The microbiological quality of freshly processed and hawked kunnu-zaki drinks, a common Nigerian non-alcoholic beverage was investigated in some selected towns in Osun State, South Western Nigeria. A total of nine (9) towns were assessed. Kunnu-zaki drinks were purchased from these towns on twelve different occasions for a period of six month. The samples were microbiologically analyzed using standard methods. pH values ranged from 3.09 - 4.21 in East and West senatorial district. The TTA of the samples ranged from 0.32 - 0.49 in Central and East senatorial district. All the screened drink samples had varying levels of bacterial contamination ranging from 4.2 x 103 to 15.0 x 103 CFU/ml, 4.1 x 104 to 9.6 x 104 CFU/ml and 3.5 x 105 to 9.0 x 105 CFU/ml for total bacteria, coliform and E. coli count respectively. Total coliform count on MPN ranged from 3 MPN/ml to 93 MPN/ml. 77.78% of the total sampled drinks (n=108) that is (84/108) had bacteria and fungi count. While all the drinks sampled had total coliform count on MPN exceeding the recommended safe level of zero organisms detectable per 100ml. Seven (7) bacteria species were isolated from the kunnu-zaki drink sampled. The bacteria isolated were Escherichia coli, Bacillus species, Staphylococcus species, Pseudomonas species, Streptococcus specie, Enterobacter species, and Klebsiella species. Fungal count ranged from 3.3 x 106 to 8.0 x 106 CFU/ml respectively. Four (4) fungi were also isolated which include Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicilium italicum, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus. It can therefore be concluded that the presence of these isolated organisms in kunnu-zaki samples analyzed in Osun State could serve as indicator for the need to promote awareness about the possible health hazards that could arise due to the unhygienic ways of handling and processing of the beverage.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Moringa tree-poverty-alleviation-and-rural-developmentSilentdisco Berlin
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Effect of Different Processing Methods on the Proximate Composition of Cassav...Premier Publishers
Fresh sweet cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) peels were collected at Orile-Ilugun; an industrial layout in Oyo State, Nigeria, where cassava is being processed to dry granules (garri). The peels were subdivided into four portions and subjected to submerged fermentation, ensiling, boiling and sun-drying treatments. These were further sundried for 3-5 days till they were crispy. Each of them was subjected to proximate analysis and chemical quantification for hydrogen cyanide. The result showed, with respect to crude protein, that ensiled (10.69%) and fermented (9.25%) cassava peels were statistically similar (p<0.05) and superior to boiled (4.92%) and sundried (4.86%). Similarly, the fermented (16.88mg/kg) and ensiled (21.62mg/kg) cassava peels reduced HCN content to permissible levels when compared to boiled (55.21mg/kg) and sun-dried (46.44mg/kg). It is therefore recommended that fermentation and/or ensiling enhance the nutritional value and usability of cassava peel as ingredient in pig’s diet.
Nutrient and Bioactive Potentials of some Agricultural Food WastesPremier Publishers
The current research investigated the proximate, mineral content and phytochemical constituents of five (5) food wastes, namely: Telfairia occidentalis (fluted pumpkin) seed peels and pod; Artocarpus camansi (breadnut) seed peels and creamy pulp and Mucuna urens (horse eye bean) seed peels. The results of the proximate analysis of the food wastes revealed that the samples have varying percentage range of 51.70-70.25 for carbohydrate, 7.35-11.90 for protein, 1.90-6.20 for fat, 2.80-11.60 for fiber, 3.40-15.25 for ash and 4.40-18.15 for moisture. The percentage carbohydrate content showed that pumpkin seed peel had the lowest yield while pumpkin pod peel had the highest. The result of the mineral analysis revealed that the five food wastes analysed contain Zn, K, P, Ca, Mg, Fe and Na, however, the levels of Fe, Ca, P and Mg were significantly higher (p<0.05) relative to the other minerals. The phytochemical estimation of the samples showed that the food wastes contain several bioactive compounds in different concentrations. Some of the phytochemicals found in the food wastes are spartein, phytate, anthocyanin, tannin, lunamarin, ribalinidine, catechin, rutin, kaempferol, oxalate, epicatechin, phenol and sapogenin. This study revealed that these food wastes possess some nutritive and medicinal potential.
Hydration Kinetics of Blanched and Unblanched Sword BeansAI Publications
Sword bean, which belongs to the (Fabaceae) family, is an indigenous legume found in several tropical countries in Africa and Asia. During the processing of legumes including sword bean, hydration is initially carried out to prepare the seeds for further operations such as cooking and milling. The absorption of water is determined by the physical and chemical properties of the crop as well as other extrinsic factors such as blanching, temperature, and soaking time. The physical properties of sword bean were determined using the standard method. Arrhenius equation adequately described the temperature dependency of water absorption of sword bean and showed that high soaking temperature reduced the time required to achieve equilibrium moisture. The activation energy for blanched and unblanched sword beans was discovered to be 14.28 KJ/mol and 13.36 KJ/mol respectively. The initial microbial counts on dry beans were minimized by blanching, thus, there was a reduction in risk posed by microbe proliferation during soaking. The quantitative data that characterize soaking conditions is therefore imperative for designing and optimizing food processing equipment, and also predicting the water uptake of the food as a function of time and temperature. The data of hydration kinetics of sword beans will provide information that could be used in solving problems involved in storability conditions, design problems, predict energy requirements in post-harvesting techniques of the product.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Moringa tree-poverty-alleviation-and-rural-developmentSilentdisco Berlin
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Effect of Different Processing Methods on the Proximate Composition of Cassav...Premier Publishers
Fresh sweet cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) peels were collected at Orile-Ilugun; an industrial layout in Oyo State, Nigeria, where cassava is being processed to dry granules (garri). The peels were subdivided into four portions and subjected to submerged fermentation, ensiling, boiling and sun-drying treatments. These were further sundried for 3-5 days till they were crispy. Each of them was subjected to proximate analysis and chemical quantification for hydrogen cyanide. The result showed, with respect to crude protein, that ensiled (10.69%) and fermented (9.25%) cassava peels were statistically similar (p<0.05) and superior to boiled (4.92%) and sundried (4.86%). Similarly, the fermented (16.88mg/kg) and ensiled (21.62mg/kg) cassava peels reduced HCN content to permissible levels when compared to boiled (55.21mg/kg) and sun-dried (46.44mg/kg). It is therefore recommended that fermentation and/or ensiling enhance the nutritional value and usability of cassava peel as ingredient in pig’s diet.
Nutrient and Bioactive Potentials of some Agricultural Food WastesPremier Publishers
The current research investigated the proximate, mineral content and phytochemical constituents of five (5) food wastes, namely: Telfairia occidentalis (fluted pumpkin) seed peels and pod; Artocarpus camansi (breadnut) seed peels and creamy pulp and Mucuna urens (horse eye bean) seed peels. The results of the proximate analysis of the food wastes revealed that the samples have varying percentage range of 51.70-70.25 for carbohydrate, 7.35-11.90 for protein, 1.90-6.20 for fat, 2.80-11.60 for fiber, 3.40-15.25 for ash and 4.40-18.15 for moisture. The percentage carbohydrate content showed that pumpkin seed peel had the lowest yield while pumpkin pod peel had the highest. The result of the mineral analysis revealed that the five food wastes analysed contain Zn, K, P, Ca, Mg, Fe and Na, however, the levels of Fe, Ca, P and Mg were significantly higher (p<0.05) relative to the other minerals. The phytochemical estimation of the samples showed that the food wastes contain several bioactive compounds in different concentrations. Some of the phytochemicals found in the food wastes are spartein, phytate, anthocyanin, tannin, lunamarin, ribalinidine, catechin, rutin, kaempferol, oxalate, epicatechin, phenol and sapogenin. This study revealed that these food wastes possess some nutritive and medicinal potential.
Hydration Kinetics of Blanched and Unblanched Sword BeansAI Publications
Sword bean, which belongs to the (Fabaceae) family, is an indigenous legume found in several tropical countries in Africa and Asia. During the processing of legumes including sword bean, hydration is initially carried out to prepare the seeds for further operations such as cooking and milling. The absorption of water is determined by the physical and chemical properties of the crop as well as other extrinsic factors such as blanching, temperature, and soaking time. The physical properties of sword bean were determined using the standard method. Arrhenius equation adequately described the temperature dependency of water absorption of sword bean and showed that high soaking temperature reduced the time required to achieve equilibrium moisture. The activation energy for blanched and unblanched sword beans was discovered to be 14.28 KJ/mol and 13.36 KJ/mol respectively. The initial microbial counts on dry beans were minimized by blanching, thus, there was a reduction in risk posed by microbe proliferation during soaking. The quantitative data that characterize soaking conditions is therefore imperative for designing and optimizing food processing equipment, and also predicting the water uptake of the food as a function of time and temperature. The data of hydration kinetics of sword beans will provide information that could be used in solving problems involved in storability conditions, design problems, predict energy requirements in post-harvesting techniques of the product.
Nutritionally Rich Underutilized Vegetables by Ray-yu Yang, WorldVeg, Taiwanapaari
Nutritionally Rich Underutilized Vegetables by Ray-yu Yang, WorldVeg, Taiwan - Regional Expert Consultation on Underutilized Crops for Food and Nutritional Security in Asia and the Pacific November 13-15, 2017, Bangkok
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Millets are a group of versatile, small seeded, resilient, cereal crops that are used widely around the globe for both food and animal feed. One of the key factors in the spread of millet is the fact that the crop has proven throughout history to be particularly drought resistant. Millet also boasts an impressive wealth of health benefits, as well as being gluten free.
