The document evaluates the design and water quality of rainwater harvesting systems installed in Chitra Topi, AJK. It finds that non-painted galvanized iron rooftops provide high quality rainwater, while painted roofs lead to unsafe lead levels. Water quality declines with storage time due to increased microbial activity in summer months. Turbidity exceeds standards in 96% of samples year-round. Total hardness and iron levels meet standards. The study concludes rainwater harvesting can improve access if systems use appropriate designs and management practices.
The Kailash Ecovillage project converting human excreta into organic foodstuf...Kimberly L. King
Since March 2014, a sustainably focused community located on a 0.7 hectares site in Portland, Oregon, USA, has
been undertaking an experimental composting toilet system modeled after the Water Efficiency and Sanitation
Standard (WE-Stand) set out by the International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO).
This system collects urine and hot composts human excreta in a dry-composting toilet system for eventual
use on the community’s organic gardens. The system design reduces the need to access municipal water,
sewer, and electrical infrastructure, enhancing emergency preparedness. It conserves an otherwise wasted
nutrient flow, and safely produces a valuable compost. The system consists of urine collection vessels, multiple
portable collection containers for excreta, toilet paper, and additive, and a compost processor. Urine diversion
has allowed the community to reclaim nitrogen and other nutrients otherwise lost in conventional sewage systems,
resulting in large savings of potable water and significant carbon sequestration via topsoil creation. Logs
showed thermophilic compost temperatures. Compost and urine pathogen testing met American National Standards
Institute and National Sanitation Foundation Standard 41 requirements.
Determinants of household water quality in the tamale metropolis, ghanaAlexander Decker
This study assessed factors influencing household water quality in Tamale, Ghana. Water samples were collected from 250 households and tested for contaminants. The results showed that 83% of samples tested positive for E. coli, and the majority had feacal coliform bacteria present. Water source, distance to source, and water storage practices were found to impact household water quality. Those fetching water from outside sources like public standpipes were less likely to have quality water compared to those with in-home sources. On-site water treatment is needed to ensure water safety for domestic use in Tamale.
This document summarizes a student's health risk assessment of using rainwater for toilet flushing. The student assessed potential health risks by employing a Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment. The literature review found mixed results on the safety of consuming rainwater, with some studies finding rainwater safe and others finding potential pathogens. The student conducted their own designed experiment and theoretical modeling study to estimate microbial risks. Their results showed the risk of infection from inhaling Campylobacter and Salmonella after flushing a toilet supplied with rainwater was very low.
This document summarizes a study that assessed the ecological impacts of urban runoff from two catchments on receiving aquatic ecosystems using local periphyton communities. Periphyton were colonized for 2 weeks in rivers receiving runoff and in a non-receiving upstream reference site. The receiving communities were evaluated for photosynthetic efficiency and tolerance to copper, identified as a significant runoff stressor. The hypothesis tested was that runoff degrades communities by making them more sensitive to runoff stressors. Results indicated higher copper tolerance than water quality guidelines, showing the value of using local communities for site-specific ecological risk assessment of runoff impacts.
This document summarizes a study on microcystin levels in raw and treated municipal drinking water sources in Alberta. Microcystin is a toxin produced by some cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) that can be harmful to human health. The study analyzed water samples from 18 municipalities over 10 weeks and found microcystin present in 67% of raw water samples, with concentrations up to 14.8 μg/L in some sources. Microcystin was detected less often and at lower levels in treated water, indicating conventional treatment removes some toxin. All samples complied with Health Canada guidelines. The study recommends further sampling of rural communities to fully evaluate microcystin occurrence in municipal surface drinking water supplies.
IRJET- A Review of Inverted Absorber Solar Still IRJET Journal
This document reviews inverted absorber solar stills for desalination. It discusses how solar stills work, previous studies that have improved solar still design, and measurements taken in experiments. The key points are:
- Inverted absorber solar stills have a reflector under the basin to allow bottom heating in addition to top heating, improving efficiency.
- Previous studies have found efficiency gains from modifications like multiple basins, optimized water depths, and integrating regenerative designs.
- Experiments measure temperatures, distillate yield, solar radiation, total dissolved solids, and pH to evaluate performance.
- Further research opportunities include combining solar stills with thermal storage, water heaters, and solar tracking
The Kailash Ecovillage project converting human excreta into organic foodstuf...Kimberly L. King
Since March 2014, a sustainably focused community located on a 0.7 hectares site in Portland, Oregon, USA, has
been undertaking an experimental composting toilet system modeled after the Water Efficiency and Sanitation
Standard (WE-Stand) set out by the International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO).
This system collects urine and hot composts human excreta in a dry-composting toilet system for eventual
use on the community’s organic gardens. The system design reduces the need to access municipal water,
sewer, and electrical infrastructure, enhancing emergency preparedness. It conserves an otherwise wasted
nutrient flow, and safely produces a valuable compost. The system consists of urine collection vessels, multiple
portable collection containers for excreta, toilet paper, and additive, and a compost processor. Urine diversion
has allowed the community to reclaim nitrogen and other nutrients otherwise lost in conventional sewage systems,
resulting in large savings of potable water and significant carbon sequestration via topsoil creation. Logs
showed thermophilic compost temperatures. Compost and urine pathogen testing met American National Standards
Institute and National Sanitation Foundation Standard 41 requirements.
Determinants of household water quality in the tamale metropolis, ghanaAlexander Decker
This study assessed factors influencing household water quality in Tamale, Ghana. Water samples were collected from 250 households and tested for contaminants. The results showed that 83% of samples tested positive for E. coli, and the majority had feacal coliform bacteria present. Water source, distance to source, and water storage practices were found to impact household water quality. Those fetching water from outside sources like public standpipes were less likely to have quality water compared to those with in-home sources. On-site water treatment is needed to ensure water safety for domestic use in Tamale.
This document summarizes a student's health risk assessment of using rainwater for toilet flushing. The student assessed potential health risks by employing a Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment. The literature review found mixed results on the safety of consuming rainwater, with some studies finding rainwater safe and others finding potential pathogens. The student conducted their own designed experiment and theoretical modeling study to estimate microbial risks. Their results showed the risk of infection from inhaling Campylobacter and Salmonella after flushing a toilet supplied with rainwater was very low.
This document summarizes a study that assessed the ecological impacts of urban runoff from two catchments on receiving aquatic ecosystems using local periphyton communities. Periphyton were colonized for 2 weeks in rivers receiving runoff and in a non-receiving upstream reference site. The receiving communities were evaluated for photosynthetic efficiency and tolerance to copper, identified as a significant runoff stressor. The hypothesis tested was that runoff degrades communities by making them more sensitive to runoff stressors. Results indicated higher copper tolerance than water quality guidelines, showing the value of using local communities for site-specific ecological risk assessment of runoff impacts.
This document summarizes a study on microcystin levels in raw and treated municipal drinking water sources in Alberta. Microcystin is a toxin produced by some cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) that can be harmful to human health. The study analyzed water samples from 18 municipalities over 10 weeks and found microcystin present in 67% of raw water samples, with concentrations up to 14.8 μg/L in some sources. Microcystin was detected less often and at lower levels in treated water, indicating conventional treatment removes some toxin. All samples complied with Health Canada guidelines. The study recommends further sampling of rural communities to fully evaluate microcystin occurrence in municipal surface drinking water supplies.
IRJET- A Review of Inverted Absorber Solar Still IRJET Journal
This document reviews inverted absorber solar stills for desalination. It discusses how solar stills work, previous studies that have improved solar still design, and measurements taken in experiments. The key points are:
- Inverted absorber solar stills have a reflector under the basin to allow bottom heating in addition to top heating, improving efficiency.
- Previous studies have found efficiency gains from modifications like multiple basins, optimized water depths, and integrating regenerative designs.
- Experiments measure temperatures, distillate yield, solar radiation, total dissolved solids, and pH to evaluate performance.
