with, and
reduced capacity for, close relationships and who
experience cognitive or perceptual distortions and
behavioral eccentricities as indicated by five or
more of the following:

40.  Ideas of reference
 Odd beliefs or magical thinking, which
influences their behavior (magic, mind-
reading)
 Unusual perceptual experiences, including
bodily illusions
 Odd thinking and speech

41.  Suspiciousness or paranoid ideation
 Inappropriate or constricted affect
 Behavior or appearance that is odd or eccentric
 Lack of close friends or confidants other than
immediate relatives
 Excessive social anxiety that tends to be
associated with paranoid fears

43. Avoidant Personality Disorder
Diagnostic Feature
This diagnosis applies to people with a pattern
of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy and
hypersensitivity to negative evaluation, as
indicated by four or more of the following:

44.  Avoidance of activities that involves
significant interpersonal contact because of
fears of criticism, disapproval or rejection
 Unwillingness to get involved with others
unless certain of being liked
 Restraint within intimate relationships due to
the fear of being shamed or ridiculed

45.  Preoccupation with being criticized or rejected
in social situations
 Inhibition in new interpersonal situations
because of feelings of inadequacy
 Self-view as socially inept, personally
unappealing, or inferior to others
 Reluctance to take personal risks or new
activities due to fear of being embarrassed

47. Dependent Personality Disorder
Diagnostic Feature
People with this disorder have a pervasive and
excessive need to be taken care of, which leads to
their submissive, clinging behavior and fears of
separation, as indicated by 5 or more of the
following:

48.  Difficulty making everyday decisions without
advice and reassurance
 Need for others to assume responsibility for
most major areas of life
 Difficulty expressing disagreement with others
due to fear of loss of support or approval
 Difficulty initiating projects or tasks because of
low self confidence in judgment or abilities

49.  Tendency to go to excessive lengths to obtain
nurturance and support the point of
volunteering to do the things that are
unpleasant
 Feelings of discomfort or helplessness when
alone due to fear of being unable to care for
themselves
 Pursuit of another relationship as a source of
care and support immediately following the end
of a close relationship
 Preoccupation with fears of being left to take
care of themselves

51. Obsessive-Compulsive
Personality Disorder
Diagnostic Feature
This diagnosis applies to people with a pervasive
pattern of preoccupation with orderliness,
perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal
control, at the expense of flexibility, openness and
efficiency, as indicated by four or more of the
following:

52. Ω Preoccupation with details, rules, order,
organization, or schedules to such an extent that
the major point of activity is lost
Ω Perfectionism that interferes with task
completion
Ω Excessive devotion to work and productivity to
the exclusion of leisure activities and friendships
(not due to economic necessity)

53. Ω Tendency to be over conscientiousness, scrupulous, and
inflexible about matters of morality, ethics, or values
(not due to culture or religion)
Ω Inability to discard worn-out or worthless objects
Ω Reluctance to delegate tasks to others unless they agree
on exact way of doing things
Ω Miserly spending style toward self and others
Ω Rigidity and stubbornness

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