Underutilized Crops for Food and Nutritional Security: Global Scenario by Ben...apaari
Underutilized Crops for Food and Nutritional Security: Global Scenario by Benard Ngwene, Leibniz Institute, Germany - Regional Expert Consultation on Underutilized Crops for Food and Nutritional Security in Asia and the Pacific November 13-15, 2017, Bangkok
Kunu-zaki is a nourishing non-alcoholic beverage widely consumed in Nigeria. There is no standardized method for its preparation thus production practices differ amongst retailers. This study was undertaken to evaluate the bacteriological quality of kunu drink retailed in major markets of Owerri metropolis, Nigeria. Triplicate samples were obtained from four markets in Owerri and a control sample prepared in the laboratory. Kunu drink was analysed using the standard pour plate procedure. The results obtained showed that total heterotrophic bacteria count, total coliform count and total Salmonella Shigella count ranged from 1.4 x 103 – 4.5 x 104 cfu/ml, 1.2 x 103 – 3.8 x 104 cfu/ml to 0.6 x 103 – 3.1 x 104 respectively. A total of 9 bacteria genera including Staphylococcus specie, E. coli, Enterobacter specie, Proteus specie, Citrobacter specie, Serratia specie, Lactobacillus specie, Salmonella specie and Streptococcus specie were isolated with the highest percentage frequency of occurrence recorded for Staphylococcus sp. (16.66%) indicating possible low hygiene of the kunu zaki producers. The bacteria genera isolated from kunu zaki sold in Owerri and their number constitute main concerns for
public health as these can cause a variety of infections or food intoxications. Thus, there is a need to establish a system of monitoring of street vended kunu zaki to make sure that it is safe for consumption.
Improving Growth and Productivity of “Pear” Trees Using Some Natural Plants E...iosrjce
This study was conducted during two successive seasons (2013 and 2014) at Baloza, North Sinai
governorate, Egypt. The aim of this research is to study the effect of spraying pear trees with some natural
plants extracts on yield, fruit quality and fire blight infection of Le-Conte cultivar. Seven treatments were done
as follows: control treatment (spraying with water), garlic extract at (2 and 4 %), moringa extract at (2 and 4
%) and licorice extract at (2 and 4g/ L.). All treatments were sprayed once every month started form January
until the harvest time (July).The obtained results revealed that all treatments were very effective in stimulating
growth parameters (leaf area, chlorophyll, shoot length, shoot diameter, leaf mineral contents (nitrogen,
phosphorus and potassium), yield, physical and chemical characteristics and fire blight infection of the fruits.
Generally, licorice extract at (4g/ L.) increased the leaf area, chlorophyll, shoot length, shoot diameter in both
seasons. In addition, moringa extract at (4%) improved leaf mineral content (N, P and K), yield/ tree, number of
fruits /tree, fruit length, diameter, shape, weight, volume, T.S.S., total sugar, vitamin C, and decreased total
acidity. On the other hand, garlic extract at (4%) gave the highest number and percentage of healthy fruits.
Key word: garlic extract, licorice extract, moringa extract, Le-Conte “pear”.
Optimization of Storage Methods of Cowpea (Vigna Unguiculata L. Walp) Bagged ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The dried leaves of Lippia multiflora were tested for the efficiency on the stored cowpea kernels in PICS bags. A central composite design with five levels represented by two factors affecting the beans storage was used for control the evolution of merchantability (weight loss) and health (AFB1, OTA and Aw) quality during the storage. The factors were: storage time (1 to 8 months) and quantity of biopesticides (0 to 5% of the container mass). Results showed that it is possible to assess ideal conditions to keep the cowpea kernel merchantability and health qualities during storage. The quality of the kernels maintained for a concentration in biopesticide greater than or equal to 1,26% during 8 months. In the planned optimal conditions, the experimental values were 3.50±0.50%, 1.48±0.3 µg/kg, 4.54±0.02 µg/kg and 0.71±0.03 for weight losses, aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A and water activity (Aw) respectively. These values of weight losses, mycotoxins levels and were substantially equal to those predicted by the experimental model.
Changes in Aflatoxins Contents of the Maize (Zea Mays L.) Stored in Clay Gran...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Maize protection without any risks for human health and environment concerns might be valued on alternative uses of pest control methods that do not only rely on synthetic insecticides. A combination of leaves derived from Lippia multiflora Moldenke and Hyptis suaveolens Poit. Benth were tested for their protective effect on the aflatoxins levels of maize cobs and grains stored in traditional and improved granaries in Côte d’Ivoire. Thus, 4 aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 and G2) were determined with high performance liquid chromatography according to the official method of AOAC. Results showed presence of afltatoxins in 58% of samples, and specifically aflatoxin B1 from half the samples, with rather higher levels than the reference values of the European Union. The levels of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 resulted from both maize cobs and grains treated with biopesticides (from 0.06-0.53 µg/kg to 2.18-50.70 µg/kg) were significantly lower than those recorded with untreated maize of control granaries (ranging from 0.06-0.53 µg/kg to 12.48-346.15 µg/kg). In the treated maize, the aflatoxins levels increased slightly during 6 months of storage, while the untreated maize cobs were with significant increasing of the same toxins traits month after month. For each stage, aflatoxins levels of maize cobs and grains did not differ whether they are treated in traditional or improved granaries with both plant materials.
The estimated risk of exposure in aflatoxins, specifically in total aflatoxins and AFB1, deriving with intakes of maize stored for 6 months are respectively 114.37±2.2 ng/kg body weight/day and 36.21±0.11 ng/kg body weight/day for the untreated granaries and 7.15±0.04 ng/kg body weight/day and 2.12±0.17 ng/kg body weight/day for the treated granaries. These levels are strongly higher than the maximal Reference Value (0.15 pg/kg body weight/day) tolerated for Toxicity exposure. Therefore, it’s necessary to sensitize, on a larger scale, actors of maize path, namely farmers, retailers, processers and consumers about such mycotoxins in maize products for providing health safety to Ivorian populations.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
A wet locust bean seeds (Parkia biglobosa) dehulling and washing machine was
developed to reduce drudgery attached to traditional dehulling of the seeds which are
processed for use as condiment and flavours’ for food in many African countries. The
machine consisted of dehulling and washing units, the dehulling mechanism obtains
its drive from a 0.38 kW gear motor of 30 - 50 rpm. The dehulling shaft; has rods
arranged concentrically to break seed coat and radial fan - like blades used as stirrer.
The dehuller cum washer was evaluated based on boiling time of the seeds on an
electric cooker. The result indicated that efficiency of the machine increased linearly
with increase in boiling time. The throughput capacity decreased with increase in
boiling time and moisture content decreased with increase in boiling time from the
sixth hour. Dehulling efficiency ranged from 59.7 to 68 %, and cleaning efficiency
ranged from 83.4 to 87.4 % while average throughput capacity was 108 kg/hr.
Productivity of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) as Influence by NPK F...AI Publications
The aim of this research work was to evaluate the effect of different levels of NPK fertilizer (0, 40, 80 kg ha-1) and poultry manure (0, 4, 8 tons’ ha-1) on the productivity of okra plant. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and replicated three times. From the result of the experiment, it was shown that there was significant difference in days to 50% flowering by application 0-ton ha-1 of both NPK and poultry manure. The application of poultry manure and NPK 15:15:15 showed significant difference among the treatments to fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit yield in kgha-1 and weight of fruit in kgha-1 at various weeks of data collection. The increase in the level of poultry manure and NPK 15:15:15 fertilizer showed the significant effects on fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit yield ha-1, and weight of fruit in kgha-1. Some of the parameters were statistically at far by varied level of factors and time. Okra variety Clemson spineless significantly gave taller plants, longer fruits and fewer days to 50 % flowering. Both poultry manure and NPK fertilizer were found to be sufficient to increase the yield of okra plant.
.
Nutritionally Rich Underutilized Vegetables by Ray-yu Yang, WorldVeg, Taiwanapaari
Nutritionally Rich Underutilized Vegetables by Ray-yu Yang, WorldVeg, Taiwan - Regional Expert Consultation on Underutilized Crops for Food and Nutritional Security in Asia and the Pacific November 13-15, 2017, Bangkok
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Millets are a group of versatile, small seeded, resilient, cereal crops that are used widely around the globe for both food and animal feed. One of the key factors in the spread of millet is the fact that the crop has proven throughout history to be particularly drought resistant. Millet also boasts an impressive wealth of health benefits, as well as being gluten free.
Underutilized Crops for Food and Nutritional Security: Global Scenario by Ben...apaari
Underutilized Crops for Food and Nutritional Security: Global Scenario by Benard Ngwene, Leibniz Institute, Germany - Regional Expert Consultation on Underutilized Crops for Food and Nutritional Security in Asia and the Pacific November 13-15, 2017, Bangkok
Kunu-zaki is a nourishing non-alcoholic beverage widely consumed in Nigeria. There is no standardized method for its preparation thus production practices differ amongst retailers. This study was undertaken to evaluate the bacteriological quality of kunu drink retailed in major markets of Owerri metropolis, Nigeria. Triplicate samples were obtained from four markets in Owerri and a control sample prepared in the laboratory. Kunu drink was analysed using the standard pour plate procedure. The results obtained showed that total heterotrophic bacteria count, total coliform count and total Salmonella Shigella count ranged from 1.4 x 103 – 4.5 x 104 cfu/ml, 1.2 x 103 – 3.8 x 104 cfu/ml to 0.6 x 103 – 3.1 x 104 respectively. A total of 9 bacteria genera including Staphylococcus specie, E. coli, Enterobacter specie, Proteus specie, Citrobacter specie, Serratia specie, Lactobacillus specie, Salmonella specie and Streptococcus specie were isolated with the highest percentage frequency of occurrence recorded for Staphylococcus sp. (16.66%) indicating possible low hygiene of the kunu zaki producers. The bacteria genera isolated from kunu zaki sold in Owerri and their number constitute main concerns for
public health as these can cause a variety of infections or food intoxications. Thus, there is a need to establish a system of monitoring of street vended kunu zaki to make sure that it is safe for consumption.
