This document summarizes a study on the performance of Ecological Sanitation (ECOSAN) toilets in Majumbasita, Tanzania. Samples of faecal sludge and urine were collected from 10 ECOSAN toilets and analyzed. The results showed that faecal sludge had a high pH between 8.3-10.3 due to ash addition, temperatures of 27-31 degrees C, and COD, TS and VS levels within reported ranges. Ascaris eggs were efficiently removed when pH was above 10. Ammonium, TKN, phosphorus and potassium levels in faecal sludge were between specified ranges. Urine samples had TKN, phosphorus and potassium levels within
Recycling waste through constructed wetlandBineet Chhajer
The document summarizes a 3-day training program on technologies for waste recycling and sustainable development, including water sensitive plumbing and constructed wetlands. It discusses contemporary issues like limited water resources, increasing waste generation and air pollution in cities. It provides examples of constructed wetland projects in Barcelona, Pune, Delhi, Agra, and Kolkata that treat wastewater and restore the environment. Water sensitive techniques like low-flow toilets and showers, sensor taps, and aerated flow restrictors are presented as ways to reduce residential water usage. The training emphasizes decentralizing waste management through neighborhood-level solutions and integrating ecology and landscape.
The aquaponics term derives from the words aquaculture and hydroponics, which by definition, has the meaning of aquatics organisms culture and plant breeding techniques without soil, respectively. This activity has how the main feature the sustainability, once the modality looks for the production with low water consumption and high exploitation of waste generated. The present study had as objective to describe the construction of the aquaponics pilot system. This way, based on the literature and acquired experience during the work, a step-by-step method was established for the assembly of the system. To verify the process efficiency, were analyzed the presence of total and thermotolerants coliforms, counting of facultative mesophiles and quantification of micro and macronutrients in leaves and roots of Xanthosoma sagittifolium. There was no presence of total and thermotolerants coliforms in leaves and roots of X. sagittifolium. In the count of facultative mesophiles the roots presented 6x104 CFU/g and the leaves 1.7x102 CFU/g. In the foliar analysis, 1430mg/kg of Fe was observed in the roots. It was concluded that the pilot project was successfully built and testing can be continued with new plants.
DEVELOPMENT OF MATHEMATICAL MODEL TO PREDICT THE TRANSPORT OF E.COLI IN A NAT...IAEME Publication
Development of mathematical model to predict the rate of microbial depositions (E.coli) in a natural pond has been carried out. The models were developed to monitor the rate of concentration at different periods, with respect to the length of the pond at various sample station. Results of the theoretical values were compared with the experimental analysis. The analysis was thoroughly done to determine the physiochemical parameters of the pond. Microbial traces were found from the experimental analysis at different periods up to hundred days. The developed model compared favourably well with the experimental values. The values explain the rate of microbial growth and level of lag phase condition. The growth rate of the microbes were found to be higher because there is high deposition of substrate for growth and energy, while at some periods it degrades showing that the substrates have reduced in concentration including the inhibition from the pH. In some cases when the microbes developed lag phase condition it may be as a result of other environmental factors. Finally, the growth rates are between fifty and hundred days, showing that there is constant regeneration of the microbes including other environmental factors.
Assessment of Canal Sediments for Agricultural Uses - JBESInnspub Net
The study was conducted to analyze the extent of heavy metals contamination and bacteriological content in the sediments of Lahore Branch Canal. The main purpose of digging this canal was that the areas of Lahore and Kasur could be irrigated for the means of agriculture. Due to improper drainage systems of industrial sectors and residential areas the level of pollution is increasing in the canal. Sediment samples were collected from three sites located at the canal intersections namely Thokar Niaz Baig, Punjab University New Campus and Dharampura during the canal closure period in 2014 and 2015. The samples were analyzed for heavy metals (Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Cobalt, Zinc and Iron) by using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy and the bacteriological content (Total coliform) was analyzed by pour plate method. The metals Zinc, Chromium, Copper and Cobalt were detected in minute concentration. Only the concentration of iron was higher than the recommended limit. According to the Codex Alimentarius standards, all the sediments samples were in safe limits. The Total coliform concentrations for the areas Thokar Niaz Baig, Punjab University and Dharampura were 2500, 5000 and 6000 colonies in year 2014 respectively. In 2015 the colonies of total coliform were found to be 1100, 4130 and 6400 in the same areas respectively. When these sediments are used for agricultural purposes the deposited metals present in them pose harm to the crops. When crops are eaten by human, the metals ultimately get transferred to human. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/jbes/assessment-of-canal-sediments-for-agricultural-uses/
Agricultural potential of biosolids generated from dewatering of faecal sludg...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the agricultural potential of biosolids produced from dewatering faecal sludge on drying beds in Ghana. Various filter media and loading rates of faecal sludge were tested. Nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were within ranges that would support agricultural use. Heavy metal concentrations in the biosolids were very low and below limits for use in developing countries. The results indicate the biosolids have nutrient value and low risk of heavy metal contamination, suggesting potential for use as fertilizer in agriculture.
Tertiary Treated Waste water as a Promising Alternative for Potable Water for...IJERA Editor
WatersecurityisavitalissueinaridcountrieslikeKuwait,wheredesalinatedwateristhe solesupplyoffresh water.Thispaper isacontributiontotheongoingefforts towardsrationalizationin potablewater consumption.In addition,itdiscusses therole of high-quality effluent water, from wastewater treatment plants in Kuwait, as a potential replacementfor potable water for non-contact domesticapplications as a oneway in savingin thisvaluablecommodity.
This document summarizes a student's health risk assessment of using rainwater for toilet flushing. The student assessed potential health risks by employing a Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment. The literature review found mixed results on the safety of consuming rainwater, with some studies finding rainwater safe and others finding potential pathogens. The student conducted their own designed experiment and theoretical modeling study to estimate microbial risks. Their results showed the risk of infection from inhaling Campylobacter and Salmonella after flushing a toilet supplied with rainwater was very low.
Investigating Waste Water Treatment in a Closed EnvironmentIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Recycling waste through constructed wetlandBineet Chhajer
The document summarizes a 3-day training program on technologies for waste recycling and sustainable development, including water sensitive plumbing and constructed wetlands. It discusses contemporary issues like limited water resources, increasing waste generation and air pollution in cities. It provides examples of constructed wetland projects in Barcelona, Pune, Delhi, Agra, and Kolkata that treat wastewater and restore the environment. Water sensitive techniques like low-flow toilets and showers, sensor taps, and aerated flow restrictors are presented as ways to reduce residential water usage. The training emphasizes decentralizing waste management through neighborhood-level solutions and integrating ecology and landscape.
The aquaponics term derives from the words aquaculture and hydroponics, which by definition, has the meaning of aquatics organisms culture and plant breeding techniques without soil, respectively. This activity has how the main feature the sustainability, once the modality looks for the production with low water consumption and high exploitation of waste generated. The present study had as objective to describe the construction of the aquaponics pilot system. This way, based on the literature and acquired experience during the work, a step-by-step method was established for the assembly of the system. To verify the process efficiency, were analyzed the presence of total and thermotolerants coliforms, counting of facultative mesophiles and quantification of micro and macronutrients in leaves and roots of Xanthosoma sagittifolium. There was no presence of total and thermotolerants coliforms in leaves and roots of X. sagittifolium. In the count of facultative mesophiles the roots presented 6x104 CFU/g and the leaves 1.7x102 CFU/g. In the foliar analysis, 1430mg/kg of Fe was observed in the roots. It was concluded that the pilot project was successfully built and testing can be continued with new plants.
DEVELOPMENT OF MATHEMATICAL MODEL TO PREDICT THE TRANSPORT OF E.COLI IN A NAT...IAEME Publication
Development of mathematical model to predict the rate of microbial depositions (E.coli) in a natural pond has been carried out. The models were developed to monitor the rate of concentration at different periods, with respect to the length of the pond at various sample station. Results of the theoretical values were compared with the experimental analysis. The analysis was thoroughly done to determine the physiochemical parameters of the pond. Microbial traces were found from the experimental analysis at different periods up to hundred days. The developed model compared favourably well with the experimental values. The values explain the rate of microbial growth and level of lag phase condition. The growth rate of the microbes were found to be higher because there is high deposition of substrate for growth and energy, while at some periods it degrades showing that the substrates have reduced in concentration including the inhibition from the pH. In some cases when the microbes developed lag phase condition it may be as a result of other environmental factors. Finally, the growth rates are between fifty and hundred days, showing that there is constant regeneration of the microbes including other environmental factors.
Assessment of Canal Sediments for Agricultural Uses - JBESInnspub Net
The study was conducted to analyze the extent of heavy metals contamination and bacteriological content in the sediments of Lahore Branch Canal. The main purpose of digging this canal was that the areas of Lahore and Kasur could be irrigated for the means of agriculture. Due to improper drainage systems of industrial sectors and residential areas the level of pollution is increasing in the canal. Sediment samples were collected from three sites located at the canal intersections namely Thokar Niaz Baig, Punjab University New Campus and Dharampura during the canal closure period in 2014 and 2015. The samples were analyzed for heavy metals (Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Cobalt, Zinc and Iron) by using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy and the bacteriological content (Total coliform) was analyzed by pour plate method. The metals Zinc, Chromium, Copper and Cobalt were detected in minute concentration. Only the concentration of iron was higher than the recommended limit. According to the Codex Alimentarius standards, all the sediments samples were in safe limits. The Total coliform concentrations for the areas Thokar Niaz Baig, Punjab University and Dharampura were 2500, 5000 and 6000 colonies in year 2014 respectively. In 2015 the colonies of total coliform were found to be 1100, 4130 and 6400 in the same areas respectively. When these sediments are used for agricultural purposes the deposited metals present in them pose harm to the crops. When crops are eaten by human, the metals ultimately get transferred to human. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/jbes/assessment-of-canal-sediments-for-agricultural-uses/
Agricultural potential of biosolids generated from dewatering of faecal sludg...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the agricultural potential of biosolids produced from dewatering faecal sludge on drying beds in Ghana. Various filter media and loading rates of faecal sludge were tested. Nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were within ranges that would support agricultural use. Heavy metal concentrations in the biosolids were very low and below limits for use in developing countries. The results indicate the biosolids have nutrient value and low risk of heavy metal contamination, suggesting potential for use as fertilizer in agriculture.
Tertiary Treated Waste water as a Promising Alternative for Potable Water for...IJERA Editor
WatersecurityisavitalissueinaridcountrieslikeKuwait,wheredesalinatedwateristhe solesupplyoffresh water.Thispaper isacontributiontotheongoingefforts towardsrationalizationin potablewater consumption.In addition,itdiscusses therole of high-quality effluent water, from wastewater treatment plants in Kuwait, as a potential replacementfor potable water for non-contact domesticapplications as a oneway in savingin thisvaluablecommodity.
This document summarizes a student's health risk assessment of using rainwater for toilet flushing. The student assessed potential health risks by employing a Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment. The literature review found mixed results on the safety of consuming rainwater, with some studies finding rainwater safe and others finding potential pathogens. The student conducted their own designed experiment and theoretical modeling study to estimate microbial risks. Their results showed the risk of infection from inhaling Campylobacter and Salmonella after flushing a toilet supplied with rainwater was very low.