- Further research opportunities include combining solar stills with thermal storage, water heaters, and solar tracking
This study examines colloid transport mechanisms at the pore scale using x-ray microtomography and pore-scale modeling. Experiments were conducted using glass bead columns dosed with hydrophobic silver-coated colloids under saturated and unsaturated conditions. X-ray imaging showed colloids partitioned between solid-water interfaces, air-water interfaces, and disconnected water phases depending on saturation. Pore-scale modeling implemented colloidal interaction forces and fluid flow to simulate colloid transport. The models showed colloid attachment increased with ionic strength and some colloids were strained during drainage. The research aims to better understand simplifications that can be applied to colloid transport models while maintaining practical applicability for risk analysis.
Recycled Water: Wastewater Poised to Be a Significant Source of The Nation's ...larrycotcher
A report from the National Research Council suggests that treated wastewater has the potential to be a large part of the future US water supply, though using wastewater is controversial. While water recycling is already practiced in the US for less than 1% of water, increasing reuse could provide 27% of public supply by treating the 12 billion gallons of wastewater discharged daily. The report found that treated wastewater does not pose health risks and that recycling costs vary but can be less than desalination while complementing other water sources and strategies.
This document discusses the development of a web-based decision support system (DSS) for monitoring and predicting water quality parameters important for outdoor microalgae cultivation. The DSS allows users to monitor temperature and salinity in real-time and predicts future values of these parameters based on historical data using a K-nearest neighbors algorithm. Validation tests found the DSS could accurately forecast temperature and salinity 96.98% and 98.92% of the time respectively. The DSS notifies users when parameter levels rise or fall outside standard ranges and provides suggestions to maintain optimal water quality.
This document summarizes a study on advancing the adoption of artificial nitrogen sinks like constructed wetlands and denitrifying bioreactors. It conducted a meta-analysis of nitrate removal rates in denitrifying bioreactors and found higher rates in beds compared to walls. Factors like influent nitrate concentration, bed hydraulic residence time, and temperature affected removal rates. The study aims to provide guidance on proper placement and design of artificial nitrogen sinks through an online resource center with research summaries, case studies and other materials. Next steps include developing design recommendations and addressing limitations to adoption like cost and social barriers.
Water Quality and Sediment Analysis of Selected Rivers at Satara District, Ma...ijtsrd
Water pollution is one of the major global environmental problems. It is an acute problem almost in all major rivers and water reservoirs in India. Water pollution is increasing and becoming severe day by day and posing a great risk to human health and other living organisms. There is growing concern on the deterioration of ground water quality due to geogenic and anthropogenic activities. Present investigation aims at insight about the level of contaminants of surface water, groundwater and sediment analysis of selected rivers of Krishna River located in Mahuli and Urmodi river located in Nagthane, Satara district. An attempt has been made to assess the water quality, sediment analysis of the samples. Dissolved oxygen content of the water samples was observed quite well in limits such as in Krishna river Mahuli DO was 27.68mg L and in Urmodi river Nagthane was13.68mg .In the present study, COD value was observed by 720mg l at surface water of Krishna River Mahuliand 1320 mg l at surface water sample of Urmodi river Nagthane. As expected groundwater samples showed values of hardness within a limit. There is an urgent need for more representative samples to be used to go beyond preliminary assessment as reported in the present study for making appropriate recommendations. Pallavi Dhekale | Pranjal Nikam | Sagar Dadas | Chetana Patil "Water Quality and Sediment Analysis of Selected Rivers at Satara District, Maharashtra" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28062.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/medicinal-chemistry/28062/water-quality-and-sediment-analysis-of-selected-rivers-at-satara-district-maharashtra/pallavi-dhekale
This study examined the transport and transformation of particulate nitrogen during large storm events in forested watersheds. The key questions addressed were: 1) the potential sources of particulate nitrogen and how they vary with storm size and location; 2) how nitrogen and carbon are leached from particulate organic matter of different sizes; and 3) the potential for mineralization and transformation of nitrogen deposited in streams. The results showed that forest floor litter is a major nitrogen source. Leaching experiments found high levels of nitrogen and dissolved organic carbon from litter. Nitrogen release increased under wet-dry cycles, especially for sediments deposited during large storms. Source tracking identified litter, humus and wetland soils as important contributors to coarser particulate organic matter upstream,
IRJET- Decontamination of Wastewater by Biofiltration using Invasive BivalvesIRJET Journal
This document discusses using invasive bivalves for biofiltration of wastewater to reduce contamination. Bivalves like quagga mussels, zebra mussels, and blue mussels are effective at removing nutrients, organic matter, pathogens, and other pollutants from water through their filter feeding. A study was conducted where bivalves were placed in a filtration unit to treat wastewater from canals and industrial areas in Kakinada, India. The bivalves decreased levels of eutrophication, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, and E. coli through bioaccumulation of contaminants in their bodies. Invasive bivalves show potential for cost-effective wastewater treatment by removing
Constructed wetlands were successfully used to treat and recycle wastewater in the closed ecological system of Biosphere 2. This inspired the development of high biodiversity "Wastewater Gardens" to treat sewage. Constructed wetlands are appropriate for small, decentralized sewage treatment in remote or developing areas as they require little energy and maintenance. Total reuse of treated water for irrigation is the goal to close nutrient and water cycles.
This document summarizes a USDA-NIFA funded project studying fluvial geomorphology and agricultural resilience in the Deerfield River Watershed in Western Massachusetts. The project goals are to: 1) conduct fluvial geomorphic assessments; 2) implement outreach and education initiatives; 3) hold agrarian resilience roundtables; and 4) support institutional infrastructure for fluvial geomorphology. The project aims to help farms and communities manage rivers and floods following damaging events like Hurricane Irene in 2011 through scientific assessments, education resources, and stakeholder engagement.
woodchip bioreactots for nitrate removal in agricultural land drainageMEHRAJ U DIN DAR
Wood chip bioreactors can be used to remove nitrate from agricultural drainage water. They work by routing drainage water through trenches filled with wood chips that provide carbon as a food source for denitrifying bacteria. These bacteria convert nitrate into harmless nitrogen gas. Key factors that affect the performance of bioreactors include hydraulic retention time, influent nitrate concentration, temperature, and available carbon sources within the wood chips. Pilot and field-scale studies have shown that bioreactors can effectively remove 30-80% of nitrate from drainage areas of 30-120 acres. While requiring some management, bioreactors provide a cost-effective solution to nitrate contamination compared to other options such as wetlands or changing fertil
This study examined water quality in two streams - Apathy Creek and Erosion Creek - located in an urban forest preserve. Apathy Creek drains stormwater runoff from a parking lot, while Erosion Creek drains runoff from a housing development and receives discharge from a combined sewer overflow. Water quality parameters including dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity, temperature, chlorophyll-a, turbidity, nitrates and phosphates were measured at three locations along each stream. Preliminary results found that conductivity and dissolved solids were similarly high in both streams compared to natural streams, suggesting human impact. Erosion Creek also had higher concentrations of dissolved solids, possibly from de-icing salts, sewer overflow and
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Impact of Locating Boreholes Near Septic Tanks Pit Latrines on Drinking Water...ijtsrd
Water is one of the most indispensible elements of life. One of the major uses of water by man is for drinking, hence drinking water quality has become a major concern in this regard because poor quality water can cause outbreak of major epidemics and death. In this study, impact of locating boreholes near septic tanks pit latrines on drinking water quality in Uyo metropolis, Akwa Ibom State was investigated. The water samples were collected from thirty 30 locations and categorized into i water from boreholes near W near and ii far from septic tanks pit latrines W far . Some physicochemical parameters analyzed were temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, dissolved oxygen DO , biochemical oxygen demand BOD5 , salinity i.e. sulphate, carbonate, nitrate, phosphate and chloride ions , total hardness TH , total dissolved solids TDS , total suspended solids TSS and total alkalinity. Pairwise comparison between quality of W near and W far revealed that only BOD 5, TH and TDS had significant mean difference MD at 5 level of probability while their comparison with World Health Organization permissible limit P WHO showed higher significant MD. All the values of parameters were within P WHO, except that of temperature and pH. Based on the results, the water chemistry is tolerable and may not cause any critical damage to the water distribution system as well as utility components. However, treatment is still suggested and boreholes should be drilled some reasonable distances far away from septic tanks pit latrine to guarantee safe drinking water. Akpan, Samuel A | Eze, Bassey E | Assian, Ubong E "Impact of Locating Boreholes Near Septic Tanks/ Pit Latrines on Drinking Water Quality in Uyo Metropolis, Akwa Ibom State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33314.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/33314/impact-of-locating-boreholes-near-septic-tanks-pit-latrines-on-drinking-water-quality-in-uyo-metropolis-akwa-ibom-state/akpan-samuel-a
This document summarizes a study on streamflow variability and connectivity in dryland rivers under a changing climate. Electrical resistance sensors were used to measure flow permanence and connectivity across a river network in southeastern Arizona. The study found that stream drying occurred earlier and more frequently during a below-average precipitation year. Hydrologic modeling was used to project increased stream drying and loss of longitudinal connectivity under climate change, with some streams predicted to experience over 150 more days without flow annually. The findings highlight the vulnerability of temporary streams to increased water scarcity.