Improving Growth and Productivity of “Pear” Trees Using Some Natural Plants E...iosrjce
This study was conducted during two successive seasons (2013 and 2014) at Baloza, North Sinai
governorate, Egypt. The aim of this research is to study the effect of spraying pear trees with some natural
plants extracts on yield, fruit quality and fire blight infection of Le-Conte cultivar. Seven treatments were done
as follows: control treatment (spraying with water), garlic extract at (2 and 4 %), moringa extract at (2 and 4
%) and licorice extract at (2 and 4g/ L.). All treatments were sprayed once every month started form January
until the harvest time (July).The obtained results revealed that all treatments were very effective in stimulating
growth parameters (leaf area, chlorophyll, shoot length, shoot diameter, leaf mineral contents (nitrogen,
phosphorus and potassium), yield, physical and chemical characteristics and fire blight infection of the fruits.
Generally, licorice extract at (4g/ L.) increased the leaf area, chlorophyll, shoot length, shoot diameter in both
seasons. In addition, moringa extract at (4%) improved leaf mineral content (N, P and K), yield/ tree, number of
fruits /tree, fruit length, diameter, shape, weight, volume, T.S.S., total sugar, vitamin C, and decreased total
acidity. On the other hand, garlic extract at (4%) gave the highest number and percentage of healthy fruits.
Key word: garlic extract, licorice extract, moringa extract, Le-Conte “pear”.
Optimization of Storage Methods of Cowpea (Vigna Unguiculata L. Walp) Bagged ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The dried leaves of Lippia multiflora were tested for the efficiency on the stored cowpea kernels in PICS bags. A central composite design with five levels represented by two factors affecting the beans storage was used for control the evolution of merchantability (weight loss) and health (AFB1, OTA and Aw) quality during the storage. The factors were: storage time (1 to 8 months) and quantity of biopesticides (0 to 5% of the container mass). Results showed that it is possible to assess ideal conditions to keep the cowpea kernel merchantability and health qualities during storage. The quality of the kernels maintained for a concentration in biopesticide greater than or equal to 1,26% during 8 months. In the planned optimal conditions, the experimental values were 3.50±0.50%, 1.48±0.3 µg/kg, 4.54±0.02 µg/kg and 0.71±0.03 for weight losses, aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A and water activity (Aw) respectively. These values of weight losses, mycotoxins levels and were substantially equal to those predicted by the experimental model.
Changes in Aflatoxins Contents of the Maize (Zea Mays L.) Stored in Clay Gran...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Maize protection without any risks for human health and environment concerns might be valued on alternative uses of pest control methods that do not only rely on synthetic insecticides. A combination of leaves derived from Lippia multiflora Moldenke and Hyptis suaveolens Poit. Benth were tested for their protective effect on the aflatoxins levels of maize cobs and grains stored in traditional and improved granaries in Côte d’Ivoire. Thus, 4 aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 and G2) were determined with high performance liquid chromatography according to the official method of AOAC. Results showed presence of afltatoxins in 58% of samples, and specifically aflatoxin B1 from half the samples, with rather higher levels than the reference values of the European Union. The levels of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 resulted from both maize cobs and grains treated with biopesticides (from 0.06-0.53 µg/kg to 2.18-50.70 µg/kg) were significantly lower than those recorded with untreated maize of control granaries (ranging from 0.06-0.53 µg/kg to 12.48-346.15 µg/kg). In the treated maize, the aflatoxins levels increased slightly during 6 months of storage, while the untreated maize cobs were with significant increasing of the same toxins traits month after month. For each stage, aflatoxins levels of maize cobs and grains did not differ whether they are treated in traditional or improved granaries with both plant materials.
The estimated risk of exposure in aflatoxins, specifically in total aflatoxins and AFB1, deriving with intakes of maize stored for 6 months are respectively 114.37±2.2 ng/kg body weight/day and 36.21±0.11 ng/kg body weight/day for the untreated granaries and 7.15±0.04 ng/kg body weight/day and 2.12±0.17 ng/kg body weight/day for the treated granaries. These levels are strongly higher than the maximal Reference Value (0.15 pg/kg body weight/day) tolerated for Toxicity exposure. Therefore, it’s necessary to sensitize, on a larger scale, actors of maize path, namely farmers, retailers, processers and consumers about such mycotoxins in maize products for providing health safety to Ivorian populations.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
A wet locust bean seeds (Parkia biglobosa) dehulling and washing machine was
developed to reduce drudgery attached to traditional dehulling of the seeds which are
processed for use as condiment and flavours’ for food in many African countries. The
machine consisted of dehulling and washing units, the dehulling mechanism obtains
its drive from a 0.38 kW gear motor of 30 - 50 rpm. The dehulling shaft; has rods
arranged concentrically to break seed coat and radial fan - like blades used as stirrer.
The dehuller cum washer was evaluated based on boiling time of the seeds on an
electric cooker. The result indicated that efficiency of the machine increased linearly
with increase in boiling time. The throughput capacity decreased with increase in
boiling time and moisture content decreased with increase in boiling time from the
sixth hour. Dehulling efficiency ranged from 59.7 to 68 %, and cleaning efficiency
ranged from 83.4 to 87.4 % while average throughput capacity was 108 kg/hr.
Productivity of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) as Influence by NPK F...AI Publications
The aim of this research work was to evaluate the effect of different levels of NPK fertilizer (0, 40, 80 kg ha-1) and poultry manure (0, 4, 8 tons’ ha-1) on the productivity of okra plant. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and replicated three times. From the result of the experiment, it was shown that there was significant difference in days to 50% flowering by application 0-ton ha-1 of both NPK and poultry manure. The application of poultry manure and NPK 15:15:15 showed significant difference among the treatments to fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit yield in kgha-1 and weight of fruit in kgha-1 at various weeks of data collection. The increase in the level of poultry manure and NPK 15:15:15 fertilizer showed the significant effects on fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit yield ha-1, and weight of fruit in kgha-1. Some of the parameters were statistically at far by varied level of factors and time. Okra variety Clemson spineless significantly gave taller plants, longer fruits and fewer days to 50 % flowering. Both poultry manure and NPK fertilizer were found to be sufficient to increase the yield of okra plant.
.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Isolation and Identification of Bacteria from Peeled and Ready to Eat Pineapp...YogeshIJTSRD
Pineapple Ananas comosus is an indispensible fruit that is cherished by many people due to its huge health benefits. It is peeled and sold in many markets and road sides for easy accessibility. The presence of bacteria in the peeled and ready to eat fruits was checked in this study. Peeled, sliced and cellophane packaged pineapple fruits were purchased from Eke Awka Market in Anambra State Nigeria. Nutrient agar was used to carry out bacterial isolation using pour plate technique. Results showed that colony count of the pineapple fruits ranged from 3.5 9.5 2cfu ml of the rinsed water. The isolates were identified on the basis of their colony and morphological features as well as biochemical and sugar fermentation tests. Gene sequencing was used to confirm the species of some of the isolates. A total of six bacteria species were isolated and identified with frequencies as Streptococcus spp 13.9 , Pseudomonas aeruginosa 22.2 , Staphylococcus aureus 25.0 , Micrococcus luteus 11.1 , Escherichia coli 19.5 and Staphylococcus epidermidis 8.3 . Staphylococcus aureus has the highest frequency followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Staphylococcus epidermidis has the least frequency. Almost all the isolates are pathogenic in nature and their presence in the consumable fruits indicates possible health problems to the consumers. The presence of E. coli indicates direct or indirect fecal contamination. Proper handling of pineapple fruits, hygiene and proper storage will help reduce the risk of contamination by these organisms. Umeh S. O. | Okafor O. I. | Chidubem-Nwachinemere, N. O "Isolation and Identification of Bacteria from Peeled and Ready to Eat Pineapple (Ananas Comosus) Fruits Retailed at Eke Awka Market, Anambra State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45050.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/45050/isolation-and-identification-of-bacteria-from-peeled-and-ready-to-eat-pineapple-ananas-comosus-fruits-retailed-at-eke-awka-market-anambra-state-nigeria/umeh-s-o
In order to have data on the consumption of okra in Ivory Coast, a survey was
carried out in a school in the town of Adjamé among young people aged between 15
and 35 years. The survey showed that all respondents knew okra 57.80% of
respondents appreciate okra fresh, 39.20% dry and 03% do not appreciate at all the
okra. It also showed that 18.60% of respondents appreciate the sauce gombo, 20.80%
gouagouassou the sauce, the 13.80% Kopé sauce, 39.20% djoumblé the sauce, sauces
made 0.8% made from sheets of okra. 06.80% do not like these sauces. All people
surveyed know the varieties of "Gombo baoule" and "Gombo dioula." In conclusion,
the existing prejudices about fresh okra are the dried okra is more popular among
young people in Côte d'Ivoire.
The effect of Animal Species on the Quality and Quantity of Kilishi Meat Products was studied. Fresh meat of cattle, sheep, goats and camel were purchased from Mubi abattoir and were used to prepare kilishiusing slurry prepared from groundnut cake, pepper, maggi, ginger and other spices. Proximate composition of all the meat samples were carried out, storage yield of kilishi product was determined, sensory evaluation was also done. The results revealed that there was no significant (P>0.05) difference in yield of Kilishi prepared from different animal species. However, after one month of preservation, the yield of Kilishi from the various animal species differed significantly (p<0.05). Camel meat yields the highest quantity of Kilishi; both of initial (0.50kg) and final (0.61kg) weight. However beef (cattle meat) produced the best Kilishi. Also the result of the taste panel revealed that there was no significant difference (p>0.05) between the models, species, weeks, replication and their interaction.
Biodiverse, yet remains prone to biosecurity incursion: The case of banana in...belajarperlintan
Presented at the International Conference and Exhibition on Science and Technology (ICEST) held by the Faculty of Science Engineering in Labuhan Bajo, West Manggarai, East Nusa Tenggara, on 26-27 October 2018.