Investigating Waste Water Treatment in a Closed EnvironmentIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
This study highlighted the pernicious elements present in the sediment and water of Aba River.Upstream and downstream sediment and water samples were collected at four different sampling points along Aba River. The samples were analyzed for the presence of heavy metals. Microbiological analyses were carried out using the spread plate method and bacterial and fungal isolates identified using standard methods. Analyses were carried out to determine the physicochemical properties using standard methods. Results obtained showed the presence of heavy metals in sediment physicochemical parameters in the ranges of turbidity (11.00-15.00NTU), conductivity (1.80-3.09µS/cm), BOD5 (2.10-5.05mg/g), COD (19.50-25.60mg/g), TDS (610-840mg/g), pH (7.20-7.55), temperature (29.00-30.10°C), K (7.16-9.15mg/g), Na (3.53-4.85mg/g), Mg (4.30-5.40 mg/g), Cr (0.04-0.20mg/g), Zn (0.21-0.35mg/g), Fe (3.75-4.42mg/g), Al (1.05-1.25 mg/g), SO42- (11.75-13.11mg/g), PO42- (0.30-1.1 1mg/g), NO3 (6.35-8.16mg/g). Water physicochemical parameters were in the ranges of turbidity (3.30-9.00mg/l), conductivity (0.63-1.80mg/l), BOD5 (1.72-2. 50mg/l), COD (14.39-22.40mg/l), DO (2.95-5.6mg/l), TDS (245-556mg/l), pH (6.90-7.50), temperature (28.50-30.50°C), K (0.001-6.55mg/l), Na (1.25-3.55mg/l), Mg (1.50-4.60mg/l), Cr (0.00-0.15mg/l), Zn (0.01-0.13mg/l), Fe (1.15-3.95mg/l), Al (0.001-1.12mg/l), SO42- (11.75-13.30mg/l), PO42- (0.30-1.11mg/l), NO3 (6.35-8.16mg/l). The mean bacterial counts recorded for the different sampling points were higher in the wet season for sediment samples (0.97-6.00 x 106 cfu/g) than in the dry season (2.15-5.85 x 106 cfu/g), also the mean bacterial counts recorded for water samples were higher in the wet season (1.41-2.95 x 106 cfu/ml) than in the dry season (1.31-2.39 x 106 cfu/ml). The diversity of microorganisms isolated and identified were; Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysentariea,, Bacillus cereus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Serratia mercences, Micrococcus luteus, Micrococcus roseus, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium notatum, Saccharomyces cerevisae, Fusarium poae, Rhizopus stolonifer, Rhizopus nigricans, Mucor sp. The distribution of these organisms varied between samples, distance and season. The high level of both microorganisms and heavy metals suggest that the anthropogenic activities in the River could cause health menace to users and therefore should be put to check regularly.
Design a leachate collection system fora small camp sanitary landfillIAEME Publication
This document describes the design of a leachate collection system for a small sanitary landfill in Iraq. Municipal solid waste in the area has high organic content and moisture levels, which leads to leachate generation. The designed system includes a HDPE liner at the base, a minimum 500mm thick drainage layer of granular material, and a leachate collection system extending over the entire base and up the side slopes. The collection system uses 250mm diameter perforated pipes set in the drainage layer with a longitudinal slope of 1% for flow. Leachate is collected and stored in two collection pits with a total capacity of 520 cubic meters before disposal in two evaporation ponds.
This document summarizes a study investigating the prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli bacteria in four Dutch recreational waters and the potential role of nearby wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) as contamination sources. Samples were taken from recreational waters, WWTP effluents, surface waters upstream and downstream of WWTP discharge points, and additional surface waters not influenced by the WWTPs. ESBL-producing E. coli were detected in all recreational waters and 62% of samples, with concentrations averaging 1.3 CFU/100ml. Isolates with identical genetic characteristics were found in WWTP effluents and surface waters, including occasionally in recreational waters, indicating WWTPs contribute to their presence. However,
Experiences from five Danish projects with ecological sanitation using divert...Arne Backlund
Why do modern reflecting scientists and engineers with two outlets think and produce sanitation based on toilets with one inlet?
Ancient Roman water aquaducts - A monument of long lasting construction but also a monument of bad ecological engineering concerning water management!
Experiences from five Danish projects with ecological sanitation using diverting systems - Reflected development or development as a reflex in designing of sanitary systems and waste products?
Arne Backlund (Corresponding author)
A & B Backlund ApS, Ordrupvej 101,DK-2920 Charlottenlund, Denmark
Tel. +45 39633364 Fax +45 39636455 E-mail backlund@backlund.dk
Annette Holtze
Storstrøm County, Technology & Environment, Parkvej 37, DK-4800 Nykøbing F.
Report on Academic Buildings' Water Supply And Management -SUST Mushabbir Neon
A report on water supply and management system of academic buildings of Shahjalal University of Science & Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh. This report was presented in 4th year landscape design course, B.Arch
The study examined the concentration of heavy metals
in water, soil and vegetables growing wildly on cement-polluted
soil of Rewa city, India. Accumulation of HMs in vegetables
occurs by various sources but soil is considered the major one. In
this study, soil to vegetable transfer factor (TF) for various HMs
were also calculated and data showed that TF values differed
significantly between soil and vegetable, the difference in TF
values among different vegetables may be attributed to
differences in element uptake by different vegetables. However
TF values obtained for all vegetables were below (1) at all sites.
TF were computed to quantify relative differences in
bioavailability of metals to vegetables to identify the efficiency of
a vegetables species to accumulate a HM(s). These factors were
based on roots uptake of metals and discount the foliar
absorption of atmospheric metal deposits. However TF does not
present the risk associated with the metal in any form.
Bacteriological Characteristics of Spring Water in Ambo Town, West Shoa Zone,...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Present study was carried out to assess the quality of spring waters in terms of microbiological and chemical characters from Ambo. The results of the study revealed that chemical parameters such as pH (6.36-7.94),TDS(407-1041mg/L), DO(1.5-5.85mg/L),TS (1170-495mg/L), total alkalinity (313-1277mg/L), total hardness (38-1274 mg/L),COD (70.5-9mg/L)in the "Hora" water were higher than the maximum permissible levels of WHO standards for drinking waters. Total aerobic mesophilic bacterial counts tested were found to be as0.977×10 4 cfu/ml for SFWS, 2.35 ×10 4 cuf/ml for CDSTRM,1.14×10 4 cfu/ml for HB,0.553×10 4 cfu/ml for HD and2.72×10 4 for Huluka streams samples. The "Hora" water contained different coli forms when tested by most probable number (MPN) method found to be in the order of 0.66 × 10 2 cfu/ml for SFWS, 39 x 10 2 cfu/ml for CDSTRM, 0×10 2 for HB, 0×10 2 forHDand28×10 2 cfu/ml for Huluka stream. The water samples from the different "Hora" water sources showed significant variations with respect to bacteriological and chemical characteristics during study period. Statistical analysis showed significant difference (p <0.05) in the distribution of total coli form, and aerobic mesophilic heterotrophic bacteria at various sampling locations. The study concluded poor water quality in terms of bacteriological and chemical characteristics of "Hora"water sources as all the parameters were well above WHO prescribed standards.
Water sampling, testing, and statistical applicationLester Rosario
This workshop covered water sampling, testing, and statistical analysis. It discussed the importance of clean drinking water and the process of treating water. The quality of water depends on environmental and human factors in the country it comes from, such as agriculture, urban areas, and waste management. The workshop demonstrated how to collect water samples, test them for E. coli and other bacteria, and use statistics software to analyze the results and compare bacterial levels between populated and unpopulated areas.
Suitability of tube wells water for drinking at lalpur upazila in natore dist...Khulna University
The aim of the study was to observe the suitability of tube-wells water consumed by people of Lalpur upazila in Natore district for drinking purpose in comparison to standard of World Health Organization (WHO) and the standard of Bangladesh. In this study, it was tried to find out the physical and chemical conditions of the drinkable tube-wells water used in the studied region and to observe the presence or absence of total coliform & Escherichia coli bacteria.
Impact of Locating Boreholes Near Septic Tanks Pit Latrines on Drinking Water...ijtsrd
Water is one of the most indispensible elements of life. One of the major uses of water by man is for drinking, hence drinking water quality has become a major concern in this regard because poor quality water can cause outbreak of major epidemics and death. In this study, impact of locating boreholes near septic tanks pit latrines on drinking water quality in Uyo metropolis, Akwa Ibom State was investigated. The water samples were collected from thirty 30 locations and categorized into i water from boreholes near W near and ii far from septic tanks pit latrines W far . Some physicochemical parameters analyzed were temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, dissolved oxygen DO , biochemical oxygen demand BOD5 , salinity i.e. sulphate, carbonate, nitrate, phosphate and chloride ions , total hardness TH , total dissolved solids TDS , total suspended solids TSS and total alkalinity. Pairwise comparison between quality of W near and W far revealed that only BOD 5, TH and TDS had significant mean difference MD at 5 level of probability while their comparison with World Health Organization permissible limit P WHO showed higher significant MD. All the values of parameters were within P WHO, except that of temperature and pH. Based on the results, the water chemistry is tolerable and may not cause any critical damage to the water distribution system as well as utility components. However, treatment is still suggested and boreholes should be drilled some reasonable distances far away from septic tanks pit latrine to guarantee safe drinking water. Akpan, Samuel A | Eze, Bassey E | Assian, Ubong E "Impact of Locating Boreholes Near Septic Tanks/ Pit Latrines on Drinking Water Quality in Uyo Metropolis, Akwa Ibom State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33314.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/33314/impact-of-locating-boreholes-near-septic-tanks-pit-latrines-on-drinking-water-quality-in-uyo-metropolis-akwa-ibom-state/akpan-samuel-a
Determinants of household water quality in the tamale metropolis, ghanaAlexander Decker
This study assessed factors influencing household water quality in Tamale, Ghana. Water samples were collected from 250 households and tested for contaminants. The results showed that 83% of samples tested positive for E. coli, and the majority had feacal coliform bacteria present. Water source, distance to source, and water storage practices were found to impact household water quality. Those fetching water from outside sources like public standpipes were less likely to have quality water compared to those with in-home sources. On-site water treatment is needed to ensure water safety for domestic use in Tamale.
This document summarizes a woody riparian survey conducted along Menger Creek in Boerne, Texas. Multiple transects were established upstream and downstream of a wastewater treatment plant discharge into the creek. Woody plants within quadrats along the transects were identified, counted, and measured to determine species densities, basal areas, and frequencies. Baseline water quality testing was also conducted. The survey found 12 woody plant species and will help monitor changes over time from the introduction of consistent water flow into the previously ephemeral creek from the wastewater discharge.
This document summarizes research on using ultraviolet (UV) light to inactivate Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria in water. The research tested water samples from three locations in Ambazari Lake in India over different seasons. Testing measured physio-chemical parameters like turbidity, pH, and hardness, as well as E. coli levels before and after UV treatment. Results found physio-chemical parameters within standards, and over 99.999% reduction in E. coli after UV exposure times from 0.5 to 8 hours depending on initial bacterial levels and water quality. The research concluded UV light is an effective alternative to chlorine for water disinfection, avoiding harmful chlorination byproducts, though pre-
Artifi cial wetlands are useful for wastewater treatment; however, relatively little is known of the effects of sewage on artifi cial wetland microbial community structure. Therefore, we assessed the effect of municipal sewage on microbial community diversity in surface water throughout an artifi cial wetland (Xiantao artifi cial wetland) treating municipal sewage. We analyzed the relationship between physicochemical parameters of surface water (i.e., Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Nitrogen (TN), Total Phosphorus (TP), and
NH4+-N) with microbial community structure (Illumina MiSeq sequencing followed by abundance indices). The results showed that the total microbial community in surface water was signifi cantly correlated with COD, TN, TP, and NH4
+-N (r = 0.764, 0.897, 0.883, 0.839, P < 0.05). In addition, the most abundant taxa were significantly correlated with COD (r = 0.803, P < 0.05). The relative abundance of rare operational taxonomic units in the more purifi ed water farther downstream was higher than in the polluted area, suggesting that rare groups were more sensitive to physicochemical parameters than abundant groups, and that the abundance of some bacteria could indirectly indicate the degree of aquatic pollution. Our results indicate that the responses of microorganisms in artificial wetlands to environmental conditions should be considered to ensure efficient treatment.