Ensuring a Safe, Sustainable Future Water Supply--Case StudyTeresa Long
By 2060, water usage in Texas is projected to exceed available supply due to population growth. An additional 8.5 million acre-feet of new water sources per year will be needed. The document examines strategies proposed by the Texas Water Development Board to meet future demand, including increasing conventional sources by 60%, conservation by 24%, and developing alternative sources like desalination, brackish groundwater desalination, rainwater harvesting, aquifer storage and recovery, reuse, and emerging technologies to supply the remaining 16%. A diverse combination of solutions must be implemented to ensure a sustainable water supply for the state.
This study assessed the water quality of Gahar Lake in Iran using macroinvertebrate-based biotic indexes. Benthic macroinvertebrates were sampled from four stations in the lake over three seasons. A total of 10 families across 6 orders were identified. The Hilsenhoff Family Biotic Index was used to calculate a biotic index of 1.75, indicating the lake water quality was excellent with no apparent organic pollution. Chironomidae and Simulidae families had the highest abundances while Agrionidae and Perlidae had the lowest. Spring season had the highest diversity and abundance of benthic macroinvertebrates.
This document summarizes a woody riparian survey conducted along Menger Creek in Boerne, Texas. Multiple transects were established upstream and downstream of a wastewater treatment plant discharge into the creek. Woody plants within quadrats along the transects were identified, counted, and measured to determine species densities, basal areas, and frequencies. Baseline water quality testing was also conducted. The survey found 12 woody plant species and will help monitor changes over time from the introduction of consistent water flow into the previously ephemeral creek from the wastewater discharge.
This document discusses a study that investigated the effects of fine particulate organic matter (FPOM) size and quality on aquatic heterotrophic bacteria. The study generated four different size classes of maple and beech leaf particles of the same age through mechanical processing. It then measured the effects of particle size and quality on microbial community respiration, bacterial community structure, carbon and nitrogen content, and stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios. The main findings were that particle size had a strong effect on community respiration and carbon to nitrogen ratios, which decreased with smaller particle size, while bacterial community structure and carbon isotope ratios responded primarily to particle quality. Bacterial biomass was affected by interactions between particle size and quality. These results provide an unanticipated
Riverine thermal regimes are an important but overlooked component of environmental flows. Dams and other human activities can strongly modify the natural thermal regime of rivers by altering water temperatures, often decreasing temperatures downstream. Five key challenges to incorporating thermal regimes into environmental flow assessments are: 1) improving understanding of natural thermal variability, 2) quantifying the degree dams alter thermal regimes, 3) relating thermal changes to ecological impacts, 4) developing thermal criteria, and 5) implementing management strategies to restore thermal conditions.
This document provides a project report on rainwater harvesting. It includes an abstract that discusses India's increasing population and the need for alternative water sources like rainwater harvesting. It also includes chapters on the components of a rainwater harvesting system, studies carried out globally and in India on rainwater harvesting, collecting rainfall and other data for the project site in Jaipur, designing first flush systems, analyzing the hydrology, methods for storing harvested rainwater in tanks, different tank designs, and the costs and conclusions of the project. The project aims to design and implement a rainwater harvesting system for buildings at Vivekananda Institute of Technology campus in Jaipur, Rajasthan to help address water scarcity issues.
Rainwater Harvesting for Multi Storied Apartments - Texas A&M Univseristy D7Z
The document discusses the historical background of rainwater harvesting as an ancient practice used worldwide to address water scarcity. It then reviews related literature on how rainwater harvesting has been used at the community level for domestic water supply and irrigation. The literature also examines how rainwater harvesting can help alleviate poverty and promote socioeconomic development.
This study examines colloid transport mechanisms at the pore scale using x-ray microtomography and pore-scale modeling. Experiments were conducted using glass bead columns dosed with hydrophobic silver-coated colloids under saturated and unsaturated conditions. X-ray imaging showed colloids partitioned between solid-water interfaces, air-water interfaces, and disconnected water phases depending on saturation. Pore-scale modeling implemented colloidal interaction forces and fluid flow to simulate colloid transport. The models showed colloid attachment increased with ionic strength and some colloids were strained during drainage. The research aims to better understand simplifications that can be applied to colloid transport models while maintaining practical applicability for risk analysis.
Recycled Water: Wastewater Poised to Be a Significant Source of The Nation's ...larrycotcher
A report from the National Research Council suggests that treated wastewater has the potential to be a large part of the future US water supply, though using wastewater is controversial. While water recycling is already practiced in the US for less than 1% of water, increasing reuse could provide 27% of public supply by treating the 12 billion gallons of wastewater discharged daily. The report found that treated wastewater does not pose health risks and that recycling costs vary but can be less than desalination while complementing other water sources and strategies.
This document discusses the development of a web-based decision support system (DSS) for monitoring and predicting water quality parameters important for outdoor microalgae cultivation. The DSS allows users to monitor temperature and salinity in real-time and predicts future values of these parameters based on historical data using a K-nearest neighbors algorithm. Validation tests found the DSS could accurately forecast temperature and salinity 96.98% and 98.92% of the time respectively. The DSS notifies users when parameter levels rise or fall outside standard ranges and provides suggestions to maintain optimal water quality.
This document summarizes a study on advancing the adoption of artificial nitrogen sinks like constructed wetlands and denitrifying bioreactors. It conducted a meta-analysis of nitrate removal rates in denitrifying bioreactors and found higher rates in beds compared to walls. Factors like influent nitrate concentration, bed hydraulic residence time, and temperature affected removal rates. The study aims to provide guidance on proper placement and design of artificial nitrogen sinks through an online resource center with research summaries, case studies and other materials. Next steps include developing design recommendations and addressing limitations to adoption like cost and social barriers.