Isolation and Identification of Cassava Mill Effluents Utilizing Microorganis...ijtsrd
Liquid waste from cassava has continued to cause nuisance to the receiving environment due to its indiscriminate disposal thereby causing environmental health challenge. This study was carried out to ascertain microbial composition of cassava mill effluents from five plants in Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria. Cassava mill effluents CME were collected from five different cassava processing plants located in Anambra State and analyzed. The different samples were analyzed for heterotrophic bacteria and fungal count using the pour plate method. Discreet colonies of bacteria and fungi were picked with wire loop and streaked on the nutrient agar and sabouraud dextrose agar plates for identification. Microbiological and Biochemical tests were done for characterization of bacteria and microscopic examination for characterization and identification of fungi. The isolates that were identified were evaluated for the ability to utilize cassava effluents. The results of the heterotrophic bacterial and fungal counts showed that CME 1 had the highest heterotrophic bacterial and fungal count with the values of 11.05 x 102cfu ml and 5.10 x 102 cfu ml respectively while CME 5 had the lowest bacterial count with the value 8.05x102cfu mland CME 2 had the lowest fungal count of 3.50 x 102cfu ml. A total number of fifteen microorganisms were isolated from the five samples of cassava mill effluents eight bacterial isolates, four fungal isolates and three yeasts, namely, Corynebacteriummannihot, Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Penicilliumsp, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Bacillus sp, Geotrichumcandidum, Lactobacillus sp, Proteus sp, Aspergillusfumigatus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas sp, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aerococcussp. Thirteen microorganisms were isolated as cassava utilizers of which seven were bacteria, three were fungi and three were yeasts, namely, Corynebacteriummannihot, Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, Pseudomonas sp, Penicilliumsp, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Bacillus sp, Aspergillusfumigatus, Lactobacillus sp, Proteus sp, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This study showed the presence of pathogens in CME and the ability of CME to harbour and grow microbes makes it a suitable prospective substrate for bioenergy production. Instead of indiscriminate disposal of the effluents, it should be channeled to proper use for economic growth. Chidubem-Nwachinemere, Ncheta Obianuju | Orji, Michael U. | Achugbu, Adaeze Nnedinma | Okoli, Uzoma O "Isolation and Identification of Cassava Mill Effluents Utilizing Microorganisms from Five Cassava Processing Plants in Anambra State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-3 , June 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd56282.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/biological-science/microbiology/56282/isolation-and-identification-of-cassava-mill-effluents-utilizing-microorganisms-from-five-cas
Cassava Retting Water An Alternative Source for Industrial Cellulase EnzymeYogeshIJTSRD
Cassava fermentation is one of the teaming businesses in almost all the tribes of Nigeria. Among all the methods of cassava processing to food, fermentation is the most used. This produces foul smelling waste water that causes environmental pollution to man and animals. The retted cassava water was checked for cellulase enzyme activity to see if it can be a source of cellulase for used in food, paper, textile and other industries. The aim of this work is to seek a way of utilizing the waste water as source of enzymes as this will reduce the importation of these enzymes and make them available always. Cassava tubers were peeled, cut into cylindrical portions of about 3 5 cm and washed. Two hundred grams of the washed tubers were soaked in 5 liters of water and allowed to ret. The retting water was analyzed daily for titratable acidity, cyanide content, pH, cellulase activity and the microbial flora were isolated and identified. Results showed that titratable acidity rose from 0.20 to 2.76 mg g and cyanide content increased from 0.28 to 4.69 mg ml while pH fall from 7.2 – 6.0 tending acidic. Retting started on the 2nd day and complete retting was achieved on the 4th day. ß glucosidase activity rose from 0.05 to 8.0 µ mol, Filter paper activity increased from 0.06 to 7.5 µ mol and carboxyl methyl cellulase CMC activity increased from 0.05 to 7.7 µ mol. Ten organisms Aspergillus fumigatus, Rhizopus stolonifer, Bacillus subtilis, Candida utilis, Citrobacter sp, Enterobacter aerogenes, Lactobacillus coryneformis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus feacalis were isolated from the retting water. Daily increase in the enzyme activities showed that cassava retting when done in a large scale can yield large quantity of enzymes. This will reduce the importation of industrial enzymes and reduce the environmental pollution caused by the waste water. Umeh, S. O. | Nwiyi, I. U. | Dimejesi, S. A. | Ikele, M. O. | Ugwu, C. H. "Cassava Retting Water: An Alternative Source for Industrial Cellulase (Enzyme)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43889.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/43889/cassava-retting-water-an-alternative-source-for-industrial-cellulase-enzyme/umeh-s-o
Effects of Vegetative Zones on the Nutritional Composition of Vernonia Amygda...AI Publications
The study was carried out to determine the effects of vegetative zones (location) on the nutritional compositions of Vernonia amygdalina leaves in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Across locations (in each vegetative zones), A total land area of 9 m x 18 m was acquired and soil samples were randomly collected to determine the physical and chemical composition of the soils. The growth of Vernonia amygdalina (stem) with a spacing of 1 m x 1 m between rows was determined. Harvested fresh leaves of the plant were analyzed for nutritional composition using standard methods. Nutritional and mineral compositions were observed at different proportions in the leaves of the investigated plant. Higher proximate composition in the leaves of Vernonia amygdalina was also recorded in terms of Moisture (Efon; 11.34%) and protein (Ikere; 22.46 %,) in the rainforest. However, higher Fat (Otun; 4.58 %), Crude fiber (Omuo; 16.08 %), Ash (Omuo; 14.69%) and Carbohydrate (Otun; 38.68 %) was found in Vernonia amygdalina grown in the Derived Savannah area. Similarly, the Mineral element compositions in the leaves of Vernonia amygdalina were found to be higher in plant from the rainforest area than the derived savannah area of Ekiti State except sodium and iron, which were higher in Vernonia amygdalina grown in the Derived Savannah area. However, the significant differences recorded between the nutritional components on the studied medicinal plant reveals the potentiality of the influence of soil factor and different climatic conditions of the study areas.
Genetic Variability in Proximate, Mineral, Vitamin, Carotene and Anti Nutrien...ijtsrd
is study aimed to evaluate genotypic variability in twenty fluted pumpkin Telfairia occidentalis accessions for nutrient composition and anti nutrient contents. The trials were in Teaching and Research Fields of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State and Akwa Ibom State University, Obio Akpa Campus, Akwa Ibom State, laid in Randomized Complete Block Design RCBD with three replications. Analysis of variance was used to partition the variability into the components due to genetic and non environmental factors, genetic GCV , phenotypic PCV and environmental ECV components of variation, estimates of broad sense heritability h2Bs and Genetic advance GA . High range of variability and high genetic variance were observed for all the traits in both locations. Close differences between genotypic and phenotypic variances and genotypic, phenotypic and environmental coefficient of variations were observed for all the traits. The lower variances observed indicates that the genotypic component was the major contributor to the total variances for the characters in both locations. In Obio Akpa moderate broad sense heritability and genetic advance was observed which indicated the influence of environmental variance is more than genetic variance. Based on the parameters observed, considerable selection program for the improvement of these traits is possible in Telfairia occidentalis. Udo Imo Okon | Ekpoke Okurube Silver | Nwofia Godson Emeka "Genetic Variability in Proximate, Mineral, Vitamin, Carotene and Anti-Nutrients Content of Fluted Pumpkin (Telfairia Occidentalis Hook F)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52001.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/agricultural-engineering/52001/genetic-variability-in-proximate-mineral-vitamin-carotene-and-antinutrients-content-of-fluted-pumpkin-telfairia-occidentalis-hook-f/udo-imo-okon
Evaluation and chemical analysis of bread produced from a combination of corn...SAMUEL MAGNUS
A dive into experimental research. This study aims to advocate for the increased utilization of the nutrient dense watermelon seeds in the production of our every day snacks.
Similar to Microbiological Quality of Kunnu-Zaki Drinks Sold in Some selected Towns in Osun State, Nigeria (20)
Observation for spoilage in fish and beef in a daily simulated local market s...IJEABJ
The degree of spoilage of fish and beef in a daily simulated market style of southwest, Nigeria was determined by Trimethylamine (TMA) levels in each sample using the standard pictrate technique. 100g of each of the three different parts of a bull (liver, meaty and fatty tissues) and fresh African cat fish (Clarias gariepinus) (liver, meaty portion and head) were purchased twice a week for five weeks from the abattoir and Oja-Oba market in Akure respectively. The samples were subjected to ambient temperature and their degree of spoilage was assessed after 3 hours, 6 hours and 9 hours of purchase. The results showed that, there was no significant difference (P≥ 0.05) in the effect of time (hours) on TMA concentration in different parts of the fish and bull samples, though, the mean concentration of TMA in the fish samples increased with time. However, the degree of spoilage is slower in the bull compared to the fish samples but higher in the late evening (9 hours). Hence, buying and selling of beef in the late evening should be discouraged to avoid consumption of unwholesome meat with high TMA concentrations, while fish should be stored-frozen and sold in deep freezers.