Experimental Study on the Use of Human Urine for Selected Philippine Vegetabl...Oswar Mungkasa
prepared by R. Gensch*, A. Miso* and G..S. Itchon** * Sustainable Sanitation Center, Xavier University – Ateneo de Cagayan, Masterson Avenue, Manresa Heights, Cagayan de Oro, Philippines (E-mail: robert.gensch@web.de; annamiso@googlemail.com) ** Department of Preventive and Community Medicine, Jose P. for Urban Environments in Asia, 25-28 May 2011, Manila, Philippines. organized by International Water Association (IWA).
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the impact of effluents from two slaughterhouses (Kera and Luna) on the water quality of receiving rivers (Akaki and Modjo Rivers) in central Ethiopia. Water samples from the slaughterhouse effluents and rivers were tested for various physicochemical and bacteriological parameters over a two month period. The results showed that most parameters in both the slaughterhouse effluents and river water downstream of the discharge points did not meet Ethiopian standards. Specifically, levels of BOD, COD, nutrients, solids, fecal coliforms and other parameters were much higher downstream, indicating the discharges adversely affected river water quality. There is a need for improved treatment
This document discusses the development of a web-based decision support system (DSS) for monitoring and predicting water quality parameters important for outdoor microalgae cultivation. The DSS allows users to monitor temperature and salinity in real-time and predicts future values of these parameters based on historical data using a K-nearest neighbors algorithm. Validation tests found the DSS could accurately forecast temperature and salinity 96.98% and 98.92% of the time respectively. The DSS notifies users when parameter levels rise or fall outside standard ranges and provides suggestions to maintain optimal water quality.
Detection Of Escherichia Coli, An Indicator Of Feacal Contamination, In Drink...IOSR Journals
The detection of Escherichia coli as an indicator of faucal contamination in drinking water sources in Amassoma town, a host Community of the Niger Delta University, Bayelsa State in the Niger Delta of Nigeria, was carried out to determine their suitability for drinking. Result obtained showed mean total coliform bacterial counts of 2.05 x103 cfu/ml for borehole water, 1.25x103 cfu/ml for well water and 1.0x103 for pipe borne water. The mean count of faecal coliform was 2.1x103 cfu/ml for borehole water, 4.5x10 cfu/ml for well water and 1.0x10 cfu/ml for pipe borne water. The faecal coliform identified was Escherichia coli. Sources of contamination were found to be septic tanks, waste dump sites and periodic flooding of the area, being a typical wetland environment. It was concluded that water from the different sources studied in Amassoma did not meet the world health Organization (WHO) standard for drinking water. This study has therefore shown the need for continuous monitoring of our water supply systems.
IRJET-Performance Analysis of Nutrient Removal in Pond Water Using Water Hyac...IRJET Journal
Microstrip patch antennas are increasing in popularity and get more important these days. This is mostly due to their versatility in terms of possible geometries that makes them applicable for many different situations. The light weight construction and the suitability for integration with microwave integrated circuits are two more of their numerous advantages. Additionally the simplicity of the structures makes this type of antennas suitable for low cost manufacturing. And this is also one key feature of microstrip patch antennas are used in mobile communications applications.
Thus the size reduction and bandwidth enhancement are becoming major design considerations for practical application of microstrip antennas. The purpose of this paper is to design a high bandwidth microstrip patch antenna and to compare with the former patch antennas and then proposed the better one. In this research work, we have designed the CIRCLEHEAD-shaped slotted patch antenna. Here bandwidth is obtained 40% of the center frequency which is the extremely large than the parasitic patch antenna. Microstrip Patch Antennas (MPA) are extremely attractive candidates for use in many applications due to their interesting features such as low cost, light weight, thin profile and conformability. A 3D field solver is used to simulate the performance of the proposed antenna by inputting thesizesof thephysicalstructure. Coaxial probe feeding technique is used to feed the antenna. ZelandIE3D ver14 software is used to design and simulate the proposed patch antenna.
ECOlogical SANitation - closing the loop between waste to food...
- Its a concept of producing food material from the waste material produced from the household ...Form of pollution management technique.
The Kailash Ecovillage project converting human excreta into organic foodstuf...Kimberly L. King
Since March 2014, a sustainably focused community located on a 0.7 hectares site in Portland, Oregon, USA, has
been undertaking an experimental composting toilet system modeled after the Water Efficiency and Sanitation
Standard (WE-Stand) set out by the International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO).
This system collects urine and hot composts human excreta in a dry-composting toilet system for eventual
use on the community’s organic gardens. The system design reduces the need to access municipal water,
sewer, and electrical infrastructure, enhancing emergency preparedness. It conserves an otherwise wasted
nutrient flow, and safely produces a valuable compost. The system consists of urine collection vessels, multiple
portable collection containers for excreta, toilet paper, and additive, and a compost processor. Urine diversion
has allowed the community to reclaim nitrogen and other nutrients otherwise lost in conventional sewage systems,
resulting in large savings of potable water and significant carbon sequestration via topsoil creation. Logs
showed thermophilic compost temperatures. Compost and urine pathogen testing met American National Standards
Institute and National Sanitation Foundation Standard 41 requirements.
This study highlighted the pernicious elements present in the sediment and water of Aba River.Upstream and downstream sediment and water samples were collected at four different sampling points along Aba River. The samples were analyzed for the presence of heavy metals. Microbiological analyses were carried out using the spread plate method and bacterial and fungal isolates identified using standard methods. Analyses were carried out to determine the physicochemical properties using standard methods. Results obtained showed the presence of heavy metals in sediment physicochemical parameters in the ranges of turbidity (11.00-15.00NTU), conductivity (1.80-3.09µS/cm), BOD5 (2.10-5.05mg/g), COD (19.50-25.60mg/g), TDS (610-840mg/g), pH (7.20-7.55), temperature (29.00-30.10°C), K (7.16-9.15mg/g), Na (3.53-4.85mg/g), Mg (4.30-5.40 mg/g), Cr (0.04-0.20mg/g), Zn (0.21-0.35mg/g), Fe (3.75-4.42mg/g), Al (1.05-1.25 mg/g), SO42- (11.75-13.11mg/g), PO42- (0.30-1.1 1mg/g), NO3 (6.35-8.16mg/g). Water physicochemical parameters were in the ranges of turbidity (3.30-9.00mg/l), conductivity (0.63-1.80mg/l), BOD5 (1.72-2. 50mg/l), COD (14.39-22.40mg/l), DO (2.95-5.6mg/l), TDS (245-556mg/l), pH (6.90-7.50), temperature (28.50-30.50°C), K (0.001-6.55mg/l), Na (1.25-3.55mg/l), Mg (1.50-4.60mg/l), Cr (0.00-0.15mg/l), Zn (0.01-0.13mg/l), Fe (1.15-3.95mg/l), Al (0.001-1.12mg/l), SO42- (11.75-13.30mg/l), PO42- (0.30-1.11mg/l), NO3 (6.35-8.16mg/l). The mean bacterial counts recorded for the different sampling points were higher in the wet season for sediment samples (0.97-6.00 x 106 cfu/g) than in the dry season (2.15-5.85 x 106 cfu/g), also the mean bacterial counts recorded for water samples were higher in the wet season (1.41-2.95 x 106 cfu/ml) than in the dry season (1.31-2.39 x 106 cfu/ml). The diversity of microorganisms isolated and identified were; Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysentariea,, Bacillus cereus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Serratia mercences, Micrococcus luteus, Micrococcus roseus, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium notatum, Saccharomyces cerevisae, Fusarium poae, Rhizopus stolonifer, Rhizopus nigricans, Mucor sp. The distribution of these organisms varied between samples, distance and season. The high level of both microorganisms and heavy metals suggest that the anthropogenic activities in the River could cause health menace to users and therefore should be put to check regularly.
Design a leachate collection system fora small camp sanitary landfillIAEME Publication
This document describes the design of a leachate collection system for a small sanitary landfill in Iraq. Municipal solid waste in the area has high organic content and moisture levels, which leads to leachate generation. The designed system includes a HDPE liner at the base, a minimum 500mm thick drainage layer of granular material, and a leachate collection system extending over the entire base and up the side slopes. The collection system uses 250mm diameter perforated pipes set in the drainage layer with a longitudinal slope of 1% for flow. Leachate is collected and stored in two collection pits with a total capacity of 520 cubic meters before disposal in two evaporation ponds.
This document summarizes a study investigating the prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli bacteria in four Dutch recreational waters and the potential role of nearby wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) as contamination sources. Samples were taken from recreational waters, WWTP effluents, surface waters upstream and downstream of WWTP discharge points, and additional surface waters not influenced by the WWTPs. ESBL-producing E. coli were detected in all recreational waters and 62% of samples, with concentrations averaging 1.3 CFU/100ml. Isolates with identical genetic characteristics were found in WWTP effluents and surface waters, including occasionally in recreational waters, indicating WWTPs contribute to their presence. However,
Experiences from five Danish projects with ecological sanitation using divert...Arne Backlund
Why do modern reflecting scientists and engineers with two outlets think and produce sanitation based on toilets with one inlet?
Ancient Roman water aquaducts - A monument of long lasting construction but also a monument of bad ecological engineering concerning water management!
Experiences from five Danish projects with ecological sanitation using diverting systems - Reflected development or development as a reflex in designing of sanitary systems and waste products?
Arne Backlund (Corresponding author)
A & B Backlund ApS, Ordrupvej 101,DK-2920 Charlottenlund, Denmark
Tel. +45 39633364 Fax +45 39636455 E-mail backlund@backlund.dk
Annette Holtze
Storstrøm County, Technology & Environment, Parkvej 37, DK-4800 Nykøbing F.
Report on Academic Buildings' Water Supply And Management -SUST Mushabbir Neon
A report on water supply and management system of academic buildings of Shahjalal University of Science & Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh. This report was presented in 4th year landscape design course, B.Arch
The study examined the concentration of heavy metals
in water, soil and vegetables growing wildly on cement-polluted
soil of Rewa city, India. Accumulation of HMs in vegetables
occurs by various sources but soil is considered the major one. In
this study, soil to vegetable transfer factor (TF) for various HMs
were also calculated and data showed that TF values differed
significantly between soil and vegetable, the difference in TF
values among different vegetables may be attributed to
differences in element uptake by different vegetables. However
TF values obtained for all vegetables were below (1) at all sites.
TF were computed to quantify relative differences in
bioavailability of metals to vegetables to identify the efficiency of
a vegetables species to accumulate a HM(s). These factors were
based on roots uptake of metals and discount the foliar
absorption of atmospheric metal deposits. However TF does not
present the risk associated with the metal in any form.
Bacteriological Characteristics of Spring Water in Ambo Town, West Shoa Zone,...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Present study was carried out to assess the quality of spring waters in terms of microbiological and chemical characters from Ambo. The results of the study revealed that chemical parameters such as pH (6.36-7.94),TDS(407-1041mg/L), DO(1.5-5.85mg/L),TS (1170-495mg/L), total alkalinity (313-1277mg/L), total hardness (38-1274 mg/L),COD (70.5-9mg/L)in the "Hora" water were higher than the maximum permissible levels of WHO standards for drinking waters. Total aerobic mesophilic bacterial counts tested were found to be as0.977×10 4 cfu/ml for SFWS, 2.35 ×10 4 cuf/ml for CDSTRM,1.14×10 4 cfu/ml for HB,0.553×10 4 cfu/ml for HD and2.72×10 4 for Huluka streams samples. The "Hora" water contained different coli forms when tested by most probable number (MPN) method found to be in the order of 0.66 × 10 2 cfu/ml for SFWS, 39 x 10 2 cfu/ml for CDSTRM, 0×10 2 for HB, 0×10 2 forHDand28×10 2 cfu/ml for Huluka stream. The water samples from the different "Hora" water sources showed significant variations with respect to bacteriological and chemical characteristics during study period. Statistical analysis showed significant difference (p <0.05) in the distribution of total coli form, and aerobic mesophilic heterotrophic bacteria at various sampling locations. The study concluded poor water quality in terms of bacteriological and chemical characteristics of "Hora"water sources as all the parameters were well above WHO prescribed standards.
