A Study On Water Treatment

A Study On Water Treatment
Chapter 3 – Water Treatment
The next stage in this journey is where the raw water reaches the inlet at Lochranza Water Treatment
Works (WTW) (see fig. 6.). This works was opened in 1999 in order to replace the basic
chlorination plant that was in operation since the 1970's. Lochranza WTW provides high quality
drinking water to a combined population of approximately 500 customers in the villages of
Lochranza, Catacol and Pirnmill.
Fig. 6 Lochranza Water Treatment Works
Inlet Works
Similar to many burn sources, the raw water at Easan Biorach is both variable in quality and
quantity especially during periods of rainfall. Lowland raw water sources are traditionally a poorer
quality as they are normally located near populated areas exposed to sewerage, recreation,
agriculture and industry. This makes treatment more expensive as the raw water can contain
suspended solids, dissolved minerals and be high in colour. This however is not the case in
Lochranza, because of its rural location there is very little exposure to pollution and a complicated
treatment process is not necessary.
Historically water treatment in Lochranza has been very basic as the raw water quality from the
Eason Biorach is generally of a good standard. However there are standards set by the Water Supply
(Water Quality) (Scotland) Regulations 2001 with regards to water quality that Scottish Water must
adhere to and the following treatment processes are in place.
Raw water from the Easan
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Sydney Water Eastern Sewerage Treatment Plant Site Report
Melbourne Water Eastern Sewerage Treatment plant Site Report There are several different
technologies used at the Eastern Treatment Plant for treating sewerage until it becomes Class A
treated effluent. An overview of the process can be seen in Figure 1 below: Figure 1: A schematic
diagram showing the overall sewerage treatment process (Melbournewater.com.au nd.) Grit
filtration is used to begin the removal of some solids and large objects and rubbish that end up in
sewerage such as plastics, condom wrappers and toys by passing the water through two filters
(Melbournewater.com.au nd.). Sedimentation and flocculation collection begins the remove solids as
they settle out under very still conditions and hydrophobic components which are ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The remnant sludge is dried leaving a biosolid high in metals and contaminants which is considered
unsafe for human contact and is currently stored onsite (Melbourne Water 2014). As with most
technology the definition of state of the art is incredibly subjective and is rooted in social and
economic issues (Diaper & Sharma 2007). For the treatment of sewerage this is particularly true and
it is hard to separate technology from social and economic issues, as such both will be addressed
together. Currently most of the technology used is state of the art based on the on recent
implementation of the new upgrade to the treatment process by the addition of tertiary processing
(Melbourne Water 2014). There are always improvements in technology that could be implemented
but when taking in to consideration the low economic viability of many new technologies for a
commercial scale at the present time, the current technology is cutting edge for its purpose and cost
(Melbourne Water 2014). As new technology becomes more economical than this question will have
to be readdressed. For example a state of the art water treatment technology that could be employed
would be any pressure driven membrane filtration such as reverse osmosis, nanofiltration,
ultrafiltration, and microfiltration make the Category A treated effluent in to

Will Sewage Treatment Plants Have Effect On Water Birds '...
Will sewage treatment plants have effect on water birds' persistence and distribution?
Longji Deng, 100189430, Group 8
Introduction:
Anthropogenic climate warming has elevated the global temperature, and it has risen faster during
the last 40 years. There is no doubt that the temperature change has affected the biological process
of birds such as wintering, migration and breeding. (K Meller 2016) Also the increasing temperature
can cause a poleward geographical distribution.( Rachael H, et al, 2006)
It is certain that artificial ponds have positive effect on water birds ' breeding and migration as ponds
can provide more food and a safe space, these factors finally result in changing the distribution.
(Sánchez–Zapata J A, Anadón J D, Carrete M, et al. 2015) .
Sewage treatment plants are really common and important infrastructures as they play a significant
part in daily life. Almost every river people can find at least one plants. Due to they can be
considered as special artificial ponds, they may have effects on distribution and persistence of water
birds. According to some article, we find that they do have effect of shorebirds (Jose A. Alves, et al,
2012) However, there are no articles about if the sewage treatment plants have effect of water birds '
distribution and persistence. If they do have effect, we still try to find out it 's a negative effect or a
positive effect. We also try to find is there any different effects between the secondary plants and the