Water Quality and Sediment Analysis of Selected Rivers at Satara District, Ma...ijtsrd
Water pollution is one of the major global environmental problems. It is an acute problem almost in all major rivers and water reservoirs in India. Water pollution is increasing and becoming severe day by day and posing a great risk to human health and other living organisms. There is growing concern on the deterioration of ground water quality due to geogenic and anthropogenic activities. Present investigation aims at insight about the level of contaminants of surface water, groundwater and sediment analysis of selected rivers of Krishna River located in Mahuli and Urmodi river located in Nagthane, Satara district. An attempt has been made to assess the water quality, sediment analysis of the samples. Dissolved oxygen content of the water samples was observed quite well in limits such as in Krishna river Mahuli DO was 27.68mg L and in Urmodi river Nagthane was13.68mg .In the present study, COD value was observed by 720mg l at surface water of Krishna River Mahuliand 1320 mg l at surface water sample of Urmodi river Nagthane. As expected groundwater samples showed values of hardness within a limit. There is an urgent need for more representative samples to be used to go beyond preliminary assessment as reported in the present study for making appropriate recommendations. Pallavi Dhekale | Pranjal Nikam | Sagar Dadas | Chetana Patil "Water Quality and Sediment Analysis of Selected Rivers at Satara District, Maharashtra" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28062.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/medicinal-chemistry/28062/water-quality-and-sediment-analysis-of-selected-rivers-at-satara-district-maharashtra/pallavi-dhekale
This study examined the transport and transformation of particulate nitrogen during large storm events in forested watersheds. The key questions addressed were: 1) the potential sources of particulate nitrogen and how they vary with storm size and location; 2) how nitrogen and carbon are leached from particulate organic matter of different sizes; and 3) the potential for mineralization and transformation of nitrogen deposited in streams. The results showed that forest floor litter is a major nitrogen source. Leaching experiments found high levels of nitrogen and dissolved organic carbon from litter. Nitrogen release increased under wet-dry cycles, especially for sediments deposited during large storms. Source tracking identified litter, humus and wetland soils as important contributors to coarser particulate organic matter upstream,
IRJET- Decontamination of Wastewater by Biofiltration using Invasive BivalvesIRJET Journal
This document discusses using invasive bivalves for biofiltration of wastewater to reduce contamination. Bivalves like quagga mussels, zebra mussels, and blue mussels are effective at removing nutrients, organic matter, pathogens, and other pollutants from water through their filter feeding. A study was conducted where bivalves were placed in a filtration unit to treat wastewater from canals and industrial areas in Kakinada, India. The bivalves decreased levels of eutrophication, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, and E. coli through bioaccumulation of contaminants in their bodies. Invasive bivalves show potential for cost-effective wastewater treatment by removing
Constructed wetlands were successfully used to treat and recycle wastewater in the closed ecological system of Biosphere 2. This inspired the development of high biodiversity "Wastewater Gardens" to treat sewage. Constructed wetlands are appropriate for small, decentralized sewage treatment in remote or developing areas as they require little energy and maintenance. Total reuse of treated water for irrigation is the goal to close nutrient and water cycles.
This document summarizes a USDA-NIFA funded project studying fluvial geomorphology and agricultural resilience in the Deerfield River Watershed in Western Massachusetts. The project goals are to: 1) conduct fluvial geomorphic assessments; 2) implement outreach and education initiatives; 3) hold agrarian resilience roundtables; and 4) support institutional infrastructure for fluvial geomorphology. The project aims to help farms and communities manage rivers and floods following damaging events like Hurricane Irene in 2011 through scientific assessments, education resources, and stakeholder engagement.
woodchip bioreactots for nitrate removal in agricultural land drainageMEHRAJ U DIN DAR
Wood chip bioreactors can be used to remove nitrate from agricultural drainage water. They work by routing drainage water through trenches filled with wood chips that provide carbon as a food source for denitrifying bacteria. These bacteria convert nitrate into harmless nitrogen gas. Key factors that affect the performance of bioreactors include hydraulic retention time, influent nitrate concentration, temperature, and available carbon sources within the wood chips. Pilot and field-scale studies have shown that bioreactors can effectively remove 30-80% of nitrate from drainage areas of 30-120 acres. While requiring some management, bioreactors provide a cost-effective solution to nitrate contamination compared to other options such as wetlands or changing fertil
This study examined water quality in two streams - Apathy Creek and Erosion Creek - located in an urban forest preserve. Apathy Creek drains stormwater runoff from a parking lot, while Erosion Creek drains runoff from a housing development and receives discharge from a combined sewer overflow. Water quality parameters including dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity, temperature, chlorophyll-a, turbidity, nitrates and phosphates were measured at three locations along each stream. Preliminary results found that conductivity and dissolved solids were similarly high in both streams compared to natural streams, suggesting human impact. Erosion Creek also had higher concentrations of dissolved solids, possibly from de-icing salts, sewer overflow and
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Impact of Locating Boreholes Near Septic Tanks Pit Latrines on Drinking Water...ijtsrd
Water is one of the most indispensible elements of life. One of the major uses of water by man is for drinking, hence drinking water quality has become a major concern in this regard because poor quality water can cause outbreak of major epidemics and death. In this study, impact of locating boreholes near septic tanks pit latrines on drinking water quality in Uyo metropolis, Akwa Ibom State was investigated. The water samples were collected from thirty 30 locations and categorized into i water from boreholes near W near and ii far from septic tanks pit latrines W far . Some physicochemical parameters analyzed were temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, dissolved oxygen DO , biochemical oxygen demand BOD5 , salinity i.e. sulphate, carbonate, nitrate, phosphate and chloride ions , total hardness TH , total dissolved solids TDS , total suspended solids TSS and total alkalinity. Pairwise comparison between quality of W near and W far revealed that only BOD 5, TH and TDS had significant mean difference MD at 5 level of probability while their comparison with World Health Organization permissible limit P WHO showed higher significant MD. All the values of parameters were within P WHO, except that of temperature and pH. Based on the results, the water chemistry is tolerable and may not cause any critical damage to the water distribution system as well as utility components. However, treatment is still suggested and boreholes should be drilled some reasonable distances far away from septic tanks pit latrine to guarantee safe drinking water. Akpan, Samuel A | Eze, Bassey E | Assian, Ubong E "Impact of Locating Boreholes Near Septic Tanks/ Pit Latrines on Drinking Water Quality in Uyo Metropolis, Akwa Ibom State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33314.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/33314/impact-of-locating-boreholes-near-septic-tanks-pit-latrines-on-drinking-water-quality-in-uyo-metropolis-akwa-ibom-state/akpan-samuel-a
This document summarizes a study on streamflow variability and connectivity in dryland rivers under a changing climate. Electrical resistance sensors were used to measure flow permanence and connectivity across a river network in southeastern Arizona. The study found that stream drying occurred earlier and more frequently during a below-average precipitation year. Hydrologic modeling was used to project increased stream drying and loss of longitudinal connectivity under climate change, with some streams predicted to experience over 150 more days without flow annually. The findings highlight the vulnerability of temporary streams to increased water scarcity.
Ensuring a Safe, Sustainable Future Water Supply--Case StudyTeresa Long
By 2060, water usage in Texas is projected to exceed available supply due to population growth. An additional 8.5 million acre-feet of new water sources per year will be needed. The document examines strategies proposed by the Texas Water Development Board to meet future demand, including increasing conventional sources by 60%, conservation by 24%, and developing alternative sources like desalination, brackish groundwater desalination, rainwater harvesting, aquifer storage and recovery, reuse, and emerging technologies to supply the remaining 16%. A diverse combination of solutions must be implemented to ensure a sustainable water supply for the state.
This study assessed the water quality of Gahar Lake in Iran using macroinvertebrate-based biotic indexes. Benthic macroinvertebrates were sampled from four stations in the lake over three seasons. A total of 10 families across 6 orders were identified. The Hilsenhoff Family Biotic Index was used to calculate a biotic index of 1.75, indicating the lake water quality was excellent with no apparent organic pollution. Chironomidae and Simulidae families had the highest abundances while Agrionidae and Perlidae had the lowest. Spring season had the highest diversity and abundance of benthic macroinvertebrates.
This document summarizes a woody riparian survey conducted along Menger Creek in Boerne, Texas. Multiple transects were established upstream and downstream of a wastewater treatment plant discharge into the creek. Woody plants within quadrats along the transects were identified, counted, and measured to determine species densities, basal areas, and frequencies. Baseline water quality testing was also conducted. The survey found 12 woody plant species and will help monitor changes over time from the introduction of consistent water flow into the previously ephemeral creek from the wastewater discharge.