Water sampling, testing, and statistical applicationLester Rosario
This workshop covered water sampling, testing, and statistical analysis. It discussed the importance of clean drinking water and the process of treating water. The quality of water depends on environmental and human factors in the country it comes from, such as agriculture, urban areas, and waste management. The workshop demonstrated how to collect water samples, test them for E. coli and other bacteria, and use statistics software to analyze the results and compare bacterial levels between populated and unpopulated areas.
Suitability of tube wells water for drinking at lalpur upazila in natore dist...Khulna University
The aim of the study was to observe the suitability of tube-wells water consumed by people of Lalpur upazila in Natore district for drinking purpose in comparison to standard of World Health Organization (WHO) and the standard of Bangladesh. In this study, it was tried to find out the physical and chemical conditions of the drinkable tube-wells water used in the studied region and to observe the presence or absence of total coliform & Escherichia coli bacteria.
Impact of Locating Boreholes Near Septic Tanks Pit Latrines on Drinking Water...ijtsrd
Water is one of the most indispensible elements of life. One of the major uses of water by man is for drinking, hence drinking water quality has become a major concern in this regard because poor quality water can cause outbreak of major epidemics and death. In this study, impact of locating boreholes near septic tanks pit latrines on drinking water quality in Uyo metropolis, Akwa Ibom State was investigated. The water samples were collected from thirty 30 locations and categorized into i water from boreholes near W near and ii far from septic tanks pit latrines W far . Some physicochemical parameters analyzed were temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, dissolved oxygen DO , biochemical oxygen demand BOD5 , salinity i.e. sulphate, carbonate, nitrate, phosphate and chloride ions , total hardness TH , total dissolved solids TDS , total suspended solids TSS and total alkalinity. Pairwise comparison between quality of W near and W far revealed that only BOD 5, TH and TDS had significant mean difference MD at 5 level of probability while their comparison with World Health Organization permissible limit P WHO showed higher significant MD. All the values of parameters were within P WHO, except that of temperature and pH. Based on the results, the water chemistry is tolerable and may not cause any critical damage to the water distribution system as well as utility components. However, treatment is still suggested and boreholes should be drilled some reasonable distances far away from septic tanks pit latrine to guarantee safe drinking water. Akpan, Samuel A | Eze, Bassey E | Assian, Ubong E "Impact of Locating Boreholes Near Septic Tanks/ Pit Latrines on Drinking Water Quality in Uyo Metropolis, Akwa Ibom State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33314.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/33314/impact-of-locating-boreholes-near-septic-tanks-pit-latrines-on-drinking-water-quality-in-uyo-metropolis-akwa-ibom-state/akpan-samuel-a
Determinants of household water quality in the tamale metropolis, ghanaAlexander Decker
This study assessed factors influencing household water quality in Tamale, Ghana. Water samples were collected from 250 households and tested for contaminants. The results showed that 83% of samples tested positive for E. coli, and the majority had feacal coliform bacteria present. Water source, distance to source, and water storage practices were found to impact household water quality. Those fetching water from outside sources like public standpipes were less likely to have quality water compared to those with in-home sources. On-site water treatment is needed to ensure water safety for domestic use in Tamale.
This document summarizes a woody riparian survey conducted along Menger Creek in Boerne, Texas. Multiple transects were established upstream and downstream of a wastewater treatment plant discharge into the creek. Woody plants within quadrats along the transects were identified, counted, and measured to determine species densities, basal areas, and frequencies. Baseline water quality testing was also conducted. The survey found 12 woody plant species and will help monitor changes over time from the introduction of consistent water flow into the previously ephemeral creek from the wastewater discharge.
This document summarizes research on using ultraviolet (UV) light to inactivate Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria in water. The research tested water samples from three locations in Ambazari Lake in India over different seasons. Testing measured physio-chemical parameters like turbidity, pH, and hardness, as well as E. coli levels before and after UV treatment. Results found physio-chemical parameters within standards, and over 99.999% reduction in E. coli after UV exposure times from 0.5 to 8 hours depending on initial bacterial levels and water quality. The research concluded UV light is an effective alternative to chlorine for water disinfection, avoiding harmful chlorination byproducts, though pre-
Artifi cial wetlands are useful for wastewater treatment; however, relatively little is known of the effects of sewage on artifi cial wetland microbial community structure. Therefore, we assessed the effect of municipal sewage on microbial community diversity in surface water throughout an artifi cial wetland (Xiantao artifi cial wetland) treating municipal sewage. We analyzed the relationship between physicochemical parameters of surface water (i.e., Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Nitrogen (TN), Total Phosphorus (TP), and
NH4+-N) with microbial community structure (Illumina MiSeq sequencing followed by abundance indices). The results showed that the total microbial community in surface water was signifi cantly correlated with COD, TN, TP, and NH4
+-N (r = 0.764, 0.897, 0.883, 0.839, P < 0.05). In addition, the most abundant taxa were significantly correlated with COD (r = 0.803, P < 0.05). The relative abundance of rare operational taxonomic units in the more purifi ed water farther downstream was higher than in the polluted area, suggesting that rare groups were more sensitive to physicochemical parameters than abundant groups, and that the abundance of some bacteria could indirectly indicate the degree of aquatic pollution. Our results indicate that the responses of microorganisms in artificial wetlands to environmental conditions should be considered to ensure efficient treatment.
Experimental Study on the Use of Human Urine for Selected Philippine Vegetabl...Oswar Mungkasa
prepared by R. Gensch*, A. Miso* and G..S. Itchon** * Sustainable Sanitation Center, Xavier University – Ateneo de Cagayan, Masterson Avenue, Manresa Heights, Cagayan de Oro, Philippines (E-mail: robert.gensch@web.de; annamiso@googlemail.com) ** Department of Preventive and Community Medicine, Jose P. for Urban Environments in Asia, 25-28 May 2011, Manila, Philippines. organized by International Water Association (IWA).
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the impact of effluents from two slaughterhouses (Kera and Luna) on the water quality of receiving rivers (Akaki and Modjo Rivers) in central Ethiopia. Water samples from the slaughterhouse effluents and rivers were tested for various physicochemical and bacteriological parameters over a two month period. The results showed that most parameters in both the slaughterhouse effluents and river water downstream of the discharge points did not meet Ethiopian standards. Specifically, levels of BOD, COD, nutrients, solids, fecal coliforms and other parameters were much higher downstream, indicating the discharges adversely affected river water quality. There is a need for improved treatment
This document discusses the development of a web-based decision support system (DSS) for monitoring and predicting water quality parameters important for outdoor microalgae cultivation. The DSS allows users to monitor temperature and salinity in real-time and predicts future values of these parameters based on historical data using a K-nearest neighbors algorithm. Validation tests found the DSS could accurately forecast temperature and salinity 96.98% and 98.92% of the time respectively. The DSS notifies users when parameter levels rise or fall outside standard ranges and provides suggestions to maintain optimal water quality.
Detection Of Escherichia Coli, An Indicator Of Feacal Contamination, In Drink...IOSR Journals
The detection of Escherichia coli as an indicator of faucal contamination in drinking water sources in Amassoma town, a host Community of the Niger Delta University, Bayelsa State in the Niger Delta of Nigeria, was carried out to determine their suitability for drinking. Result obtained showed mean total coliform bacterial counts of 2.05 x103 cfu/ml for borehole water, 1.25x103 cfu/ml for well water and 1.0x103 for pipe borne water. The mean count of faecal coliform was 2.1x103 cfu/ml for borehole water, 4.5x10 cfu/ml for well water and 1.0x10 cfu/ml for pipe borne water. The faecal coliform identified was Escherichia coli. Sources of contamination were found to be septic tanks, waste dump sites and periodic flooding of the area, being a typical wetland environment. It was concluded that water from the different sources studied in Amassoma did not meet the world health Organization (WHO) standard for drinking water. This study has therefore shown the need for continuous monitoring of our water supply systems.
IRJET-Performance Analysis of Nutrient Removal in Pond Water Using Water Hyac...IRJET Journal
Microstrip patch antennas are increasing in popularity and get more important these days. This is mostly due to their versatility in terms of possible geometries that makes them applicable for many different situations. The light weight construction and the suitability for integration with microwave integrated circuits are two more of their numerous advantages. Additionally the simplicity of the structures makes this type of antennas suitable for low cost manufacturing. And this is also one key feature of microstrip patch antennas are used in mobile communications applications.
Thus the size reduction and bandwidth enhancement are becoming major design considerations for practical application of microstrip antennas. The purpose of this paper is to design a high bandwidth microstrip patch antenna and to compare with the former patch antennas and then proposed the better one. In this research work, we have designed the CIRCLEHEAD-shaped slotted patch antenna. Here bandwidth is obtained 40% of the center frequency which is the extremely large than the parasitic patch antenna. Microstrip Patch Antennas (MPA) are extremely attractive candidates for use in many applications due to their interesting features such as low cost, light weight, thin profile and conformability. A 3D field solver is used to simulate the performance of the proposed antenna by inputting thesizesof thephysicalstructure. Coaxial probe feeding technique is used to feed the antenna. ZelandIE3D ver14 software is used to design and simulate the proposed patch antenna.
ECOlogical SANitation - closing the loop between waste to food...
- Its a concept of producing food material from the waste material produced from the household ...Form of pollution management technique.
The Kailash Ecovillage project converting human excreta into organic foodstuf...Kimberly L. King
Since March 2014, a sustainably focused community located on a 0.7 hectares site in Portland, Oregon, USA, has
been undertaking an experimental composting toilet system modeled after the Water Efficiency and Sanitation
Standard (WE-Stand) set out by the International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO).
This system collects urine and hot composts human excreta in a dry-composting toilet system for eventual
use on the community’s organic gardens. The system design reduces the need to access municipal water,
sewer, and electrical infrastructure, enhancing emergency preparedness. It conserves an otherwise wasted
nutrient flow, and safely produces a valuable compost. The system consists of urine collection vessels, multiple
portable collection containers for excreta, toilet paper, and additive, and a compost processor. Urine diversion
has allowed the community to reclaim nitrogen and other nutrients otherwise lost in conventional sewage systems,
resulting in large savings of potable water and significant carbon sequestration via topsoil creation. Logs
showed thermophilic compost temperatures. Compost and urine pathogen testing met American National Standards
Institute and National Sanitation Foundation Standard 41 requirements.
Effects of different solid loading rates of faecal sludge on the dewatering p...Alexander Decker
1) The study investigated the effect of different solid loading rates (SLR) of faecal sludge on the dewatering performance of unplanted filter beds.
2) Faecal sludge from public toilets and septic tanks was mixed in different ratios to create SLR1, SLR2, and SLR3 and applied to experimental filter beds.
3) SLR3, with the highest septage ratio and lowest solid content, achieved the fastest dewatering time of 4 days on average, while SLR1 had the longest time of 7 days.
Some Physiochemical and Microbiological Characteristics of Wastewater and Pos...IIJSRJournal
This study focuses on treating wastewater with natural materials (Charcoal and lime), identifying the physiochemical properties, identifying microorganisms in treated and untreated wastewater, and the possibility of using treated wastewater in agriculture by studying two different types of wastewater collected from two areas in Benghazi (Al-Kish and Sarti sites) in order to find out their suitability for agriculture and some other uses. The Microbiological analysis results were as follows; the growth of bacterial colonies represented in Kleibseilla pnewmonia in wastewater collected from the Sirty sites and Pseudomonas aeuroginosa & Escherichia coli from wastewater collected from the El-Kish sites, where a biological analysis of the wastewater after treating by using two types of economic and available materials in nature Calcium carbonate “lime” and Charcoal after replanting the treated wastewater with the same previous method, we obtained bacterial growth, Pseudomonas aeuroginosa in wastewater treatment by Calcium carbonate "Lime" and Escherichia coli growth in wastewater treatment by Charcoal. Wastewater treatment by Calcium carbonate "Lime" and Charcoal did not show any microbial growth, this study was illustrated there was not growth from any kind of fungi from the studied wastewater treatment and un-treatment.