Energy And Water Quality Of Municipal Water Supply And...
Reference
Barry, J. A. (2007): Watergy: Energy and Water Efficiency in Municipal Water Supply and
Wastewater Treatment. Cost–Effective Savings of Water and Energy.The Alliance to Save Energy.
Bates, B. C., Kundzewicz, Z. W., Wu, S. (2008): Climate change and water.Technical Paper of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Ipcc Secretariat. Vol. 128(5): pp. 343–355.
Bose, B. K. (2006): Power Electronics and Motor Drives: Advances and Trends. Amsterdam:
AcademicBose, Bimal K. (2011). (PDF). Doha,Qatar. p. 12.Retrieved Feb 8, 2012.
Bose, B. K. (2009): Power Electronics and Motor Drives Recent Progress and Perspective. IEEE
Transactions on Industrial Electronics. Vol. 56 (2): pp. 581–588.
Bose, B. K. (2009): The Past, Present, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Diego Rosso et al. (2008) Aeration of large–scale municipal wastewater treatment plants: state of the
art. Water Science & Technology–WST Vol 57 No 7 pp 973–978 .
EPA SA (1999) South Australian Reclaimed Water Guidelines. Treated Effluent Department of
Human Services and EPA Government of South Australia, Australia ISBN 0 642 320017. 7.
(accessed 27 July, 2009).
F. Hernández–Sancho et al (2011): Energy efficiency in Spanish wastewater treatment plants: A
non–radial DEA approach. Science of The Total Environment.Volume 409, Issue 14, 15 June 2011,
Pages 2693–2699.
Feng, D. S., Zhang, Z. H. and Zhang, J. H. (n.d.): The Application of Frequency Conversion Energy
Saving Technology In Sewage Treatment. Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Motor System
Energy Saving Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200063, China.
Gleick, P. H. (1993): Water in Crisis: A Guide to the World 's Freshwater Resources. Oxford
University Press.
Henze M. (2002) Wastewater Treatment: Biological and Chemical Processes. Springer.
Horan N. J. (1990) Biological Wastewater Treatment Systems.Wiley, Chichester.
Jackson, R. S. (2000): Wine Science: Principles, Practice, Perception. United States: Elsevier.
Jenkins, T. (2013): Aeration Control System Design: A Practical Guide to Energy and Process
Optimization.
Li, J. Y., Wang, J. H., Fan, Y. F. and Zhou, Y. J. (2007): Application of Aeration Volume Control
System to Energy Saving and Consumption–reducing in WWTP. China water and wastewater.Vol.

The First Experiments Of Water Treatment
"A plumber is an adventurer who traces leaky pipes to their source" (Arthur Baer). We have all
heard the saying, "The plumber protects the health of the nation", but what does that really mean?
Plumbing has been around since 6500 BC, maybe even longer. Ancient water wells were found in
the Jezreel Valley, which historians date to be thousands of years old. This was one of the first signs
of plumbing in the ancient world. The Ancient Greek civilizations evolved plumbing, being the first
ones to use underground clay pipes for water distribution and sanitation. They were also one of the
first ones to create and use flush toilets. The 54Roman Empire used indoor plumbing to get water to
individuals inside buildings and homes. Plumbing is responsible for bringing water to people,
because people cannot survive without water. as we got into the modern age, plumbing started to
evolve. The first experiments of water treatment were happening in the early modern age. This
would enable the supply of clean, potable water to everyone. Plumbers are now responsible for the
maintenance and sanitation of all water supply systems and treatment plants. Plumbing is one of the
most important job in the world because plumbers are responsible for providing clean healthy water
needed to live, plumbers are responsible for providing water efficiency needed to avoid the serious
world water shortage and plumbers also help provide a safe non–polluted environment. Plumbing is
one of the most