Eroding Fabrics of Communal Land Ownership in Papua New GuineaIJEABJ
This paper analyses the perceptions of 120 landowner-households of Nanadai Clan of Gaire Village in Central Province and Sek Clan of Madang Province concerning breaking apart of communal ownership of customary land in PNG. Previous researches have argued that there is lack of a clear distinction between individual and communal property rights in some parts of Papua New Guinea. The existing weak land administration system and mechanisms have contributed immensely towards tearing apart the bond and connections between clan members and the dismantling of communal land ownership in Papua New Guinea thus, compromising national land administration values and standards. Current practices reveal that customary land is held at the sub-clan, family and individual levels, while the major clans just bear ownership name-tag. The existing land legislation in Papua New Guinea recognises that ownership of customary land is vested in the clans, however, the realities on the ground from the findings of this research indicate otherwise. Therefore, this paper calls for the strengthening of the weak land administration functions and mechanisms together with the review of all existing laws to improve the standards of land administration system in the country. This paper argues that communal land ownership in Papua New Guinea is slowly breaking apart causing disharmony between
Agricultural Restructuring in Vietnamese Mekong Delta: Economic Analysis of R...IJEABJ
The study examined the economic analysis of sesame production compliant withagricultural restructuring plan in rural areas of Vietnamese Mekong Delta. Conditional non-probability sampling technique was employed to select 90 respondents who have produced sesame rotationally on rice field in summer-autumn crop season. Primary data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics including percentage, frequency and farm budget model. Gross Margin analysis was used to estimate cost, returns sesame production in the study area. The study revealed that the average cost, revenue, gross margins of production per hectare was 17.60, 37.38 and 20.56 million VND, respectively.Moreover,the average rate of returnsalsoindicated that with every 1,000 VND invested to sesame production, a farmer made a profit of 1,390 VND. As a result, it can be concluded that sesame farming is profitable in the context of agricultural restructuring strategy from rice to other crops in Mekong Delta region. It is recommended that smallholders should take initiative in participation in sesame cooperatives and ‘big field’ model to be more beneficial to inputs price, harvested machine and formal credit in the beginning of each season.
Seasonal Phenology of Reptiles in a Mediterranean Environment (“Castel di Gui...IJEABJ
The present work reports the seasonal phenology of the reptiles of the "Castel di Guido" Natural Park near Rome (Northern Latium, Italy). During field observations, between September 2014 and July 2016, transects were carried out along the ecotones of the park, in order to describe the period of seasonal activity of the reptiles present. The area is characterized by Mediterranean mesothermal climate. In the Mediterranean area, reptiles have a broader annual activity range than other European regions, greatly reducing winter latency. Reptile activities start very early, in some case it is possible to observe the snake Hierophis viridiflavus and lizards, such as Podarcis muralis and Podarcis siculus, in thermoregulation activity in the middle of winter. The mild climate that is recorded on average in autumn favors the activity in the period between September and December; Zamenis longissimus is observed regularly in October. Testudo hermanni mates regularly in autumn and it is active until the first decade of December. The research shows that during the winter period reptiles can be observed in activity; for some species, Chalcides chalcides, Podarcis sp., Hierophis viridiflavus, this seems to be a remarkable datum that broad considerably the annual phenology reported in the literature.
Evaluation of four plants compost teas against fungi responsible for Corn dam...IJEABJ
Corn (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important cereals in Côte d'Ivoire. However, Corn seeds and seedlings are susceptible to infection by a number of soilborne fungi which caused seeds decay before or after germination. The objective of this study is to evaluate the suppressive effect of Four plants compost teas (Chromolaena odorata, Ricinus communis, Nicotiana tabacum, Azadiracta indica) on Corn damping off. In vitro assays showed a most suppressive effect of C. odorata and R. communis compost teas on mycelial growth of pathogenic fungi. Results of in vivo trials showed significant reduction of Corn seedlings diseases incidence and high seed germination percent after treatment with C. odorata, R. communis and A. indica compost teas. No efficiency effect was noted with N. tabacum compost tea. This study demonstrated the usefulness of compost tea as an efficient biological tool for the control of fungi responsible of corn damping-off.
Seaweed Cultivation Techniques Gracillariaverrucosa in Pond Ujungpangkah Dist...IJEABJ
Seaweed is one of the sea cultivation commodities that are easy to be cultivated and have a good market prospect in improving coastal community empowerment. Moreover, the technology used to cultivate seaweed is also simple and inexpensive so it is suitable and easily adapted by coastal communities.Type of seaweed that has been cultivated in brackish water isGracilaria sp.One of the methods used for seaweed cultivation Gracilaria verrucosa is the broadcast method or spread.This method provides an increase in the growth length from 5 cm to 5.8 cm for 42 days and the weight of Gracilaria verrucosa seaweed from 10 grams to 14.1 gr for 42 days. This growth was influenced by ambient temperature including temperature 28-33 º C, salinity 5-17 ppt and degree of acidity (pH) 5-8.
Effect of Aloe Vera wastes on physico-chemical properties and microbiological...IJEABJ
The aim of the present study was to explore the potential for using aloe vera wastes as amendment for soil to improve its fertility. Soil was exposed to four concentrations of aloin (rich in HAP) for 0, 7, 14 and 28 days. Physico-chemical parameters were analyzed: soil Ph, organic matter (OM), nitrogen, phosphorus, and cation exchange capacity (CEC). The activity of seven enzymes implicated in the C, N and S cycles were measured. Microbial Biomass was determined by the method of substrate induced respiration. BiologEcoplates (Biolog Inc., Hayward, CA) were used to estimate soil microbial functional diversity. Our findings suggested a decrease on phosphorus and nitrogen content and an increase on CEC after aloin addition. Also, a decrease on microbial biomass and enzymes activities was observed, except for FDA. Ecoplates results demonstrate a decrease on microbial activities depending on the incubation time. Moreover, our results indicated that bacterial communities of the tested soils have more affinity to consume substrates as Amino acids and polymers. Our results should be carefully considered in view of the agriculture waists reuse for a sustainable agriculture
Evaluate the Efficiency of Gamma Irradiation and Chitosan on Shelf-Life of St...IJEABJ
Chitosan play an important role as an antifungal against Botrytis cinerea and the effect was a concentration dependent. The obtained results of in vitro experiment demonstrated that chitosan (4%) decreased radial growth of B. cinereato 2 %. Invivo the severity of infection reduced from 59.8 and 100.0 to 9.7, 33.8 and 40.1 in first, second and third week’s storage periods at 13C, respectively. Also, chitosan coating (4%) significantly caused an increase in fruit firmness whereas TSS was decreased with an increase by increasing in storage time. However,Vitamin C gave fluctuated results by increasing storage time. Gamma irradiation at 2.5 KGy reduced severity (%) of infected fruits from 55.5, 100 and 100 to 31.7, 45.9 and 49.9 and in healthy fruits severity (%) reduced from 48.9, 100 and 100 to 23.3, 25.1 and 29.1 in different storage periods 1, 2 and 3 weeks, respectively. Similarly, chitosan as well as gamma irradiation combination induced a significant increase of peroxidase enzyme (POD) activity. Induced changes in surface morphology and damage of cell structure caused by using chitosan shown by scanning electron microscopy. Also, gamma irradiation causes changes in hyphea structure and in surface morphology but combination of gamma irradiation with chitosan was more effective in altering fungus morphology and cell structure damage and no spore forming. This providing the efficiency of combination on reducing disease severity (%) of strawberry.
Biofumigation: A Potential Aspect for Suppression of Plant-Parasitic NematodesIJEABJ
Plant-parasitic nematode cause economic loss to crops throughout the world. Biofumigation is the environmental friendly control option for the suppression of plant-parasitic as well as other pathogenic soil microbes. Glucosinolates are the main active compound present in some plants which are responsible for biofumigation process. To increase the efficiency of biofumigation selection of varieties containing more glucosinolates is highly desirable. Plant growth stage, soil temperature, soil texture, moisture, soil depth and soil microbes play important role in efficient biofumigation.
Influence of short- and long-term administration of Melengestrol acetate on e...IJEABJ
In Egypt, research focusing on estrous synchronization in small ruminants based on Melengestrol acetate (MGA) supplementation, particularly in nulliparous ewes, is still lacking. The present work aimed to evaluate effect of long-term and short-term administration of melengestrol acetate (MGA) treatments on estrus synchronization and reproductive performance of nulliparous Barki Ewes. This study was performed in Siwa Oasis Research Station (Tegzerty Experimental Farm for animal production), belonged to Desert Research Center, Egypt. Forty five nulliparous Barki ewes with age ranging from 15.5 to 16.5 months, and 38 ± 0.23 kg average live body weight were assigned to one of three groups: (1) control (C, n = 15); (2) long-term treatment with MGA (n = 15, 0.22 mg/ewe/d for 14 days) and (3) short-term treatment with MGA (n = 15, 0.22 mg/ewe/d for 7 days). At the end of MGA treatment (14 or 7 d) all treated ewes were injected by 600 IU PMSG intramuscularly. The results showed that, ewes treated with MGA exhibited highest (P<0.05) estrus response rate (100%) in short term-MGA, followed by long term-MGA (93.33%), whereas the lowest was observed in control group (80%). Conception rates after natural mating were 85.71% and 93.33% for long term and short term MGA treated ewes, respectively. However, it recorded 100% in the control group. Fertility rate was significantly the highest (P<0.05) in short term-MGA (93.33%) than other groups (73.33%). There were no significant differences (p>0.05) in terms of lambing rate and prolificacy among the control and treated ewes. In the meantime, mean values of serum estradiol 17-β were lower (P≤0.01) in long-term treated ewes compared to those of short-term treated ones (27.20±1.78, 32.67±1.27pg/ml), respectively, while the lowest (P<0.05) level was recorded in the control ewes (13.01±1.31 pg/ml). Furthermore, overall mean values of serum progesterone in the control group (1.32 ± 0.09 ng/ml) was higher (P<0.05) than those of long- and short-term MGA treated groups (1.01 ± 0.13, 0.92 ± 0.11, ng/ml), respectively. It is concluded that reproductive efficiency of nulliparous Barki ewes could be improved by short-term supplementation with MGA.
Determinant of Non-Organic Farming in Enrekang District of South SulawesiIJEABJ
Non-organik farming has a great impact on creasing agricultural production, but many negative impacts such a reduced soil fertility, environment damage and also negative impact on human health. The government has launched various programs to depelop organic farming to encourage farmers to swich to organic farming but has not been successful until now. The research aims to analyze the persistent determinant of non-organic farming by using Interpretative Structural Modeling (ISM) analysis. Result of research, there are three elements becoming persistent determinant of non-organic farming, that is: Facilities dan infrastructure of organic farming available, application of production facilities (fertilizers/chemical pesticides) easy and practical, easy market access for non organic products.