Wastewater treatment was found that it is possible to benefit from the treated wastewater to irrigate green areas and insensitive crops without soil degradation, and criteria for assessing the suitability of water for irrigation according to the United States Salinity Laboratory (USSL) wastewater treatment samples are located in class C3-S1, it cannot be used to irrigate sensitive crops, especially citrus fruits, and it should only be used in lands that do not have impervious layers that prevent leaching because they need washing.
Save water and safe water evaluation of design and storage period on water qu...Alexander Decker
The document evaluates the design and water quality of rainwater harvesting systems installed in Chitra Topi, AJK. It finds that non-painted galvanized iron rooftops provide high quality rainwater, while painted roofs lead to unsafe lead levels. Water quality declines with storage time due to increased microbial activity in summer months. Turbidity exceeds standards in 96% of samples year-round. Total hardness and iron levels meet standards. The study concludes rainwater harvesting can improve access if systems use appropriate designs and management practices.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This study evaluated the effects of water hyacinth compost prepared with different starter cultures on the growth and yield of maize. Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted in Kenya from 2011-2012. In the greenhouse experiments, water hyacinth compost was applied to maize plants and various growth parameters were measured over time. Application of water hyacinth compost and diammonium phosphate fertilizer significantly increased plant height, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, and root collar diameter compared to the control. In the field experiments, application of water hyacinth compost and diammonium phosphate increased shoot dry weight at tasseling stage compared to the control. However, yield parameters like 100 seed weight and
Effect of treated domestic wastewater as source of irrigation water and nutri...Premier Publishers
A study was conducted in Morogoro, Tanzania to assess the effect of treated wastewater as an alternative source of irrigation water and nutrients for rice. Wastewater was sourced from a local wastewater Stabilization Ponds and cleaned through a Constructed Wetland. Four treatments namely, (i) Waste water (WW) only (ii) WW + NPK (iii) Tap water only (iv) Tap water + NPK were tested in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 4 replicates. Rice, variety Saro 5 was planted in August 2013.Data was collected on physical-chemical and biological qualities of the WW, and soils, yield and yield components. Analysis of variance and Least Significant Difference (LSD) on yield were conducted (p≤0.05) using INSTAT software. WW had alkaline pH of 8.2 and acceptable levels of physical-chemical-biological components. WW only treated rice resulted in higher yields over non-treated rice. The combination of WW and NPK was not as effective especially for flowering, grain size and total yield indicative of nutrients overloading. Tap water only treated rice yielded 1.3 tons/ha while WW treated rice yielded 5.44 ton/ha mostly through promotion of higher number of fertile tillers while a combination of WW and NPK depressed yield potential to only 1.7 ton/ha. Effectiveness of WW for irrigation is acknowledged.
This is another presentation visualizing the work on Ecological Sanitation by University of Agricultural Sciences in collaboration with Arghyam Foundation.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Slaughter waste effluents and river catchment watershed contamination in Caga...Angelo Mark Walag
Slaughterhouse waste products are commonly known globally to pollute nearby communities and receiving bodies of water. The main aim of this study was to analyze the effluents disposed by Cagayan de Oro City Slaughterhouse to river catchment watershed. Standard methods were utilized in sampling and analyzing water quality parameters to determine the levels of nitrates, BOD, COD, total coliform, and lead. It was found out that the majority of wastes produced are internal organs, blood and urine mixtures, and manures. The study also revealed that all parameters tested crossed the permissible limits set by the government for effluent and inland water except for BOD and nitrates, in the river watershed. It was also determined that during wet seasons, major contaminants like lead and nitrates were diluted resulting to lower levels when compared to national standards. The result of this study also revealed the need for further remediation of the river water quality and intervention strategies to sustainably manage and prevent disposal of untreated effluents.
Cost effective sanitation :- (a) Waste water disposal systemadyagrawal13dec
The document discusses various on-site sanitation technologies for rural and urban areas. It describes the twin pit pour flush toilet system commonly used in rural India. It has two pits that are alternately used and connected by a junction chamber. When one pit fills, waste is diverted to the other for three years while the first pit decomposes before being used again. School toilets and public toilets are discussed as important sanitation options for urban areas. The goal is to improve sanitation, hygiene and public health.
The students created a water purifier to address water scarcity and conservation. Their purifier uses activated charcoal, polyfil, and alum stone to mechanically and chemically filter water from a washing machine. It can purify 2-3 loads of washing machine water, raising the pH from acidic to a level suitable for plants but not human consumption. The project aims to educate about water conservation and reduce water waste.
Biological treatment of domestic wastewater using constructed wetlands is gaining acceptance worldwide
due to low cost and simple operation and maintenance. A treatment system (BIOWATSYST) was
established at Abo-Attwa Experimental Station, Ismailia, Egypt in 1998. The system consists of six
parallel short-deep treatment beds, three sterilization ponds and a disinfection pond. The beds were filled
with gravel and/or sand. Four beds were planted with Phragmites australis and two beds were planted
with Cyprus papyrus. The study evaluates the performance of the treatment beds for the removal of
nutrients and pathogens from primary treated domestic wastewater, with minimizing the length of the
treatment beds. Maximum removal efficiency was 76.3% for the biochemical oxygen demand, 83.9% for
chemical oxygen demand, 59.2% for total suspended solids, 58.6% for organic matter, and 22.1% for the
total nitrogen. Maximum removal efficiency was 82.6% for fecal coliforms, 79.8% for fecal enterococci,
and 87.4% for the coliphages. The results revealed that sand bed was the most effective treatment bed for
the removal of both nutrient and pathogenic bacteria from primary treated domestic wastewater.
Key words: Constructed wetland, Cyprus papyrus, Phragmites australis, physicochemical monitoring,
sewage, wastewater, biological management, treatment beds.
This document summarizes a study that assessed pollutant levels in Lake Tadie in Mampong Ashanti, Ghana. Water samples were collected from 5 points around the lake and analyzed for physicochemical and biological parameters in a laboratory. The results found that temperature, total dissolved solids, and levels of sulfate, nitrate and phosphate were within recommended limits. However, pH levels and concentrations of iron, lead and fecal coliform bacteria exceeded guidelines. The acidic pH is likely due to runoff of fertilizers and waste from surrounding agricultural and residential areas entering the lake. Overall, the lake water quality has been impacted by human activities in the area.
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL EFFECTS OF SAND HARVESTING ON WATER QUALITY IN RIVER THWAKE ...Tabitha Nzula Mwanzia
This document summarizes a study that assessed the physicochemical effects of sand harvesting on water quality in River Thwake in Machakos County, Kenya. Water samples were collected from a sand harvesting site and a non-sand harvesting site and analyzed for various parameters including temperature, pH, turbidity, color, conductivity, heavy metals, BOD and COD. The results showed significant differences in color, turbidity, iron, COD and zinc between the two sites, indicating sand harvesting is negatively impacting water quality. However, other parameters like copper, conductivity, temperature and pH were not significantly different. The results were compared to WHO and Kenyan water quality guidelines to determine suitability for domestic use.
The Blacktown Water Treatment Plant project brief outlines the treatment process in 6 steps: 1) preliminary treatment to remove large objects, 2) grit removal, 3) primary sedimentation to remove settleable solids, 4) biological treatment using activated sludge to remove dissolved organic matter, 5) filtration using crushed coal and sand filters as a final step, and 6) chlorination and dechlorination of the effluent. The plant is designed to remove harmful substances from wastewater and safely discharge treated effluent while also producing agro-ash.
There is an intrinsic connection between biodiversity conservation, water and sanitation. With appropriate technologies, wastewater can be treated to produce fit-for-purpose water with recovery of nutrients to enhance biodiversity conservation in terms of flora and fauna. This project highlights a pilot subsurface flow Constructed Wetland unit in order to identify its performance in treating domestic wastewater and in recovering nutrients.
The project won the 1st Prize in National Quarry Life Award in 2012 in Tanzania.
Read more: http://www.quarrylifeaward.com/project/integrated-constructed-wetland-wastewater-treatment-rainwater-harvesting-nutrient-recovery
Similar to Performance of EcoSan Toilets at Majumbasita in Dar Es Salaam – Tanzania (20)
Observation for spoilage in fish and beef in a daily simulated local market s...IJEABJ
The degree of spoilage of fish and beef in a daily simulated market style of southwest, Nigeria was determined by Trimethylamine (TMA) levels in each sample using the standard pictrate technique. 100g of each of the three different parts of a bull (liver, meaty and fatty tissues) and fresh African cat fish (Clarias gariepinus) (liver, meaty portion and head) were purchased twice a week for five weeks from the abattoir and Oja-Oba market in Akure respectively. The samples were subjected to ambient temperature and their degree of spoilage was assessed after 3 hours, 6 hours and 9 hours of purchase. The results showed that, there was no significant difference (P≥ 0.05) in the effect of time (hours) on TMA concentration in different parts of the fish and bull samples, though, the mean concentration of TMA in the fish samples increased with time. However, the degree of spoilage is slower in the bull compared to the fish samples but higher in the late evening (9 hours). Hence, buying and selling of beef in the late evening should be discouraged to avoid consumption of unwholesome meat with high TMA concentrations, while fish should be stored-frozen and sold in deep freezers.
Eroding Fabrics of Communal Land Ownership in Papua New GuineaIJEABJ
This document summarizes a research paper about the erosion of communal land ownership in Papua New Guinea. The research analyzed perceptions of 120 landowner households from two clans concerning the breakdown of communal land ownership. Key findings included:
1) Communal land ownership is recognized by PNG law but in practice ownership has shifted to individuals, families, and sub-clans within major clans.
2) The existing weak land administration system and incompatible laws have contributed to tearing apart connections between clan members and dismantling communal ownership.
3) To address this, the research calls for strengthening land administration functions and reviewing laws to improve the land system and address challenges of communal ownership breaking down.
Agricultural Restructuring in Vietnamese Mekong Delta: Economic Analysis of R...IJEABJ
The study examined the economic analysis of sesame production compliant withagricultural restructuring plan in rural areas of Vietnamese Mekong Delta. Conditional non-probability sampling technique was employed to select 90 respondents who have produced sesame rotationally on rice field in summer-autumn crop season. Primary data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics including percentage, frequency and farm budget model. Gross Margin analysis was used to estimate cost, returns sesame production in the study area. The study revealed that the average cost, revenue, gross margins of production per hectare was 17.60, 37.38 and 20.56 million VND, respectively.Moreover,the average rate of returnsalsoindicated that with every 1,000 VND invested to sesame production, a farmer made a profit of 1,390 VND. As a result, it can be concluded that sesame farming is profitable in the context of agricultural restructuring strategy from rice to other crops in Mekong Delta region. It is recommended that smallholders should take initiative in participation in sesame cooperatives and ‘big field’ model to be more beneficial to inputs price, harvested machine and formal credit in the beginning of each season.
Seasonal Phenology of Reptiles in a Mediterranean Environment (“Castel di Gui...IJEABJ
The present work reports the seasonal phenology of the reptiles of the "Castel di Guido" Natural Park near Rome (Northern Latium, Italy). During field observations, between September 2014 and July 2016, transects were carried out along the ecotones of the park, in order to describe the period of seasonal activity of the reptiles present. The area is characterized by Mediterranean mesothermal climate. In the Mediterranean area, reptiles have a broader annual activity range than other European regions, greatly reducing winter latency. Reptile activities start very early, in some case it is possible to observe the snake Hierophis viridiflavus and lizards, such as Podarcis muralis and Podarcis siculus, in thermoregulation activity in the middle of winter. The mild climate that is recorded on average in autumn favors the activity in the period between September and December; Zamenis longissimus is observed regularly in October. Testudo hermanni mates regularly in autumn and it is active until the first decade of December. The research shows that during the winter period reptiles can be observed in activity; for some species, Chalcides chalcides, Podarcis sp., Hierophis viridiflavus, this seems to be a remarkable datum that broad considerably the annual phenology reported in the literature.