This document discusses a study that investigated the effects of fine particulate organic matter (FPOM) size and quality on aquatic heterotrophic bacteria. The study generated four different size classes of maple and beech leaf particles of the same age through mechanical processing. It then measured the effects of particle size and quality on microbial community respiration, bacterial community structure, carbon and nitrogen content, and stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios. The main findings were that particle size had a strong effect on community respiration and carbon to nitrogen ratios, which decreased with smaller particle size, while bacterial community structure and carbon isotope ratios responded primarily to particle quality. Bacterial biomass was affected by interactions between particle size and quality. These results provide an unanticipated
Riverine thermal regimes are an important but overlooked component of environmental flows. Dams and other human activities can strongly modify the natural thermal regime of rivers by altering water temperatures, often decreasing temperatures downstream. Five key challenges to incorporating thermal regimes into environmental flow assessments are: 1) improving understanding of natural thermal variability, 2) quantifying the degree dams alter thermal regimes, 3) relating thermal changes to ecological impacts, 4) developing thermal criteria, and 5) implementing management strategies to restore thermal conditions.
This document provides a project report on rainwater harvesting. It includes an abstract that discusses India's increasing population and the need for alternative water sources like rainwater harvesting. It also includes chapters on the components of a rainwater harvesting system, studies carried out globally and in India on rainwater harvesting, collecting rainfall and other data for the project site in Jaipur, designing first flush systems, analyzing the hydrology, methods for storing harvested rainwater in tanks, different tank designs, and the costs and conclusions of the project. The project aims to design and implement a rainwater harvesting system for buildings at Vivekananda Institute of Technology campus in Jaipur, Rajasthan to help address water scarcity issues.
Rainwater Harvesting for Multi Storied Apartments - Texas A&M Univseristy D7Z
The document discusses the historical background of rainwater harvesting as an ancient practice used worldwide to address water scarcity. It then reviews related literature on how rainwater harvesting has been used at the community level for domestic water supply and irrigation. The literature also examines how rainwater harvesting can help alleviate poverty and promote socioeconomic development.
The document discusses rainwater harvesting as a solution to India's growing water scarcity problem. It defines rainwater harvesting and describes its key components and benefits, such as providing a free source of water and recharging groundwater. Studies in India have shown that rainwater harvesting can significantly increase water levels and quality. The document outlines rainwater harvesting practices in states like Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, and Kerala. It evaluates factors like costs, water quality standards, and economic efficiency of rainwater harvesting technologies.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
Treatment Performance of Domestic Wastewater in a Tropical Constructed Wetlan...Oswar Mungkasa
prepared by Jonah S Butler* *Fulbright Scholar, DILG-GTZ Affiliate in Philippines: For Environmental Science Study on Wastewater Treatment. (Email: Jonahsbutler@gmail.com) for Urban Environments in Asia, 25-28 May 2011, Manila, Philippines. organized by International Water Association (IWA).
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
DEVELOPMENT OF MATHEMATICAL MODEL TO PREDICT THE TRANSPORT OF E.COLI IN A NAT...IAEME Publication
Development of mathematical model to predict the rate of microbial depositions (E.coli) in a natural pond has been carried out. The models were developed to monitor the rate of concentration at different periods, with respect to the length of the pond at various sample station. Results of the theoretical values were compared with the experimental analysis. The analysis was thoroughly done to determine the physiochemical parameters of the pond. Microbial traces were found from the experimental analysis at different periods up to hundred days. The developed model compared favourably well with the experimental values. The values explain the rate of microbial growth and level of lag phase condition. The growth rate of the microbes were found to be higher because there is high deposition of substrate for growth and energy, while at some periods it degrades showing that the substrates have reduced in concentration including the inhibition from the pH. In some cases when the microbes developed lag phase condition it may be as a result of other environmental factors. Finally, the growth rates are between fifty and hundred days, showing that there is constant regeneration of the microbes including other environmental factors.
Domestic Wastewater Treatment by Root Zone Technology Option: Colacassia PlantDr. Amarjeet Singh
Root Zone Technology is one of the low cost
methods to treat wastewater. With the help of this system we
can treat the Non-Point sources with best results. To achieve
this goal we have to divide the Non-Point sources into
constructed channels within the river bank followed by root
zone bed or if the Non-Point Sources is coming from natural
nallas we can provide this system within its Channel. We
have prepared channel on which I have developed the root
zone bed and have lab analysis of rector out put on number
of parameters. Flow rate and Detention time are the two
factors on which channels are to be designed. Therefore I
am changing the flow rate and finding out the change in
parameter with respect to detection time. The optimization
is when we get best result with maximum flow. I have got
satisfactory results for the detention time of Three day,
Seven day and twenty one day and Three day. With the help
of this data I have designed the root zone bed system for the
selected actual Domestic Sources.
This document discusses two systems that utilize plants and associated soil microbes to both produce food crops and clean air and water in tightly sealed environments like spacecraft.
The first system involves constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment. Constructed wetlands use wetland plants and microbes to purify wastewater of nutrients and pollutants. The treated water can then be used to irrigate food crops. Constructed wetlands were shown to effectively treat wastewater inside the sealed Biosphere 2 facility.
The second system involves using plants and their root zone microbes, or soil biofilters, to purify indoor air of pollutants. Research demonstrated that common houseplants and soil beds can remove volatile organic
The Blacktown Water Treatment Plant project brief outlines the treatment process in 6 steps: 1) preliminary treatment to remove large objects, 2) grit removal, 3) primary sedimentation to remove settleable solids, 4) biological treatment using activated sludge to remove dissolved organic matter, 5) filtration using crushed coal and sand filters as a final step, and 6) chlorination and dechlorination of the effluent. The plant is designed to remove harmful substances from wastewater and safely discharge treated effluent while also producing agro-ash.
IRJET- A Review of Feasibility of Use of Duckweed for Treatment of Sludge...IRJET Journal
The document reviews the feasibility of using duckweed (Lemna minor) for sludge water treatment. It summarizes several studies that examined duckweed's nutrient removal efficiency from different wastewaters. One study found duckweed was most effective at removing nutrients from municipal wastewater, removing over 75% of nutrients tested. However, another study found that duckweed did not significantly improve the treatment efficiency of a municipal wastewater system. The document concludes that duckweed systems can effectively treat wastewater and remove nutrients to produce secondary effluent, but land area requirements and lack of winter growth may limit their widespread use. Nitrogen removal requires supplemental aeration in duckweed ponds.
Growth, gas exchanges and accumulation of inorganic matter of Populus nigra L...Innspub Net
1. The study evaluated the effects of treated wastewater irrigation on the growth, gas exchange, and mineral accumulation of Populus nigra L.
2. Irrigation with treated wastewater increased photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rates in poplar seedlings over the first 60 days compared to controls, but these effects decreased after 90 days.
3. Treated wastewater irrigation also increased biomass and root growth initially, but decreased the relative growth rate of poplars after 90 days compared to controls, possibly due to accumulation of trace metals like cadmium, lead, and nickel in plant tissues over time.
The aquaponics term derives from the words aquaculture and hydroponics, which by definition, has the meaning of aquatics organisms culture and plant breeding techniques without soil, respectively. This activity has how the main feature the sustainability, once the modality looks for the production with low water consumption and high exploitation of waste generated. The present study had as objective to describe the construction of the aquaponics pilot system. This way, based on the literature and acquired experience during the work, a step-by-step method was established for the assembly of the system. To verify the process efficiency, were analyzed the presence of total and thermotolerants coliforms, counting of facultative mesophiles and quantification of micro and macronutrients in leaves and roots of Xanthosoma sagittifolium. There was no presence of total and thermotolerants coliforms in leaves and roots of X. sagittifolium. In the count of facultative mesophiles the roots presented 6x104 CFU/g and the leaves 1.7x102 CFU/g. In the foliar analysis, 1430mg/kg of Fe was observed in the roots. It was concluded that the pilot project was successfully built and testing can be continued with new plants.