Influence of Plant Growth Regulators on Somatic Embryogenesis Induction in Se...IJEABJ
Seriphidium herba-album (syn. Artemisia herba-alba) is a medicinal, aromatic, greenish-silver herb. It is used widely in folk medicine for treatment of diarrhea, abdominal cramps and in the healing of external wounds. It's also used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, neurological disorders as epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease, depression and jaundice. In this study we assessed the protocol for callus induction, maturation of somatic embryogenesis, frequency of germination and conversion into plantlets for leaf explants of Seriphidium herba-album using different concentrations of PGRs. Highest induction frequencies of embryogenic calli occurred after 35 days on MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg L-1 2,4-D and 0.5 mg L-1 BAP. Optimum MS medium for higher frequency of matured somatic embryos was recorded using 5.0 mg L-1 BAP and 0.5 mg L-1 NAA and somatic embryos also induced young in vitro grown plantlets when cultured in the medium containing GA3 and kinetin. Hence, attempts to induce direct somatic embryogenesis have been achieved up to embryo regeneration and maturation.
Effect of Carom Seed Oil on the Antimicrobial, Physicochemical and Mechanical...IJEABJ
Packaging material is necessary in the preservation process. Edible films containing essential oils can be incorporated into the conventional food packaging systems with a dual purpose, edible and natural preservative, that can maintain quality, extend the shelf life and reduce the risk of pathogen growth specifically in unprocessed or minimally processed foods like fruits and vegetables. In present study, pumpkin-arrowroot starch based edible film incorporated with carom seed oil at 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% were prepared and studied for the antimicrobial properties. Film with 1.5% Carom seed oil showed exceedingly good antimicrobial activities against E. coli, Staphylococcus and Aspergillus. The films were further studied for physical, mechanical and water vapour transmission properties. The results indicated that the film with 1.5% carom seed oil did not alter the mechanical properties of the film significantly, compared to control film and is ideal for coating to extend the shelf life of food products.
First Report of ethnobotanical studies of tehsil Noorpur Thal, District Khush...IJEABJ
The study is based on gathering of information by interviewing villagers, herbalists, hakims and farmers, following a preset list of questions followed by analysis of the data collected. Plant samples were gathered and their morphological characteristics described. Their various uses including medicinal uses, where reported were gathered. The present work is a significant contribution to the existing knowledge because ethno botany as a interdisciplinary science understanding of local social dynamics, institutions and different values attributed to resources. These values may be symbolic, religious or political for a given society, while same plant resources may represent only an economic value for our social group. Fuel wood needs are also met by collecting dried fodder branches, by products of crops and dried animal dung. It is recommended that botanical ganders of medicinal plants should be established. Data was analyzed at P(0.05 -5%).
Performance of EcoSan Toilets at Majumbasita in Dar Es Salaam – TanzaniaIJEABJ
The performance of Ecological Sanitation (ECOSAN) toilets at Majumbasita-Ukonga in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania was studied in order to assess their feasibility for low cost and effective environmental protection. The studied parameters for urine were pH, TKN, phosphorus , potassium and E-coli and for faecal sludge were temperature, pH, TS, VS, COD , TKN, ammonium, phosphorus, potassium and Ascaris eggs. Results indicated a high pH up to 10.3 in the faecal contents due to addition of ashes. The temperatures were between 270C – 31.70C during the whole study period. The total COD measurements varied from 33 - 74 gCOD/l, while TS and VS were respectively 57– 81 gTS/l and 21 – 46 gVS/l. The results for TKN, ammonium, phosphorus and potassium in faecal sludge were 5045 – 6080mg/L, 5207-5852 mg/L, 29-70mg/L and 105-176 mg/L, respectively. Ascaris eggs were efficiently removed from faecal sludge that were strictly dry and had a pH of more than 10. The results for TKN, ammonium, phosphorus and potassium in urine were 4285-5010 mg/L, 111-195 mg/L and 190-251 mg/L, respectively. E-Coli were present in urine with pH less than 11.5 and were efficiently removed from urine with pH more than 11.5. Presence of pathogens in urine implies the separated urine can be reused in tree growing and not for fertilising food crops consumed raw.
Effect of Spacing and Poultry Manure Rates on Growth, Yield and Quality of Ca...IJEABJ
Field experiment was conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Department of Agriculture, Ndele Campus, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, to study the effects of poultry manure rates and crop spacing on growth, yield and quality of Cayenne pepper. The 3 x 3 factorial experiment with three replicates was arranged in a Completely Randomized Design. The main plots were three poultry manure rates (0, 10, 20tons/ha-1) and sub plots, three spacing (50cm x 50cm, 100cm x 50cm and 100cm x 100cm). Data collected were plant height, number of leaf per plant, leaf area; number of fruits per plot, fruit weight per plot, fruit yield per hectare, fruit lycopene and vitamin C contents. Results showed plant height increased with reducing planting distance and increasing Poultry manure rate; 50cm by 50cm fertilized at 20tons/ha produced the tallest plants with most number of leaves but least leaf area LA. Number of fruits, fruit weight and yield per plot, per hectare increased with increasing planting density and increasing Poultry manure rates lycopene and vitamin c contents increased with Poultry manure levels within the different spacing. Spacing of 50cm by 50cm fertilized with poultry manure at 20 tons per hectare is recommended.
Antioxidant activity, photosynthetic rate, and Spectral mass in bean Plants (...IJEABJ
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Microbiological Quality of Kunnu-Zaki Drinks Sold in Some selected Towns in Osun State, Nigeria
1. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB) Vol-3, Issue-4, Jul-Aug- 2018
http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab/3.4.23 ISSN: 2456-1878
www.ijeab.com Page | 1308
Microbiological Quality of Kunnu-Zaki Drinks
Sold in Some selected Towns in Osun State,
Nigeria
Imoukhuede T. P.1, Adepeju A. B.2, Akinsuroju M. O.3
1Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Science, Ekiti State University, Ekiti Nigeria
2Department of Food Science and Technology, Joseph Ayo Babalola University, Osun State, Nigeria
3Department of Microbiology, Joseph Ayo Babalola University, Osun State, Nigeria
Email: teniusng@yahoo.com
Abstract— The microbiological quality of freshly
processed and hawked kunnu-zaki drinks, a common
Nigerian non-alcoholic beverage was investigated in
some selected towns in Osun State, South Western
Nigeria. A total of nine (9) towns were assessed. Kunnu-
zaki drinks were purchased from these towns on twelve
different occasions for a period of six month. The samples
were microbiologically analyzed using standard methods.
pH values ranged from 3.09 - 4.21 in East and West
senatorial district. The TTA of the samples ranged from
0.32 - 0.49 in Central and East senatorial district. All the
screened drink samples had varying levels of bacterial
contamination ranging from 4.2 x 103
to 15.0 x 103
CFU/ml, 4.1 x 104
to 9.6 x 104
CFU/ml and 3.5 x 105
to
9.0 x 105
CFU/ml for total bacteria, coliform and E. coli
count respectively. Total coliform count on MPN ranged
from 3 MPN/ml to 93 MPN/ml. 77.78% of the total
sampled drinks(n=108) that is(84/108) had bacteria and
fungi count. While all the drinks sampled had total
coliform count on MPN exceeding the recommended safe
level of zero organisms detectable per 100ml. Seven (7)
bacteria species were isolated from the kunnu-zaki drink
sampled. The bacteria isolated were Escherichia coli,
Bacillus species, Staphylococcus species, Pseudomonas
species, Streptococcus specie, Enterobacter species, and
Klebsiella species. Fungal count ranged from 3.3 x 106
to
8.0 x 106
CFU/ml respectively. Four (4) fungi were also
isolated which include Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicilium
italicum, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus. It can
therefore be concluded that the presence of these isolated
organisms in kunnu-zaki samples analyzed in Osun State
could serve as indicator for the need to promote
awareness about the possible health hazards that could
arise due to the unhygienic ways of handling and
processing of the beverage.
Keywords— Physico-chemical analysis, Bacteria count,
Coliform count (MPN), Fungi count and Frequency of
Isolated organisms.
I. INTRODUCTION
Beverage is a liquid drink prepared for human
consumption (Robert, 2006). The word “beverage” has
been derived from the Latin word “bever” meaning rest
from work. After work, one tends to feel thirsty due to
fluid loss through perspiration and one is inclined to drink
water or other potable beverages to compensate fluid loss.
Beverages are potable drinks which have thirst-
quenching, refreshing, stimulating and nourishing
qualities (Achi, 2005). By refreshing, one means the
replenishment of fluid loss from the body due to
perspiration. Nourishment is provided by the nutrients in
the beverages, especially fruit juices.
Kunnu-zaki (Millet drink) also referred to as “sweet
kunnu-zaki” is a popular traditional and important cereal
based, non- alcoholic fermented beverage (Adejuyitan et
al., 2008) made from pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum),
maize (Zea mays), or sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), grains
but the most commonly used basic ingredient is millet.
Maize (Zea mays), millet (Pennisetum glaucum), rice
(Oryza sativa) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) cereals
provide mainly carbohydrates and low quality protein
(Steinkraus, 1997). It is generally acceptable and widely
consumed throughout Nigeria by children and adults as
breakfast drink or food supplements and also a weaning
food for infants due to its refreshing qualities most
especially in the northern parts and it is consumed
throughout the year mostly during dry seasons
(Elmahmood and Doughari, 2007). Kunnu-zaki is a
refreshing drink usually used to entertain visitors,
appetizers and is commonly used or served at social
gatherings both rural and urban centers, hawked in the
motor parks, school premises and market places (Amusa
et al., 2005). It is a staple beverage that is relatively
nutritious and affordable when compared to other
carbonated and non-carbonated drinks (Adejuyitan et al.,
2008). It has low viscosity, a sweet-sour taste depending
on the level of fermentation and is milky cream in
appearance (Adeyemi and Umar, 1994). It has immense
2. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB) Vol-3, Issue-4, Jul-Aug- 2018
http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab/3.4.23 ISSN: 2456-1878
www.ijeab.com Page | 1309
social, economic, nutritional and medicinal benefits to
most consumers (Akoma et al., 2006). The preparation of
locally fermented foods like kunnu-zaki has become a
technology in many homes particularly in rural
communities and more recently in the urban areas where
more women have developed the skill and commercial
production which has helped to alleviate poverty amongst
the people (Essien et al., 2011).