Evaluation of four plants compost teas against fungi responsible for Corn dam...IJEABJ
Corn (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important cereals in Côte d'Ivoire. However, Corn seeds and seedlings are susceptible to infection by a number of soilborne fungi which caused seeds decay before or after germination. The objective of this study is to evaluate the suppressive effect of Four plants compost teas (Chromolaena odorata, Ricinus communis, Nicotiana tabacum, Azadiracta indica) on Corn damping off. In vitro assays showed a most suppressive effect of C. odorata and R. communis compost teas on mycelial growth of pathogenic fungi. Results of in vivo trials showed significant reduction of Corn seedlings diseases incidence and high seed germination percent after treatment with C. odorata, R. communis and A. indica compost teas. No efficiency effect was noted with N. tabacum compost tea. This study demonstrated the usefulness of compost tea as an efficient biological tool for the control of fungi responsible of corn damping-off.
Microbiological Quality of Kunnu-Zaki Drinks Sold in Some selected Towns in O...IJEABJ
The microbiological quality of freshly processed and hawked kunnu-zaki drinks, a common Nigerian non-alcoholic beverage was investigated in some selected towns in Osun State, South Western Nigeria. A total of nine (9) towns were assessed. Kunnu-zaki drinks were purchased from these towns on twelve different occasions for a period of six month. The samples were microbiologically analyzed using standard methods. pH values ranged from 3.09 - 4.21 in East and West senatorial district. The TTA of the samples ranged from 0.32 - 0.49 in Central and East senatorial district. All the screened drink samples had varying levels of bacterial contamination ranging from 4.2 x 103 to 15.0 x 103 CFU/ml, 4.1 x 104 to 9.6 x 104 CFU/ml and 3.5 x 105 to 9.0 x 105 CFU/ml for total bacteria, coliform and E. coli count respectively. Total coliform count on MPN ranged from 3 MPN/ml to 93 MPN/ml. 77.78% of the total sampled drinks (n=108) that is (84/108) had bacteria and fungi count. While all the drinks sampled had total coliform count on MPN exceeding the recommended safe level of zero organisms detectable per 100ml. Seven (7) bacteria species were isolated from the kunnu-zaki drink sampled. The bacteria isolated were Escherichia coli, Bacillus species, Staphylococcus species, Pseudomonas species, Streptococcus specie, Enterobacter species, and Klebsiella species. Fungal count ranged from 3.3 x 106 to 8.0 x 106 CFU/ml respectively. Four (4) fungi were also isolated which include Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicilium italicum, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus. It can therefore be concluded that the presence of these isolated organisms in kunnu-zaki samples analyzed in Osun State could serve as indicator for the need to promote awareness about the possible health hazards that could arise due to the unhygienic ways of handling and processing of the beverage.
Seaweed Cultivation Techniques Gracillariaverrucosa in Pond Ujungpangkah Dist...IJEABJ
Seaweed is one of the sea cultivation commodities that are easy to be cultivated and have a good market prospect in improving coastal community empowerment. Moreover, the technology used to cultivate seaweed is also simple and inexpensive so it is suitable and easily adapted by coastal communities.Type of seaweed that has been cultivated in brackish water isGracilaria sp.One of the methods used for seaweed cultivation Gracilaria verrucosa is the broadcast method or spread.This method provides an increase in the growth length from 5 cm to 5.8 cm for 42 days and the weight of Gracilaria verrucosa seaweed from 10 grams to 14.1 gr for 42 days. This growth was influenced by ambient temperature including temperature 28-33 º C, salinity 5-17 ppt and degree of acidity (pH) 5-8.
Effect of Aloe Vera wastes on physico-chemical properties and microbiological...IJEABJ
The aim of the present study was to explore the potential for using aloe vera wastes as amendment for soil to improve its fertility. Soil was exposed to four concentrations of aloin (rich in HAP) for 0, 7, 14 and 28 days. Physico-chemical parameters were analyzed: soil Ph, organic matter (OM), nitrogen, phosphorus, and cation exchange capacity (CEC). The activity of seven enzymes implicated in the C, N and S cycles were measured. Microbial Biomass was determined by the method of substrate induced respiration. BiologEcoplates (Biolog Inc., Hayward, CA) were used to estimate soil microbial functional diversity. Our findings suggested a decrease on phosphorus and nitrogen content and an increase on CEC after aloin addition. Also, a decrease on microbial biomass and enzymes activities was observed, except for FDA. Ecoplates results demonstrate a decrease on microbial activities depending on the incubation time. Moreover, our results indicated that bacterial communities of the tested soils have more affinity to consume substrates as Amino acids and polymers. Our results should be carefully considered in view of the agriculture waists reuse for a sustainable agriculture
Evaluate the Efficiency of Gamma Irradiation and Chitosan on Shelf-Life of St...IJEABJ
Chitosan play an important role as an antifungal against Botrytis cinerea and the effect was a concentration dependent. The obtained results of in vitro experiment demonstrated that chitosan (4%) decreased radial growth of B. cinereato 2 %. Invivo the severity of infection reduced from 59.8 and 100.0 to 9.7, 33.8 and 40.1 in first, second and third week’s storage periods at 13C, respectively. Also, chitosan coating (4%) significantly caused an increase in fruit firmness whereas TSS was decreased with an increase by increasing in storage time. However,Vitamin C gave fluctuated results by increasing storage time. Gamma irradiation at 2.5 KGy reduced severity (%) of infected fruits from 55.5, 100 and 100 to 31.7, 45.9 and 49.9 and in healthy fruits severity (%) reduced from 48.9, 100 and 100 to 23.3, 25.1 and 29.1 in different storage periods 1, 2 and 3 weeks, respectively. Similarly, chitosan as well as gamma irradiation combination induced a significant increase of peroxidase enzyme (POD) activity. Induced changes in surface morphology and damage of cell structure caused by using chitosan shown by scanning electron microscopy. Also, gamma irradiation causes changes in hyphea structure and in surface morphology but combination of gamma irradiation with chitosan was more effective in altering fungus morphology and cell structure damage and no spore forming. This providing the efficiency of combination on reducing disease severity (%) of strawberry.
Biofumigation: A Potential Aspect for Suppression of Plant-Parasitic NematodesIJEABJ
This document discusses biofumigation as a potential method for suppressing plant-parasitic nematodes. It begins by explaining that plant-parasitic nematodes cause large economic losses worldwide and that chemical nematicides are commonly used but have negative environmental impacts. It then describes how biofumigation uses glucosinolate compounds produced by some plants, like mustards, which break down to form volatile isothiocyanates that can suppress nematodes and other soil pathogens. Several factors that influence the biofumigation process and its effectiveness are discussed, including the plant variety used, soil temperature, depth, and microbes. The document concludes by stating that biofumigation shows potential as part of an integrated pest
Influence of short- and long-term administration of Melengestrol acetate on e...IJEABJ
In Egypt, research focusing on estrous synchronization in small ruminants based on Melengestrol acetate (MGA) supplementation, particularly in nulliparous ewes, is still lacking. The present work aimed to evaluate effect of long-term and short-term administration of melengestrol acetate (MGA) treatments on estrus synchronization and reproductive performance of nulliparous Barki Ewes. This study was performed in Siwa Oasis Research Station (Tegzerty Experimental Farm for animal production), belonged to Desert Research Center, Egypt. Forty five nulliparous Barki ewes with age ranging from 15.5 to 16.5 months, and 38 ± 0.23 kg average live body weight were assigned to one of three groups: (1) control (C, n = 15); (2) long-term treatment with MGA (n = 15, 0.22 mg/ewe/d for 14 days) and (3) short-term treatment with MGA (n = 15, 0.22 mg/ewe/d for 7 days). At the end of MGA treatment (14 or 7 d) all treated ewes were injected by 600 IU PMSG intramuscularly. The results showed that, ewes treated with MGA exhibited highest (P<0.05) estrus response rate (100%) in short term-MGA, followed by long term-MGA (93.33%), whereas the lowest was observed in control group (80%). Conception rates after natural mating were 85.71% and 93.33% for long term and short term MGA treated ewes, respectively. However, it recorded 100% in the control group. Fertility rate was significantly the highest (P<0.05) in short term-MGA (93.33%) than other groups (73.33%). There were no significant differences (p>0.05) in terms of lambing rate and prolificacy among the control and treated ewes. In the meantime, mean values of serum estradiol 17-β were lower (P≤0.01) in long-term treated ewes compared to those of short-term treated ones (27.20±1.78, 32.67±1.27pg/ml), respectively, while the lowest (P<0.05) level was recorded in the control ewes (13.01±1.31 pg/ml). Furthermore, overall mean values of serum progesterone in the control group (1.32 ± 0.09 ng/ml) was higher (P<0.05) than those of long- and short-term MGA treated groups (1.01 ± 0.13, 0.92 ± 0.11, ng/ml), respectively. It is concluded that reproductive efficiency of nulliparous Barki ewes could be improved by short-term supplementation with MGA.
Determinant of Non-Organic Farming in Enrekang District of South SulawesiIJEABJ
This document discusses a study on the determinants of non-organic farming in Enrekang District, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The study used Interpretative Structural Modeling (ISM) analysis to identify the persistent determinants. The results found three key determinants: 1) availability of facilities and infrastructure for organic farming; 2) ease and practical application of production facilities like fertilizers and pesticides; and 3) easy market access for non-organic products. The study aims to provide information to help policymaking around organic farming development.
Influence of Plant Growth Regulators on Somatic Embryogenesis Induction in Se...IJEABJ
Seriphidium herba-album (syn. Artemisia herba-alba) is a medicinal, aromatic, greenish-silver herb. It is used widely in folk medicine for treatment of diarrhea, abdominal cramps and in the healing of external wounds. It's also used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, neurological disorders as epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease, depression and jaundice. In this study we assessed the protocol for callus induction, maturation of somatic embryogenesis, frequency of germination and conversion into plantlets for leaf explants of Seriphidium herba-album using different concentrations of PGRs. Highest induction frequencies of embryogenic calli occurred after 35 days on MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg L-1 2,4-D and 0.5 mg L-1 BAP. Optimum MS medium for higher frequency of matured somatic embryos was recorded using 5.0 mg L-1 BAP and 0.5 mg L-1 NAA and somatic embryos also induced young in vitro grown plantlets when cultured in the medium containing GA3 and kinetin. Hence, attempts to induce direct somatic embryogenesis have been achieved up to embryo regeneration and maturation.
Effect of Carom Seed Oil on the Antimicrobial, Physicochemical and Mechanical...IJEABJ
Packaging material is necessary in the preservation process. Edible films containing essential oils can be incorporated into the conventional food packaging systems with a dual purpose, edible and natural preservative, that can maintain quality, extend the shelf life and reduce the risk of pathogen growth specifically in unprocessed or minimally processed foods like fruits and vegetables. In present study, pumpkin-arrowroot starch based edible film incorporated with carom seed oil at 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% were prepared and studied for the antimicrobial properties. Film with 1.5% Carom seed oil showed exceedingly good antimicrobial activities against E. coli, Staphylococcus and Aspergillus. The films were further studied for physical, mechanical and water vapour transmission properties. The results indicated that the film with 1.5% carom seed oil did not alter the mechanical properties of the film significantly, compared to control film and is ideal for coating to extend the shelf life of food products.
First Report of ethnobotanical studies of tehsil Noorpur Thal, District Khush...IJEABJ
The study is based on gathering of information by interviewing villagers, herbalists, hakims and farmers, following a preset list of questions followed by analysis of the data collected. Plant samples were gathered and their morphological characteristics described. Their various uses including medicinal uses, where reported were gathered. The present work is a significant contribution to the existing knowledge because ethno botany as a interdisciplinary science understanding of local social dynamics, institutions and different values attributed to resources. These values may be symbolic, religious or political for a given society, while same plant resources may represent only an economic value for our social group. Fuel wood needs are also met by collecting dried fodder branches, by products of crops and dried animal dung. It is recommended that botanical ganders of medicinal plants should be established. Data was analyzed at P(0.05 -5%).