Bioswales: Green Alternative for Storm Water Management & Flash FloodingIRJET Journal
This document discusses bioswales as a green alternative for storm water management and flash flooding mitigation. It provides background on the issues of increased impervious surfaces from urbanization exacerbating flash flooding. Bioswales are described as vegetated channels that allow storm water runoff to slowly infiltrate while removing pollutants. Studies show bioswales can effectively remove suspended solids and other contaminants. The document advocates that bioswales are a sustainable, cost-effective strategy for improving storm water management compared to traditional infrastructure.
The document summarizes a study that was conducted to determine sources of water pollution in Appiakrom community, Ghana. The study examined a dam, pond, and two boreholes used by the community. Laboratory analysis of water samples found that the dam, which supplies water to the district, had been polluted by anthropogenic activities. The rusty nature of one borehole was attributed to underground parent materials. The pond interfaced with the dam, and pollution could flow between the two sources. The authors recommend blocking channels between the pond and dam, and practicing zero-fertilizer farming near the dam to reduce pollution.
Assessment of physicochemical and bacteriological drinking water quality of d...IJERA Editor
Water is essential to sustain the life. Water samples have collected from a different urban area of H. D. Kote
town of Mysore district from different sources such as hand pump, public taps, and stored household drinking
water. Physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics of the water samples were analysed following the
standard methods to evaluate the quality of drinking water. All physic-chemical parameters are within the
permissible limit to WHO. The microbiological analysis shows that that t nearly 53 % of the samples were
observed with coliform contamination. The significant difference among water sources regarding total plate
count was observed, where stored household water has relatively higher compared to tap and borewell water
exceeding the standard limit. Both hand pump and the tap water were not detected with any E. coli
contamination whereas 80% of the household stored water samples have shown E. coli contamination. The
presence of significant counts of coliforms in stored household water indicates post poor sanitation and
existence of human activities. Attention should be given to the collection, storage, and management by
additional treatment to maintain and prevent excessive microbial growth
Performance of EcoSan Toilets at Majumbasita in Dar Es Salaam – TanzaniaIJEABJ
This document summarizes a study on the performance of Ecological Sanitation (ECOSAN) toilets in Majumbasita, Tanzania. Samples of faecal sludge and urine were collected from 10 ECOSAN toilets and analyzed. The results showed that faecal sludge had a high pH between 8.3-10.3 due to ash addition, temperatures of 27-31 degrees C, and COD, TS and VS levels within reported ranges. Ascaris eggs were efficiently removed when pH was above 10. Ammonium, TKN, phosphorus and potassium levels in faecal sludge were between specified ranges. Urine samples had TKN, phosphorus and potassium levels within
Performance assessment of water filtration plants in pakistan - JBESInnspub Net
A study was carried out to evaluate the water quality of filtration plants installed at six different places of Cantonment Board Sialkot, Pakistan to suggest and recommend guidelines for their improvement. Water samples from six Treatment plants and their respective twelve connections (two from each treatment plants) were collected before and after treatment. In this way, total samples were collected and tested. Values of these samples before and after treatment were used for comparison with World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for drinking water standards. Thirty three parameters including physical, chemical and bacteriological were determined for each sample. The results were satisfactory both chemically and bacteriologically according to WHO guidelines for water quality of treatment plants. The results showed that the samples of water were fit, both before and after treatment plant except for water sample of treatment plant No. IV & V (Before treatment). Total and faecal coliform were found in these samples. Various causes of faecal contamination before treatment may be due to leakage of pipelines, operation at tubewells, layout of freshwater pipes parallel or beneath the sewerage pipes or channels. Disinfection of water at source is recommended to deal with the faecal contamination; otherwise there is no need of filtration plant.
Freshwater: Towards a Better Understanding of a Wicked ProblemIEREK Press
Water begets intricate and profound linkages between multiple systems. Quantitative limits to freshwater availability for human needs, variabilities in the water cycle and environmental water requirements interact with water source pollution. The arising tensions are a great challenge of immense contemporary significance that can best be described as a wickedproblem –a problem with multiple dimensions that presents unexpected consequences when engaged. Water challenges make vivid the compromises that must be made between the environment and development. These compromises surface in the conflict between ecocentric and technocentric discourse. Globally, there is evidence of numerous disciplinary and interdisciplinary water-related studies both in the past and ongoing. But there is no meta-mapping of various dimensions of such research to give a clear overview of what has been and what needs to be done. Consequences of this oversight may include unnecessary duplication of research, difficulty in articulating knowledge gaps and inability to see beyond disciplinary boundaries. The author suggests an outline of how these difficulties can be engaged. This is done through a wide-ranging literature review to identify a range of issues of focus, which issues are then themed into imperatives for water research. These imperatives are subsequently systematised using four normative descriptors: problem, drivers and mitigation measures. In combination, these descriptors articulate a spectrum of the key issues around water research. The key issues are mapped onto various academic disciplines and societal partners to outline a schema for positioning of water research. The proposed mapping can facilitate interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary (IDTD) research by allowing researchers to benefit from relevant existing bodies of knowledge while also making explicit knowledge gaps and opportunities for collaboration. By locating academic fields within different worldviews, the outlined schema reveals common ground beyond disciplinary confines around which IDTD research can be instigated.
This study evaluates the performance of green infrastructure (GI) techniques like bioswales and infiltration basins in improving stormwater quality, compared to traditional detention basins. Two adjacent sub-watersheds using these different approaches in a master-planned community are monitored. Preliminary results show the bioswale watershed significantly outperforming the detention basin watershed in removing pollutants like suspended solids, nitrogen, phosphorus, heavy metals, and copper in particular. If implemented more widely, GI could greatly increase stormwater quality while being less expensive and requiring less maintenance than traditional grey infrastructure systems.
Africa; Performance Of Multistage Filtration Using Different Filter Media D7Z
This study evaluated the performance of multistage filtration (MSF) systems using different locally available filter media, compared to a conventional water treatment system. A pilot plant was constructed using gravel, charcoal maize cobs, and broken burnt bricks as pretreatment filter materials in horizontal flow roughing filters (HRF), followed by slow-sand filters (SSF). The MSF systems performed better than the conventional system at removing turbidity, suspended solids, E. coli, and total coliforms. The locally available materials were also effective as pretreatment media, allowing filter runs greater than 82 days. Despite the improved performance, the MSF systems still require chlorination for final disinfection, but with greatly reduced dos
Design for Harvesting and Treatment of Rainwater in Naval, Biliranijtsrd
The study takes advantage of rainwater, a naturally processed water. Developing a design for an affordable, less chemically oriented method that would help many people gain access to the water they need easily. The design used materials that were cheap and can be easily accessed on the local market. The process starts from a stage where large particles of contaminants were removed through straining. The next was iltering the water through a sequence of sponge, charcoal, coarse and fine sand. And lastly was chlorination, which treated the rainwater from the bacteria's which were previously not removed from the filter. The study came up with the design that were easily availed on the local markets of Naval, Biliran. The components were easy to install and were effective in harvesting rainwater. The treatment results were not what the researchers envisioned it to be, but still they were able to produce safe drinking water. Sure enough, it could be an alternative for other uses aside from drinking. The design was incomplete, especially on the part of the treatment device thus, further studies are recommended for its improvement. Nevertheless, the study proved that simple customized rainwater harvester and treatment device is achievable with the materials that can easily be found on the local market. Ramon L. Pitao, Jr. | Dahlia D. Fernandez | Ric Cyrell Rosialda ""Design for Harvesting and Treatment of Rainwater in Naval, Biliran"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23897.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23897/design-for-harvesting-and-treatment-of-rainwater-in-naval-biliran/ramon-l-pitao-jr
A novel fuzzy rule based system for assessment of ground water potability: A ...IOSR Journals
This document presents a novel fuzzy rule-based system to assess groundwater potability in South India. Groundwater samples were collected from 24 districts in Karnataka and analyzed for 8 water quality parameters. A fuzzy logic approach was used to convert parameter concentrations into fuzzy membership values. Analytic hierarchy process was applied to assign weights to parameters. Rules were generated to classify water samples into one of four potability categories. The system found that 51.78% of samples from the 24 districts were not suitable for consumption based on their salt contents. A knowledge base and inference engine were developed as the main components of the fuzzy rule-based system.