Kunnu-zaki is been prepared from local cereals which are
very common and part of our staple food substances. It is
relatively produced in low cost which makes it not
expensive because grains and other ingredients used for
production are locally sourced and are mostly grown
within the savannah region of Nigeria such as Bauchi,
Kano, Sokoto and Kastina states (Adebayo et al., 2010)
and almost throughout the years, most especially the
savannah belt of West Africa and the packaging materials
are also available, cheap and easily affordable.
Cereals are grains or edible fruits of the grass-monocot
family that may be cultivated and used as foods. In India
and Africa, cereals products comprise 80% or more of the
average diet, 50% in Central and Western Europe and
between 20-25% in the U.S. (Onwueeme and Finha,
1991). Millets are cereal crops or grains for foddler and
human food (Ray and Sivakumar, 2009). Millets are in
the family of cereals grown globally with differential
importance across continents and within regions of the
world. It is consumed as staple food and drink in most
areas. Across Africa several indigenous foods and drinks
are made from flour/meal and malt of millet. They are
nutritionally equivalent or superior to other cereals
(Obilana and Taylor, 2002). In the Northern area of
Nigeria Millet is known as Jero, ‘Oka baba’ in yoruba
land and in America, it is known as milo. It can be stored
for 6 months without any significant spoilage. Millet are
highly tolerant and are very nutritious containing low
phytic acid and are rich in dietary fiber, iron, phosphorus,
potassium, magnesium, zinc, thiamine, riboflavin calcium
and vitamin B (niacin, B6 and folic acid) which make
millet more superior than most cereals, are now being
enhanced through biofortification and micronutrient
research (Obilana and Taylor, 2002) which are essential
for body growth and development. It is easily digested
and gluten-free, an excellent choice for anyone with
gluten-intolerance (Oladele and Aina, 2007).
Kunnu-zaki processing is mostly done by women using
simple household equipment and utensil depending on
cereal availability. Kunnu-zaki is produced from malted
millet; a portion of the cereal is malted, dried, ground and
then mixed with the uncooked portion. The mixture is
then added to the cooked portion and stirred vigorously
and allowed to ferment (Akoma et al., 2012). Spices such
as ginger (Zingiber officinales), alligator pepper
(Afromonium melegueta), red pepper (Capsicum species),
black pepper (Piper guineense) and cloves (Syzygium
aromaticum) are commonly added to improve flavor and
taste while honey, sweet potatoes and sugar are also
added to act as a sweetener (Ahmed et al., 2003). The
processed kunnu-zaki is usually packed for sale either in
nylon or in a plastic container and can also be stored in
refrigerators. Some people in some regions prefer it with
pepper and sugar while some with little or no pepper and
sugar (Adeyemi and Umar, 1994). All these ingredients
perform one function or the other in the course of the
preparation. The most abundant constituent of kunnu-zaki
is water and it acts as the medium in which all other
constituents are dissolved and contain only traces amount
of inorganic substances. Spices are usually added in small
quantities to improve taste and flavor. Because these are
agricultural commodities, they may contain a high level
of microbial impurities (Adeyemi et al., 1994; Bibek,
2001). The quality and quantity of the products depend
largely on the quality of the ingredients and its proper
handling in the course of production by the producer.
Hence, kunnu-zaki samples for different market in Osun
state are purchased to determine the microbial and fungi
load.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
STUDY LOCATION
Osun State is located in the South Western part of
Nigeria. It covers an area of approximately 14,875 square
kilometers, lies between longitude 04 00E and latitude 05
558 and is bounded by Ogun in South, Kwara in North,
Oyo in West and Ondo States in the East. It total
population is approximately 3,416,959.
COLLECTION AREAS
Samples were collected and analyzed from nine (9) major
markets using Senatorial districts West, East and Central
to ensure adequate representation of samples in Osun
State Nigeria, which include three (3) popular towns from
each Senatorial district. The towns are: Gbongan, Ikire
(Sabo market) and Apomu all in Osun West Senatorial
districts, Ipetu-Ijesa, Ikeji-Arakeji and Owena-Ijesa all in
Osun East Senatorial district, Ada, Ikirun (Oja tuntun)
and Ororuwo all in Osun Central Senatorial district.
COLLECTION OF SAMPLES
Freshly prepared kunnu-zaki samples were purchased in
plastic containers (as packaged by the seller) from
different Senatorial market locations within Osun State.
The samples were labeled and held at 4 0C by placing
them in refrigerated coolers and conveyed in an ice
packed cooler and transported to Microbiology and
Biochemistry Department Laboratory of Joseph Ayo
Babalola University within three hours (3 hours) of
collection for microbiological and physico-chemical
analysis respectively. A total of 108 kunnu-zaki drinks
samples were purchased and sampled. The period of
3. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB) Vol-3, Issue-4, Jul-Aug- 2018
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study was six months. All samples were subjected to the
same analysis.
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF KUNNU-
ZAKI
The rate of fermentation by each bacteriumon the kunnu-
zaki sample was assessed by testing for pH and (TTA)
Titratable acidity (AOAC, 2005).
DETERMINATION OF pH OF THE SAMPLES
The pH of the samples was determined using a laboratory
pH meter (Jenway 3015, model 10). The pH was
measured by putting 10 ml of the kunnu-zaki into a
beaker and readings were taken by dipping the electrode
into the kunnu-zaki samples (rinsing out the electrode
with distilled water), and measurements taken from the
display screen when the readings stabilized (Ofori et
al.,1994).
DETERMINATION OF TOTAL TITRATABLE
ACIDITY (TTA)
This is to measure the acidity in a sample. The Total
Titratable acidity (TTA) calculated as percentage lactic
acid was determined following the method described by
(AOAC, 2005).
PROCEDURE
A 10 ml of kunnu-zaki sample was measured into a dried
conical flask, 3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator was
added and the flask thoroughly shaken. It was then
titrated against 0.1 M NaOH (Sodium hydroxide) to a
pink colour end-point (compared against a white
background) and the titre volume was noted and
calculated.
DETERMINATION OF MICROBIAL COUNT
This was carried out using standard microbiological
techniques following appropriate dilution on agar plates
of Nutrient Agar (NA) for bacteria count, MacConkey
Agar (MCA) for coliform count, Eosin Methylene Blue
agar (EMB) for E. coli and Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA)
for fungi count. The agar media were of oxoid grade
using pour plate method (Lateef et al., 2004).
PROCEDURE
Serial dilution was carried out using 1 ml of kunnu-zaki
samples into9 ml of water. Stocks were prepared in test-
tubes serially in rows containing 9.0 ml of distilled water
representing each sample from each location (APHA,
2001). Then from each suspension 1 ml of dilution was
pipette into a set of Petri-dishes and was overlaid with 20
ml of freshly prepared Nutrient agar (NA), MacConkey
(MCA) and Eosin methylene blue (EMB) while others
were overlaid with 20 ml of freshly prepared potato
dextrose agar (PDA) treated with chloramphenicol (1 per
100 ml) prior to sterilization. Colonies which develop
after incubation for 18 to 24 h at 37 0C on the cultured
plates were counted using Gallenkamp colony counter
and were sub-cultured to obtain pure isolates. The pure
isolates were aseptically transferred into Nutrient agar
slants and incubated. After 24 h incubation morphological
characterization and biochemical tests were carried out on
the isolates to aid identification to genus level on bacteria
(Cowan and Steel 1985). The purified fungal isolates
were identified on the basis of standard cultural,
morphological and microscopic characteristics as
described by (Samson et al., 1988). The fungal isolates
were sub-cultured on to a sterile fresh media and
incubated at room temperature for 3-5 days.
Morphological identification was based on colour,
textures spreading rate of each colony on the Potato
dextrose agar plate.
DETERMINATION OF MOST PROBABLE
NUMBER (MPN)
The multiple tube method was used to estimate coliform
numbers. The presumptive, confirmed and completed test
was done by adding varying quantities of kunnu-zaki such
as 0.1 ml, 1.0 ml and 10 ml to varying quantities and
strength of MacConkey broth in test tubes containing
Durham tube (APHA, 2001). The MPN of coliforms
present in the sample was estimated by making reference
to McCrady table or probability table (APHA, 2001).
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results show that the pH of the samples ranged from
3.09 - 4.21 in East and West Senatorial district (Table 1).
The result of the analysis revealed that all samples used
have an acidic pH range of 3.09 - 4.21. The level of
acidity of kunnu has been reported by several researchers
including Efiuvwevere and Akoma, (1995) and Akoma et
al., (2006).
The TTA of the samples ranged from 0.0032 - 0.0049 in
central and east Senatorial district (Table 2). East
Senatorial district had the highest TTA values of kunnu-
zaki drink in the month of July according to the period of
samples collection.
All the kunnu-zaki drinks sampled were contaminated
with varying level of bacterial load ranging from 4.2 x 103
to 15.0 x 103 CFU/ml in West and East Senatorial district
(Table 3). This is in agreement with the findings of
Hatcher et al., (1992), Elmamood and Doughari, (2007),
Lawal (2012) and Aboh and Oladosu, (2014) who
reported a total bacterial count of 5.0 x104 to 2.0 x 106,
1.0 x 102 to 8.9 x 104 CFU/ml, 5.0 x 104 to 1.79 x 105
CFU/ml and 5.1 x 102 to 2.0 x 108 CFU/ml respectively.