Effect of Spacing and Poultry Manure Rates on Growth, Yield and Quality of Ca...IJEABJ
This study investigated the effects of poultry manure rates and crop spacing on the growth, yield, and quality of cayenne pepper in the southern rainforest of Nigeria. The experiment utilized a 3x3 factorial design with three poultry manure rates (0, 10, 20 tons/ha) and three spacings (50cm x 50cm, 100cm x 50cm, 100cm x 100cm). Results showed that closer spacing and higher manure rates increased plant height, leaf number, fruit yield, and vitamin/lycopene content. The 50cm x 50cm spacing with 20 tons/ha manure produced the tallest plants with the most fruits and highest yield. This treatment combination is
Antioxidant activity, photosynthetic rate, and Spectral mass in bean Plants (...IJEABJ
This document summarizes a study that examined the effects of various defense activators (jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, Trichoderma asperellum, and Bacillus pumilus) on antioxidant activity, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and metabolic profile in bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The study found that jasmonic acid and T. asperellum increased antioxidant enzyme activity, photosynthetic rate, and stomatal conductance in the plants. Mass spectrometry analysis also revealed a greater number and quantity of metabolites/masses in the T. asperellum treated plants compared to the other treatments. The results suggest that some defense activators can
A Survey on the Pteridophyte Flora of the 18 Selected Sacred Groves in Chalav...IJEABJ
An exploratory survey conducted on Pteridophytic flora in the 18 selected sacred groves of Chalavara Grama panchayath, Ottapalamtaluk, Palakkad district, Kerala lead to the collection of 26 species of pteridophytes coming under 20 genera and 14 families. Among them, 02 families belongs to class Lycopsida, 01 family belongs to class Psilotopsida and remaining belongs to class Polypodiopsida. Out of 26 species 21 species are terrestrial, 3 species are epiphytes and 2 species are aquatic.
Effect of Compost Extract Fortified with Tempe on Chili Mosaic Virus DiseaseIJEABJ
Mosaic disease caused by multiple infections of viruses in one of the most devastating virus diseases of chili pepper (Capsicum annuum) in Indonesia. Improving plant resistance by treatment with exogenous bioactive compounds is promisingly developed for plant protection in organic chili production. We demonstrated the suppressive effects of a fermented water extract of compost fortified with over-fermented tempe (TCE) on mosaic disease and its aphid vector. TCE was applied weekly by foliar spraying at 0.2 and 2.0 % on potted Capsicum growing in field. The result showed that treated plant sprayed with TNF preparation exhibited a significantly slower disease progression as represented by a lower area under disease progress curve compared to control plant. Disease suppression was obtained at concentration as low as 0.2%. TCE-treated plants were significantly less colonized by Aphis gossypii than control plant.
Evaluation of herbicides and their combinations for weed control in wheat (Tr...IJEABJ
The field experiment was conducted at the Student’s Research Farm, P.G. Department of Agriculture, Khalsa College, Amritsar, Punjab, to study the evaluation of various herbicides and their combinations on wheat during 2016-17. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with seven treatments such as weed free, weedy check, pendimethalin 2.5L/ha, pendimethalin 2.5L/ha + clodinofop 400 g/ha, pendimethalin 2.5L/ha + sulfosulfuron 32.5g/ha , pendimethalin 2.5L/ha + pinoxaden 1000 ml/ ha, pendimethalin 2.5L/ha + atlantis 400g/ha and replicated thrice. Results revealed that pendimethalin 2.5 L/ha + atlantis 400g/ha was found effective to control weed population and produced higher number of grains per ear and enhanced grain yield upto 62.3 per cent over weedy check.
A high-Speed Communication System is based on the Design of a Bi-NoC Router, ...DharmaBanothu
The Network on Chip (NoC) has emerged as an effective
solution for intercommunication infrastructure within System on
Chip (SoC) designs, overcoming the limitations of traditional
methods that face significant bottlenecks. However, the complexity
of NoC design presents numerous challenges related to
performance metrics such as scalability, latency, power
consumption, and signal integrity. This project addresses the
issues within the router's memory unit and proposes an enhanced
memory structure. To achieve efficient data transfer, FIFO buffers
are implemented in distributed RAM and virtual channels for
FPGA-based NoC. The project introduces advanced FIFO-based
memory units within the NoC router, assessing their performance
in a Bi-directional NoC (Bi-NoC) configuration. The primary
objective is to reduce the router's workload while enhancing the
FIFO internal structure. To further improve data transfer speed,
a Bi-NoC with a self-configurable intercommunication channel is
suggested. Simulation and synthesis results demonstrate
guaranteed throughput, predictable latency, and equitable
network access, showing significant improvement over previous
designs
Impartiality as per ISO /IEC 17025:2017 StandardMuhammadJazib15
This document provides basic guidelines for imparitallity requirement of ISO 17025. It defines in detial how it is met and wiudhwdih jdhsjdhwudjwkdbjwkdddddddddddkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwioiiiiiiiiiiiii uwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwhe wiqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq gbbbbbbbbbbbbb owdjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj widhi owqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq uwdhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhwqiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiw0pooooojjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj whhhhhhhhhhh wheeeeeeee wihieiiiiii wihe
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Blood finder application project report (1).pdfKamal Acharya
Blood Finder is an emergency time app where a user can search for the blood banks as
well as the registered blood donors around Mumbai. This application also provide an
opportunity for the user of this application to become a registered donor for this user have
to enroll for the donor request from the application itself. If the admin wish to make user
a registered donor, with some of the formalities with the organization it can be done.
Specialization of this application is that the user will not have to register on sign-in for
searching the blood banks and blood donors it can be just done by installing the
application to the mobile.
The purpose of making this application is to save the user’s time for searching blood of
needed blood group during the time of the emergency.
This is an android application developed in Java and XML with the connectivity of
SQLite database. This application will provide most of basic functionality required for an
emergency time application. All the details of Blood banks and Blood donors are stored
in the database i.e. SQLite.
This application allowed the user to get all the information regarding blood banks and
blood donors such as Name, Number, Address, Blood Group, rather than searching it on
the different websites and wasting the precious time. This application is effective and
user friendly.
Open Channel Flow: fluid flow with a free surfaceIndrajeet sahu
Open Channel Flow: This topic focuses on fluid flow with a free surface, such as in rivers, canals, and drainage ditches. Key concepts include the classification of flow types (steady vs. unsteady, uniform vs. non-uniform), hydraulic radius, flow resistance, Manning's equation, critical flow conditions, and energy and momentum principles. It also covers flow measurement techniques, gradually varied flow analysis, and the design of open channels. Understanding these principles is vital for effective water resource management and engineering applications.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Determination of Equivalent Circuit parameters and performance characteristic...pvpriya2
Includes the testing of induction motor to draw the circle diagram of induction motor with step wise procedure and calculation for the same. Also explains the working and application of Induction generator
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji - Bandi Chor Guru.pdfBalvir Singh
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji (19 June 1595 - 3 March 1644) is revered as the Sixth Nanak.
• On 25 May 1606 Guru Arjan nominated his son Sri Hargobind Ji as his successor. Shortly
afterwards, Guru Arjan was arrested, tortured and killed by order of the Mogul Emperor
Jahangir.
• Guru Hargobind's succession ceremony took place on 24 June 1606. He was barely
eleven years old when he became 6th Guru.
• As ordered by Guru Arjan Dev Ji, he put on two swords, one indicated his spiritual
authority (PIRI) and the other, his temporal authority (MIRI). He thus for the first time
initiated military tradition in the Sikh faith to resist religious persecution, protect
people’s freedom and independence to practice religion by choice. He transformed
Sikhs to be Saints and Soldier.
• He had a long tenure as Guru, lasting 37 years, 9 months and 3 days
Ericsson LTE Throughput Troubleshooting Techniques.ppt
Performance of EcoSan Toilets at Majumbasita in Dar Es Salaam – Tanzania
1. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB) Vol-3, Issue-4, Jul-Aug- 2018
http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab/3.4.14 ISSN: 2456-1878
www.ijeab.com Page | 1241
Performance of EcoSan Toilets at Majumbasita
in Dar Es Salaam – Tanzania
AS Mahenge
Environmental Engineering Department, Ardhi University, P. O. Box 35176, Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania
anesimahenge@gmail.com
Abstract— The performance of Ecological Sanitation
(ECOSAN) toilets at Majumbasita-Ukonga in Dar es
Salaam, Tanzania was studied in order to assess their
feasibility for low cost and effective environmental
protection. The studied parameters for urine were pH,
TKN, phosphorus , potassium and E-coli and for faecal
sludge were temperature, pH, TS, VS, COD , TKN,
ammonium, phosphorus, potassium and Ascaris eggs.
Results indicated a high pH up to 10.3 in the faecal
contents due to addition of ashes. The temperatures were
between 270
C – 31.70
C during the whole study period.
The total COD measurements varied from 33 - 74
gCOD/l, while TS and VS were respectively 57– 81 gTS/l
and 21 – 46 gVS/l. The results for TKN, ammonium,
phosphorus and potassium in faecal sludge were 5045 –
6080mg/L, 5207-5852 mg/L, 29-70mg/L and 105-176
mg/L, respectively. Ascaris eggs were efficiently removed
from faecal sludge that were strictly dry and had a pH of
more than 10. The results for TKN, ammonium,
phosphorus and potassium in urine were 4285-5010
mg/L, 111-195 mg/L and 190-251 mg/L, respectively. E-
Coli were present in urine with pH less than 11.5 and
were efficiently removed from urine with pH more than
11.5. Presence of pathogens in urine implies the
separated urine can be reused in tree growing and not for
fertilising food crops consumed raw.
Keywords— ECOSAN toilets, Faecal Sludge, Urine,
Performance, Environmental protection.