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Save water and safe water evaluation of design and storage period on water quality of rainwater harvesting system
1. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol 2, No.10, 2012
Save water and safe water: Evaluation of design and storage period
on water quality of rainwater harvesting system
Tallal Bin Aftab1, Syed Ali Hasnain1*, Syed Rashad Iqbal2
* Email of the corresponding author: alihassnain18@hotmail.com
1. Department of Environmental Sciences, Sustainable Water Sanitation Health and Development Programme,
COMSATS University of Science & Technology, Abbottabad, Pakistan
2. Department of Engineering, Shinas College of Technology, Sultanate of Oman
3. Department of Information Technology, Shinas College of Technology, Sultanate of Oman
Abstract
The present research has been aimed to assess the appropriateness of different aspects of rooftop rainwater harvesting
system as an alternative of ground water installed at Chitra Topi. 25 households were purposively selected for the
collection of relevant data with the help of interview schedules, focus group discussions, and water sampling.
Average rooftop area of surveyed households was 100 m2. Ideal storage system and proper management of surplus
during peak seasons can ensure water availability throughout the year. From quality perspective, there are few issues
in the physical, chemical and microbiological parameters. But by the introduction of simple components there
problems can be rectified to a large extent. Based on results, it is concluded that rain water harvesting systems were
shown to be a relatively low cost option for improving a households’ geographical and temporal access to a water
source, increasing convenience and decreasing collection times.
Keywords: Rainwater, Harvesting, Design, Water quality
1. Introduction
The quantity and quality of water in many low-income countries is grim and is getting worse (Rahman et al., 2003).
During the twentieth century the use of rainwater harvesting techniques declined around the world, partly due to the
provision of large, centralized water supply schemes such as dam building projects, groundwater development and
piped distribution systems (Devi et al, 2005). Rainwater harvesting (RWH) primarily consists of the collection,
storage and subsequent use of captured rainwater as either the principal or as a supplementary source of water
(Fewkes, 2006). Examples exist of systems that provide water for domestic, commercial, institutional and
industrial purposes as well as agriculture, livestock, groundwater recharge, flood control, process water and as an
emergency supply for firefighting (Gould and Nissen-Peterson, 1999; Konig, 2001; Datar, 2006). The provision of
safe drinking water supply during the dry season makes women’s daily lives much easier. The cisterns liberate
women from the chore of fetching water daily (Hatibu et al., 1999). However, in the last few decades there has been
an increasing interest in the use of harvested water with an estimated 100,000,000 people worldwide currently
utilizing a rainwater system of some description (Heggen, 2000). Rainwater is not a reliable water source in times of
dry period or prolonged drought (Tallon et al., 2005). Research has shown that the initial “first flush” of runoff is
more polluted than subsequent flows and that the concentration of contaminants associated with a given rainfall
event tend to reduce exponentially with time. Although rooftop runoff was found to have higher chemical pollutant
levels than that of the rainwater alone (Melidis et al., 2007). Therefore, diverting the initial portion of runoff
generated by a storm away from the storage device will mean that the quality of water entering storage is improved
and the need for subsequent treatment reduced or even eliminated altogether (Wu et al, 2003; Martinson and Thomas,
2005). Knowing that constituents have the possibility of being present in the collected rainwater leads to the task of
addressing the concern. (Kim et al., 2005). The initial periods of runoff from rainwater catchments contain the
highest levels of contamination due to constituents being washed off of the roof surfaces. Due to the fact that the
initial periods contain the highest levels of contamination, diverting this water can reduce the concentration of
contaminants in the storage component of rainwater harvesting systems (Coombes et al., 2000). These contaminants
are most likely transferred to the catchment surface as a result of contact with animals such as birds, rodents, and
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insects. Typical, healthy adults tend to tolerate the low levels of bacteria that are present in properly maintained
rainwater harvesting systems although the effect of these contaminants, just like others, are amplified in the very
young, elderly, and those with weakened immune systems (Lye, 1996). Understanding the quality of runoff from
rooftop surfaces and their potential for public health concerns reinforces the need for use of a first flush diverter as
an additional level of protection (Evans et al., 2006). Water supply through pipe is a conventional wisdom for
supplying water (Abbott et al., 2006). The purpose of this study is to assess a sustainability of rainwater harvesting
system installed at Chirta Topi in District Bagh, Azad Jammu and Kashmir. The importance of rain water for
drinking purpose is often ignored; in fact the harvested rainwater has enough potential to fulfill all the basic water
requirements of the people of AJK and Pakistan if managed. Objectives of present research are to study the potential
and design of rainwater harvesting systems installed in Chitra Topi, AJK and to assess the water quality of the
harvested rainwater.
2. Material and Methods
2.1 Epistemological approach
A descriptive research systematically describes a situation, problem, services provided to people, preferences of
people, living conditions of a community and attitude of a community towards an issue (Kumar 2008: 10).
Descriptive studies answer questions like ‘what’, ‘where’, ‘when’ and ‘how’.
2.2 Quantitative and Qualitative research
Quantitative research is generally associated with the positivist/post-positivist paradigm. A correlational research is
focused to find a relationship among various aspects of a situation (Kumar 2008). The objectives to be achieved for
this research work demanded both qualitative and quantitative data collection with dominating contribution of the
quantitative research approach while in qualitative research, the collected data are more in a verbal and pictorial form
than in a numerical one. There is also a tendency to incorporate an integral and in-depth comprehension of
phenomena in as natural a setting as possible, as well as in the context of concrete circumstances (Mesec, 1998). It is
a general belief that the concept of reliability and validity are coined for the quantitative research approaches but the
idea is now equally applied to the qualitative research also.
2.3 Universe of study
The study area for this research is Chitra Topi, a village in district Bagh, Azad Jammu and Kashmir. The reason for
the selection of Chitra Topi was that a pilot project of rainwater harvesting system was launched by ERRA Pakistan
with the financial support of OXFAM Pakistan and Implemented by Maqsood Welfare Foundation (AJK) in 2008. It
was the first ever initiative on RWHS by Government of Pakistan. 50 households were selected after a need based
survey; also two high schools and one mosque were benefited by it. This initiative helped almost 50 households
consisting on almost 310 individuals, particularly women who are mainly responsible for fetching water for their
family’s use. At Rural Health Centre (RHC), not only the residential staff benefited by this project but at OPD where
daily almost 90 to 100 patients come to get the treatment. In the schools 470 boys, 346 girls and 37 staff members are
getting benefit by this project, whereas at mosque indirectly all the village community are benefited by this facility.
2.4 ample unit
Households (HH) of the village were selected as unit of analysis and household heads (HHH) as the majority of
respondents. Household heads have important role in decision making towards adoption or rejection of certain
interventions at household level and as a result their usage. All the house hold decisions are, to a large extent
acceptable to all HH members in the rural areas of the developing countries.
2.5 Sampling technique and sampling size
The total population of the Chitra Topi village is two thousand four hundred and eight (2408). The total numbers of
household in the village are four hundred and nineteen (419). The total numbers of household with rooftop RWHS
were fifty (50). Only four (4) households had a painted GI (Galvanized Iron) Sheets rooftop. Remaining forty six (46)
households had unpainted simple GI sheets. The sampling technique used in this research is the Purposive Systematic
Sampling. Two sampling techniques were simultaneously incorporated in the research, purposive and systematic. The
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reason for selecting these two sampling technique was that the purpose was to select a household with RWHS and to
get a feedback from the households having rooftop RWHS. Table 1 shows the sample size for water quality analysis
of the harvested rainwater.