The high bacteria count observed in this study might be
attributed to factors such as the environment, which
include exposure of the foods (kunun-zaki) to air, soil,
type of water used in processing, post production
operations and personal hygiene of the handlers (Kawo
and Abdulmumin, 2009; Aboloma, 2008). Exposure of
the foods to air or dust at the point of sale is likely to
increase the counts of the bacteria as virtually most of the
4. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB) Vol-3, Issue-4, Jul-Aug- 2018
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bacteria are carried in aerosols by dust and air (Karagozlu
et al., 2007). Also, during production, most handlers
sometime dip their hands into the containers while
making kunun-zaki.
The total coliform bacterial count in the kunnu-zaki drink
samples using MPN method ranged from 3 MPN/ml to 43
MPN/ml in East, 3 MPN/ml to 93 MPN/ml in West and 3
MPN/ml to 39 MPN/ml in Central. All the samples
108/108 (100%) of the kunnu-zaki samples examined had
coliform count (Table 4). The result shows that West
district had the highest total coliform count.
Seven (7) bacteria genera were isolated from the kunnu-
zaki drink samples. These include Escherichia coli,
Pseudomonas species, Staphylococcus species,
Enterobacter species, Klebsella species, Streptococcus
species and Bacillus species. The detection of S. species
was equally isolated by Olasupo et al., (2002) from wara
and kunun-zaki, a cereal based, non-alcoholic beverage,
also by Aboh and Oladosu, (2014) from kunun-zaki. The
presence of organisms like Bacillus species,
Streptococcus has been reported by Adeyemi and Umar,
(1994) and Ayo, (2004) who also isolated these
organisms from kunun-zaki. The presence of Klebsiella
species as recorded in this study is usually associated with
faecal contamination. Being an enteric bacterium its
presence indicates poor practices among handlers. Due to
the significance of the faecal-oral route transmission for
many bacterial food-borne diseases, basic hygiene
measures assume a decisive importance in food safety
management (Uzeh et al., 2006). The high occurrence of
E. coli (77.78%) in kunnu-zaki is an indication of faecal
contamination. Ironically, most food handlers do not
practice good personal hygiene and do not follow good
manufacturing practices, which could reduce the
occurrence of such bacteria in foods (Bukar et al., (2009);
Kawo and Abdulmumin, (2009)). Egbere et al., (2007)
reported the presence of organisms like Bacillus cereus,
Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli (PHLS,
1996). It is possible that contamination by these
pathogens could have occurred during sieving and
packaging, as most of the people involved in the
production, packaging and hawking do not take necessary
precautions, and as such contamination could be very
prominent (Elmamood and Doughari, 2007).Gadaga et
al., (2004) reported that pathogens have been isolated
from some fermented foods and some laboratory tests
have shown the possibility of pathogens to survive and
grow in some fermented foods. He said post processing
contamination is often cited as the major cause of food
poisoning, this agrees with the observation made as
regards the source of kunnu collected for this study which
is not really hygienic. Gadaga et al., (2004) equally said
that Escherichia coli, is the most commonly encountered
pathogens in African fermented food. This tally with the
types of organism isolated in this study. The occurrence
of bacterial pathogens in fermented foods suggests a need
for caution in the consumption of this beverage. The
source of contamination may also have come from the
spices used as additives (Essien et al., 2011 and Lawal,
2012).
Fungal count ranged from 3.3 x 106 to 8.0 x 106 CFU/ml
in West and Central district (Table 5). A total of Four (4)
different moulds were isolated from the kunnu-zaki drink
samples in the course of study. These were Aspergillus
fumigatus, Penicilium italicum, Aspergillus niger and
Aspergillus flavus.
The frequency of occurrence of the organisms isolated
from kunnu-zaki drink samples are shown in Table 6.
Escherichia coli and Streptococcus species were found in
77.78% (84/108) of samples examined, Pseudomonas
species (33%), Staphylococcus species (66.67%),
Enterobacter species (55.56%), Klebsella species
(44.44%), Bacillus species (33.33%), Aspergillus flavus
was found in 77.78% (84/108) of the samples examined,
Aspergillus fumigatus (44.44%), Penicilium italicum
(66.67%) and Aspergillus niger (55.55%). Aspergillus
species is ubiquitous, aerobic fungi that can survive in air,
dust. The presence of fungi may be attributed to the
acidic nature of the sample since it has been observed that
molds are capable of utilizing organic acids. Also the
presence of fungi in the food may lead to food poisoning
and contaminated fungi result in the production of
undesirable odour, colour changes and loss of taste of the
sample. The presence of these organisms in the sample
may be due to the nutritional composition of the millet;
these nutrients are present in different proportions.
Aspergillus flavus is a common mold in the environment,
and can cause storage problems in stored grains. It can
also be a human pathogen, associated with Aspergillosis
of the lungs and sometimes causing corneal, otomycotic
of aflatoxin and nasoorbital infections. Aspergillus flavus
spores are allergenic (Klich, 2007). Ijabadeniyi (2007)
and Omemu (2011) isolated Penicillium, Aspergillus,
Mucor and Rhizopus during the early stage of maize
fermentation for ogi production.
The bacterial and fungal counts showed that all the
kunnu- zaki sampled had a high prevalence of these
contaminants and spoilage organisms which of course is
of great concern. They are therefore considered
microbiologically unsafe for human consumption when
not hygienically prepared and utensils cleaned regularly.
Clusters of infection caused by the organisms have been
linked to poorly maintained utensils, poor personal
hygiene, improper storage facilities, and poor water
supply (Oyelana and Coker, 2012). Also it can be linked
to unhygienic human handlers, dispensing of the extract
into bottles, addition of flavors and sweeteners and
process of cooling of the extract (Omemu et al., 2007a).
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Many native African beverages are little known outside
the parent continent. Effort should be made to improve in
the quality, shelf-life and production process of these
indigenous beverages so that large- scale production for
export outside the continent can be carried out. Many
people now prefer imported and exotic beverages because
of their attractive form, long shelf life, ease of
transportation and other forms of utility which consumers
associate with them (Achi, 2005). As of now, there are no
industries involved in production of Kunnu-zaki. Kunnu-
zaki is widely believed to be of immense social, economic
and medicinal importance to its numerous consumers
(Akoma et al., 2006).
Table.1: pH Values of Kunnu-zaki Drink Sampled from Some Selected Towns in Osun State.
pH VALUES
MONTHS
JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
TOWNS
Gbongan 3.93 3.90 3.86 3.92 3.89 3.92 3.88 3.87 3.93 3.88 3.91 3.92
Ikire 4.03 3.98 4.00 3.99 4.01 4.03 4.02 4.01 4.00 4.01 3.97 4.00
Apomu 4.20 4.18 4.16 4.19 4.20 4.14 4.13 4.17 4.19 4.16 4.21 4.15
Ipetu-Ijesha 3.83 3.84 3.86 3.33 3.50 3.85 3.55 3.40 3.78 3.80 3.88 3.60
Owena 3.89 3.51 3.65 3.99 3.55 3.19 3.09 3.67 3.68 3.88 3.85 3.89
Ikeji-
Arakeji 3.60 3.50 3.58 3.63 3.45 3.52 3.57 3.48 3.56 3.59 3.60 3.58
Ada 3.94 3.90 3.91 3.93 3.80 3.79 3.88 3.91 3.93 3.69 3.89 3.91
Ikirun 3.75 3.69 3.72 3.74 3.68 3.75 3.73 3.66 3.69 3.72 3.71 3.77
Ororuwo 3.73 3.72 3.71 3.70 3.67 3.73 3.69 3.71 3.70 3.66 3.72 3.69
Table.2: Total Titratable Acidity Values for Kunnu-zaki Drink Sampled from Some Selected Towns in Osun State.
TITRABLE ACIDITY VALUES
MONTHS
JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
TOWNS
Gbongan 0.0038 0.0041 0.0036 0.0038 0.0039 0.0037 0.0035 0.0040 0.0039 0.0037 0.0039 0.0041
Ikire 0.0036 0.0040 0.0042 0.0037 0.0041 0.0041 0.0039 0.0036 0.0038 0.0040 0.0033 0.0037
Apomu 0.0035 0.0038 0.0039 0.0036 0.0038 0.0036 0.0040 0.0038 0.0041 0.0041 0.0038 0.0036
Ipetu-
Ijesha
0.0037 0.0041 0.0043 0.0039 0.0040 0.0038 0.0039 0.0041 0.0038 0.0037 0.0035 0.0039
Owena 0.0049 0.0047 0.0037 0.0040 0.0038 0.0036 0.0037 0.0038 0.0037 0.0039 0.0040 0.0038
Ikeji-
Arakeji
0.0040 0.0039 0.0038 0.0041 0.0036 0.0038 0.0037 0.0034 0.0041 0.0040 0.0039 0.0038
Ada 0.0037 0.0045 0.0038 0.0038 0.0039 0.0039 0.0037 0.0038 0.0039 0.0041 0.0040 0.0041
Ikirun 0.0036 0.0038 0.0040 0.0040 0.0041 0.0039 0.0032 0.0037 0.0044 0.0040 0.0039 0.0041
Ororuwo 0.0039 0.0041 0.0037 0.0039 0.0038 0.0040 0.0036 0.0041 0.0040 0.0039 0.0039 0.0038
8. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB) Vol-3, Issue-4, Jul-Aug- 2018
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Streptococcus
species
- + + + - + + + + 77.78
Aspergillus flavus + + + + + - + - + 77.78
IV. CONCLUSION
It is well known that kunnu-zaki is one of the locally made
beverages that people purchase regularly for its cheap cost,
sweet taste and its nutritional values. The presence of these
isolated organisms in kunnu-zaki samples analyzed in Osun
State could serve as indicator for the need to promote
awareness about the possible health hazards that could arise
due to handling and processing of the beverage. The range
of microorganism isolated pose serious threat to food safety
and hence the need to ensure microbial safety during the
production and distribution of this drink that is widely
consumed in some towns in Osun State, Nigeria.
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