I. INTRODUCTION
Environmental sanitation problems have continued to
grow in complexity despite receiving little attention in
Tanzania. The hygienic disposal of excreta that does not
endanger health and welfare of the community is
important (Obeng et al, 2015; Hu et al, 2016)). There are
many constraints in improving the existing sanitation
situation that centre on political, economic, social and
cultural contexts of health and disease.Serious constraints
(Obeng et al, 2015), which are still prevalent to-date, are:
funding limitations; insufficiency of trained personnel;
operation and maintenance; logistics; inadequate cost-
recovery framework; insufficient health education efforts;
inappropriate institutional framework; intermittent water
service and non-involvement of communities. Given the
inherent unsustainability of large scale sewerage, on-site
sanitation concepts, dealing with human excreta
collection and treatment on-site, that is, the location
where it is deposited, can provide a hygienic and
satisfactory solution (Obeng et al, 2015; Taseli, 2016;
Mahenge, 2013; Shen, 2013), because it is not an
expensive and high technology. For reuse of human
"waste" and turning it into something "useful and
valuable" (Breslin, 2014; Esrey, 2001), ecological
sanitation (ECOSAN) had been introduced as a pilot scale
at Majumbasita-Ukonga in Dar-es-Salaam city, Tanzania
by EEPCO (Environmental Engineering and Pollution
Control Organization - Non Governmental Organisation)
through UNICEF funding. These introduced toilet
systems are in the category of improved pit-toilets and
they are 'dry' accumulation systems or so-called
ECOSAN toilets which receive only faeces. Moreover,
after faeces deposit, ashes are added to increase the pH
and reduce moisture. If the moisture content and ashes
additions are balanced, it is believed that the faeces will
decompose to form a soil conditioner in about four
months (Esrey et al, 2001). This idea of decomposition
was given without thorough exploration of the conditions
needed for biodegradation to proceed and was further
ascertained in this study. Pathogens are killed in the dry
alkaline compost that can be used as soil fertilizer. The
urine is collected separately and can also be used as
fertilizer (Esrey et al, 2001). To get an insight in the
performance of these structures the following study
objectives were to: Get the baseline information related to
composting toilet systems in the country; Check the
performance of composting toilets in pre-treatment of
human excreta; Verify the quality of separated human
urine, as it is believed to be sterile, people are using it
directly in agriculture without knowing the safety
associated with its re–use.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Description of the Research Area
Majumbasita, is one of the unplanned settlements at the
peri-urban part of Dar-es-Salaam city in Tanzania. It is
about 11 km from the city centre, in the western direction
and closer to the Dar-es-Salaam International Airport
(DIA) in Kipawa ward, Ilala Municipality; with a
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population of about 23,000 inhabitants. Houses are
mostly occupied by owners, with few inhabited by
tenants. The size of plots varied from about 170 - 400
square metres (EEPCO, 2007) during study. The piped
water supply from the city network is inadequate for the
inhabitants; 85% depend on well water (Mato, 2002) and
are forced to use hand-dug wells although the quality is
doubtful (Elisante and Muzuka, 2017; Addo, 2016). It
was noted that there is intermittent supply of water per
week; that is, the supply was for 2-4 hours per supply
(Elisante and Muzuka, 2017). Only 5% of the residents
get it once per week, 63.2% two days/week, 28% three
days/week, 2% four days/week and 1.2% manage to get
water for >4 days/week. Moreover, their laboratory
results revealed that, E-Coli count for samples from
boreholes with depths 1.8 metres and 6.75 metres were
3000 FC/100 ml. and 178 FC/100 ml., respectively (Mato,
2002; Addo, 2016). The intensity of E-Coli showed a
decreasing trend with depth. The wells deeper than 70
metres due to increase in pressure were free from faecal
contamination implying that, water from deeper soil
layers was bacteriologically safe for drinking purposes at
that moment. Similarly, for the piped water supply in that
area, it was observed that, there was an increase in faecal
pollution in the service pipes (values ranged from 3 - 76
FC/100 mL for 25 sampling points chosen). The area
experiences high water table (HWT) evidenced by the
raised pit toilets (75%) in the area, while some dwellers
(4.8%) did not have any toilet facility; they use
neighbours toilets (EEPCO, 2007, Elisante, Mato, 2002
and Muzuka, 2017).
2.2 Schematic Presentation and Functioning of
ECOSAN Toilets
The schematic presentation of ECOSAN toilet at
Majumbasita is as shown in Figure 1.
Fig.1: Photographs of caption of the ECOSAN toilet at Majumbasita
Symbol´s Explanation:
(1) Urine tank of 20 litres capacity (2) Accumulating
faeces and ashes heap in the toilet vault (3) Doors at the
back of the pit-chamber for desludging purposes(4) Wash
water outlet (5) Vent pipe (6) Drop hole slabs (squatting
and seating type) (7) Separated Urine hole.
The components of the ECOSAN include two pits, two
openings for removal of dehydrated faecal material, two
vent pipes (for each pit), two squatting pans or one
squatting pan and one seat riser, or two seat risers, two
urine drain pipes and one drain pipe for anal cleansing
water, one plastic container for urine, superstructure,
squatting slab and roof. The components are provided in
duplicate because when one component is in use, the
other one is on stand-by basis. If the pit in use is full, it is
closed for a time and the other stand-by pit is opened for
use. It is expected that, the dehydrated material in the
closed pit decomposes for a period of not less than 6
months and then the system will be desludged and the
sludge used in agriculture. So far none of the systems has
been desludged. Normally, after defecation, a handful of
ashes from charcoal stoves or burnt wood ashes are
poured into the pit. Ashes (charcoal/plant ash) are added
inside the faecal chamber to raise pH (for pathogen
destruction), reduce odour and dehydrate the faecal
material. The pH must be ≥ 10 because it is unfavourable
pH for most pathogens especially ascaris (Taseli, 2016).
Obeng remarked that, estimating the volume of ash is
difficult (Obeng et al, 2015). Experiences indicates that
approximately twice the volume of faeces has to be added
(Vliet et al, 2013) while, Kujawa suggested five times the
volume of faeces or 0.3 m3 per person per year for all
waste (Kujawa-Roelveld, 2016). At Majumbasita 0.1-0.33
litre of ashes/person/day/defecation is added without
formal control of the amount. The charcoal ashes are kept
inside the superstructure on the squatting slab in order to
avoid inconveniences. No water or any liquid material is
allowed to mix with faeces inside the chamber. However,
due to the religious beliefs of some people, water must be
used for anal cleansing and hence, a place in between the
two squatting holes was modified to cater for cleaning
purposes and the wash-water led to the outside through a
pipe. For this purpose, a small plastic water container of
5 litres is provided for this need. The wash water is not
treated but ends up in the surrounding area signifying a
Rear
view
Side view
1 1
2
3
33
4
5
5 5
6
7
7
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need for proper disposal. The 20-litre urine tank is kept
outside and usually emptied when it is full.
2.3 Sampling and Analysis
Samples were collected from 10 ECOSAN toilets. A
sampling device with specifications: Model – Eijcamp;
Made is Agrisearch Equipment, was used to collect
faeces. One kilogram of faecal sludge and one litre of
urine were collected per toilet for laboratory analysis.
Analyzed parameters in faeces were pH, ambient
temperature of the samples, COD, TS, VS, TKN, NH4
+-N,
PO4
-3-P, K and Ascaris eggs. Analyzed parameters in
urine were pH, TKN, PO4
-3-P, K and E-coli. The
parameters were determined by using Standard Methods
(2002).
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 pH, Temperature and Ascaris Eggs Results in
Faecal sludge
The pH ranged from 8.3 - 10.3 due to addition of ashes.
The correlation by SPSS between pH and age of sludge is
highly significant at P<0.001.It was furthermore evident
that, the pH increases with increasing age of sludge in the
toilet vault. Similarly, the ANOVA showed the same
conclusions with R2 of 63%. Tropical condition
temperatures observed, 27 - 29.90C coupled with the pH
suggests that, it is possible to have mesophilic digestion
in the bottom part of the heap of feaces in ECOSAN pit
only during the first months of operation. After that the
pH goes up and it is logical to assume that no digestion
goes on. The results in Ascaris eggs varied from0 – 4000
counts/1000 mg. Ascaris eggs were efficiently removed
from faecal sludge that were strictly dry and had a pH of
more than 10.
3.2 COD, TS and VS Results in the Faecal Sludge
for ECOSAN Toilets
The results in Table 1 indicate a TS range of 57 to 81
gTS/l, which is low range considering that the TS-content
of fresh faeces is about 254.62 (±4.19) gTS/kg (Strande
and Brdjanovic, 2014). Given the nature of toilet use, that
is, with addition of ashes, it was anticipated to find higher
TS values, and therefore, apparently, the urine was not
completely separated. Even a small amount of urine going
cumulatively into the faeces vault can lead to relatively
low TS values. The total COD concentration in faecal
material ranged from 33 to 74 g COD/l whereas the
values for VS were between 21 - 46 gVS/l. The VS and
COD concentration decreased with time due to the
addition of the ashes (dilution). Table 1 results are within
the literature reported values for faecal sludge from toilets
and unsewered public toilets quality in different cities
noted by Water Resources Research Institute (WRRI) in
Accra, Ghana and SANDEC (Water and Sanitation in
Developing Countries). They conducted numerous
analyses of untreated septage and public toilet sludges
and results reported by Semiyaga (2015), which varied
from 49-97 gCOD/l. This also confirms that, the
ECOSAN faeces accumulation chamber suffered from an
intrusion of urine. The calculated average of COD:VS
ratio was 1.57 gCOD/gVS, but it varied between 0.67-
2.47 gCOD/gVS. Such a condition might be due to the
fact that varying amount of ashes are added after
defacation and therefore making the sludge in the vault to
be inhomogeneous.
Table.1: The experimental results of human faecal sludge for ECOSAN toilets at Majumbasita
Age of Toilet (months) 4 months average 6 months javerage 8 months average
pH 8.3 9 10.3
Total COD (g/l) 74 52 33
TS (g/l) 57 71 81
VS (g/l) 46 34 21
VS/TS (% ) 81 47 25
COD/VS 1.61 1.53 1.57
NH4
+-N(mg/l) 5852 5207 5418
Total-N(mg/l) 6080 6077 5045
PO4
3--P(mg/l) 60 70 29
K(mg/l) 105 176 141
Ascaris eggs(/1000 mg) 667 273 0
3.3
Kjedahl Nitrogen, Total Nitrogen, Phosphorus and
ammonium in faecal sludge
The ammonia-nitrogen concentrations for faecal sludge
from undiluted samples from ECOSAN toilets ranged
between 5207 - 5852 mg NH4-N/L on the day of
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sampling, while the TKN values varied from 5045-6080
mg/L, values that are similar to those obtained by Strauss
and Heinss (1995). Their result ranged between 2800 –
6000 mg/l. The phosphorus and potassium results found
varied from 29-70 mg/L and 105 – 176 mg/L,
respectively. These results are comparable with those
found by Mashauri and Senzia (2002) for ECOSAN
toilets at Majumbasita which were 28.5 mg/L and 166.43
mg/L for phosphorus and potassium, respectively.
3.4 Urine
The assessed pH of the collected urine from ten (10)
ECOSAN toilets ranged between 6.27-11.80 and the
temperature from 26.1-31.7 0C. From the fact that, the
urine pH was 6–7 when excreted, but during its storage
would raise to between 9-9.4 as a result of the degradation
of urea (Hijikata et al, 2015), the higher values found in
our measurements implies that, there is a certain amount
of ashes which went into the urine tank. Furthermore, the
results show that all of the toilets with pH less than 11.5
in urine were found with E-coli at a range of 50 -4500
counts. The detection of E-Coli counts in the urine
storage tanks indicates there were faecal contamination
and escape of ammonia gas from urine tanks (i.e the
tanks were not airtight). With adequate separation, the
“pure” urine is expected to be free of pathogens
(Mahenge, 2013) but about 50% of the toilets were out of
the maximum WHO Guidelines for unrestricted reuse in
agriculture (1000 counts/100ml) especially for crops
eaten raw; this could be risky. The result suggests that,
direct use of urine separated in Majumbasita into the
gardens could introduce pathogens into the soil and may
infect vegetables, which then obviously represents a
health hazard. The pH results compares with those found
by Farzadkia (2014) for double vault-urine diverting
(DVUD) toilet which where from 6.2–13.0 due to
addition of additives. Nakagiri and Niwagaba (2016)
found out that, addition of lime, ash and soil resulted in
corresponding pH values of 11, 9.4 and 8.8. However,
they found that, pH of 11–12 is reached in treatment
methods using lime. The PO4-P results in the urine were
111-195 mg PO4-P/L and they are comparable to Kujawa-
Roelveld, (2016). The TKN and potassium values were
4285 – 5010 mg-N/L and 190-251 mg K/L, respectively.
Fig.2: The E-Coli, Ascaris eggs and pH results in sludge and urine of ECOSAN toilets
IV. CONCLUSIONS
By using the ECOSAN toilets, such as those installed in
Majumbasita, groundwater contamination can be avoided,
since they are constructed above ground. More
information needs to be collected as to the amount of
ash(es) to be added to the toilet vault, the proposed 3
times the volume of faeces will occupy the main part of
the volume of the chamber. A complete separation of pure
urine seems to be difficult for users as evidenced by
faecal coliforms observed in urine. The separated urine
can be used directly as fertiliser in tree growing, but not
for fertilising food crops that are consumed raw, due to
presence of pathogens. The extent of biological sludge
stabilization is likely to be small in view of the prevailing
high pH values. A lot of urban small scale agriculture
needs to be developed in order to enable the reuse of all
the collected sludge and urine, otherwise, transport for
reuse outside the city is necessary. Ascaris eggs and E-
Coli are efficiently removed in ECOSAN toilets with high
pH of more than 10 for faecal sludge and more than 11.5
for urine. Advocacy on the use of ECOSAN toilets
improves the separated urine quality.
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