Table 1 Sample size for water quality analysis of the harvested rainwater
Area/Place No. of samples
Households with painted GI Roof Sheets 04
Households without painted GI Roof Sheets 21
From Masjid (Mosque) 01
From Primary School 01
From Rural Health Centre 01
Total 28
2.6 Research design
A cross-sectional study design was applied to collect the data from the field. This design is best suited to ascertain
any problem, an ongoing process, situation, problems, attitude or issue, by taking a cross section of the population.
These studies are useful in representing an overall picture of the situation prevailing at that nick of time at which
contact is being made with the study community (Babbie 1989). These studies are economical to conduct as only one
contact is usually made with the study population and analysis is also easy (Kumar 2008).
2.7 Interview schedule
Questions were asked in national language Urdu. No difficulty was faced during the interview schedule in interacting
with the respondents and to minutely observe the behavior and actions of the respondents shown in terms of the
gestures. Interview schedule was conducted both with males and females of the village. The interview schedule
comprised of both open ended and closed ended questions, and the interview conduction was an interactive and
continuous process as questions were continuously redesigned throughout the research work so as to incorporate the
deficiencies.
2.8 Transect walk and personal observation
This information resulted to understand the water scarcity problem and helped in the design and implementation
process of Rooftop rain water harvesting structures. Daily activities of the study population and timing of different
activities were also keenly observed so as to know the time at which respondents can be approached for data
collection with minimum possibility of disturbing their routine activities. A systemic walk with the local of the area
observed, asked, listened and discussed the resources is very helpful in seeking the problems faced by the people,
solutions sought for them, and opportunities available (Chambers, 1997).
2.9 Water sampling & data analysis
For the purpose to collect water samples, 28 of the samples were collected from household rainwater tank (Tap
water). Samples were collected, leaving a ½ inch or cm space at the top of the bottle or filled the sterilized bottle up
to 75% of the volume. Then caped the bottle and proceed to the laboratory for the experiments. To analyze the
physiochemical parameters for drinking water quality, the data should compare with the World Health Organization
(WHO) limit for the drinking water quality.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1 Design along with components of RRWHS (rooftop rainwater harvesting system) in Chitra Topi
Rainwater collection systems are commonly believed to provide safe drinking water without treatment because the
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collection surfaces (roofs) are isolated from many of the usual sources of contamination (e.g. sanitation systems).
The purpose of this research is to outline best-practice and sustainable techniques for rainwater collection systems in
order to produce good water quality. This design was chosen by OXFAM, MWF and ERRA after considering the
following factors: Type and size of catchment area, local rainfall data and weather patterns, family size, length of the
drought period, alternative water sources, and cost of the rainwater harvesting system. Even though all the mentioned
factors were considered before the finalization of the design still there are many drawbacks in the design of the
RRWHS.
3.2 Roof material used in Chitra Topi
3.2.1 Non painted galvanized iron (GI) sheets
Out of the fifty households that were provided with RRWHS, forty six were using the non-painted GI sheets.
According to established literature mentioned above it is clear that these GI sheets are the best option for RRWHS.
Also the water quality analysis from the non-painted GI sheets showed no metal or chemical presence.
3.2.2 Painted galvanized iron sheets
Only four households are using a painted GI sheet for the rooftop rainwater harvesting. These households were not
intimidated by designing and the implementing partners that water gets polluted by toxic chemicals and metals
during the harvesting. Therefore, the water quality was tested in order to analyze the presence of the heavy metals
and chemicals. High concentration of lead presence was detected far more than the permissible limit by W.H.O, as
presented and discussed in Graph 1.
3.2.3 Gutters
The selection of gutter material was according to the standard specifications of the RWHS. The material used in
Chitra Topi for guttering was PVC. The guttering material showed no contamination, as the water quality analysis
was conducted regularly.
3.3 Effect of storage on physiochemical and microbiological parameters of water in summer
The water samples were collected and analyzed for the effect of storage period on the harvested rainwater quality in
April. April is a hot month in which temperature remains within the range of 28-25oC. In this month due to high
temperature, the microbial activity was observed to be relatively higher than December. The number of E.Coli and
total coliforms was relatively higher than in December. Therefore, the pH of the harvested water showed a significant
decline. This was due to the increased rate of decomposition of organic material by the microorganism as their
number was increasing at a high rate as seen in figure 1.
Figure1: Effect of storage on physical and microbiological parameters of rainwater
3.4 Turbidity variations with seasonal change
According to the W.H.O the permissible limit of the turbidity is 5 NTU. The turbidity of all the 28 samples was
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analyzed in the months of December, March and April. Accumulatively 84 samples were analyzed thorughout these
months. The water samples having tubidity above the permissible milit were 96% and only 4% of the samples were
having tubidity within the permissible range. December being a dry month, therefore not even a single sample was
found within the permissible range. However, march and april received heavy rainfall but still 96% of the water
samples were having high turbidity.
3.5 Total hardness variations with seasonal change
The total hardness of all the water samples was found within the permissible range according to W.H.O standards.
The permissible range of the total hardness is 500 mg/l. averagely the total hardness of the water samples lied within
the range of 30-40 mg/l. Therefore, the total hardness was found perfect in compliance with the drinkable water
standards. The two primary factors affecting toxicity of metals in rain water runoff are pH and hardness, because
lower pH or hardness causes an increase in toxicity (Heggen, R.J. 2000). A decrease in pH leads to more metals
existing in bioavailable free ionic form. The lower pH will lead to an increase in the dissolved fraction and
presumably an increase in the reactivity (toxicity) and mobility of those trace metals. An increase in pH causes
formation of insoluble hydroxides and oxides, which are then less bioavailable then the free ions themselves. This
trend is especially true for zinc and lead (Dempsey et al., 1993).
3.6 Lead Contamination
Only four houses out of fifty households with RRWHS facility were using the painted GI roof sheets. Samples from
all the four households were collected in December, March and April respectively. In all the samples lead presence
was detected above the permissible limit of W.H.O water quality standards. The permissible limit of lead is 0.01 mg/l.
but the lead was found significantly higher than the acceptable levels. All the samples were tested for iron presence
but iron was not detected in any of the water sample. Therefore, the water quality analysis suggests that the water
should be treated before used for domestic purposes.
3.7 Total coliforms variation with seasonal change
The water samples were tested for total coliforms. 98% of the water samples showed a huge presence of total
coliforms. Total coliforms were tested negative for only 2% of the water samples. The trend of the total coliforms
showed increase with the progression of months. December showed the lowest cumulative amount of total coliforms
as December is relatively cooler than March and April. In April the total coliforms were recorded at a high rate. This
shows that the temperature variation from cold to hot increased the number of coliforms in the water.
3.8 Shortcomings of the design
Important components missing in the design of the RRWHS in Chitra Topi were the first flush diverter, filter screen
and chlorination for disinfection. These are very crucial to the RWHS, as the water quality is directly affected by
them.
4. Conclusions
Domestic rainwater harvesting is relatively simple and readily available technology for water provision. Rooftop
rainwater harvesting has a lot of potential to conserve potable water for onsite consumption and reduces dependency
of a household on other water resources. Majority of the residents in the study area have access to a source of water
that is neither fully fit as per WHO requirements nor adequately meets household water needs. In village Chitra
Topi water access point is two kilometer away from a household (on average) which takes a total collection time
about two hours. Physical, chemical and micro-biological analysis of rainwater shows that rainwater has the ability
to be a perfect alternative of permanent water supply in Chitra Topi. The water quality can be improved by the
introduction of screen filter, first flush diverter, chlorination, a slow sand filter, regular cleaning and maintenance of
the catchment area before rainfall events. An increased price of potable water would encourage investment in
rainwater harvesting systems because they offer a long-term inexpensive supply of water after the initial capital
investment. This system should be introduced both at rural and urban areas of Pakistan.
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