Desalination Water Treatment Of Water
Desalination Water Plant is a water filtration plant that takes salt water from the ocean and turn it
into fresh drinking water. Although the desalination process has been around for centuries,
desalination plants allowing large–scale treatment of water didn 't come until the 1950s. In the year
2002, 12,500 desalination plants in 120 countries provided 14 million cubic meters per day of fresh
drinking water (Ackerman, 2012).
Desalination process includes:
Thermal Processes
Thermal desalination is a process of cleaning water that includes removing salt and as well as other
toxins. Thermal desalination is the process of heating the water solution and gathering pure water
when the vapor cools and condensation occurs. It also involves the heating of blackish water and
collecting the condensed vapor (distillate) to create pure water (American Membrane Technology
Association, 2007).
Evaporative processes (vapor phase) are used for seawater conversion. Vapor phase consists of the
following methods:
Multi–Stage Flash Distillation is a process in which seawater is distilled by flashing a portion of the
water into steam in several periods of countercurrent heat exchangers. Seawater is heated in the
brine heater. Heated seawater flows into another vessel, called a stage. In this vessel, ambient
pressure is lower, causing the water to instantly boil (Buros, 2000, p. 7). Figure 1. MSP Process
(Source: Roplant website)
Multi–effect Distillation (MED) is used for industrial

Dysfunction in Relation to Water Balance and Its Possible...
Lauren Walmsley
Unit 13 – Task 4
Jayne Catley
Due in – W/C June 1st
Explain dysfunction in relation to water balance and its possible treatments (P5) & Discuss
dysfunction in relation to water balance and its possible treatments (M3)
In this assignment I am going to be discussing dysfunction in relation to water balance and its
possible treatments. Oedema which is the medical term for fluid retention in the body and it is one
of the signs and symptoms of kidney dysfunction, which is caused by the imbalance of water within
the body e.g. a build–up of fluid causes affected tissue to become swollen and this can occur in one
particular part of our bodies and this is usually the case with Oedema that occurs as a result of
Kidney failure. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is no cure for CKD however it can be treated to relieve symptoms and give the patient a better
life and to stop the condition becoming worse. During the early stages of CKD treatments can be
given by your GP and mainly involve lifestyle changes such as becoming healthy, doing more
exercise and taking certain medicines to assist in controlling blood pressure which then prevents
further damage to the kidneys. However if the disease gets worse to the point where the kidneys stop
working and functioning properly either a kidney transplant or dialysis which will be explained
more in D2 more and it can impact a patient's life a lot.
On placement, there were a lot of residents who had high blood pressure and diabetes, their diet was
watched carefully as they needed to keep their cholesterol and blood pressure low to prevent
pressure to the organs and they could eat too many sugars as the glucose would have built up in their
kidneys which may have caused kidney disease.
Acute Kidney Injury
This is sudden injury to the kidneys which stops them working instantly or nearly instantly, AKI can
range from the kidneys only to stop functioning slightly or to completely stop working. Due to the
name of it some people think that it is physical injury or blow to the kidneys however it is a result in
complications of other conditions. It is usually seen in older people who are very unwell and get
admitted to hospital, it's vital that AKI is detected quickly as if AKI

The And Newly Emerging Storm Water Treatment Technologies...
In this research report, a technical comparison is made and analysed between the current and newly
emerging storm water treatment technologies. Report indicated the following: (a) soil disturbance
increased the TSS and turbidity in the runoff; (b) correlations were observed between TSS and
particulate runoff concentrations of chromium, copper, and zinc, indicating that solids removal may
reduce total metals concentrations; and (c) The strong necessity to switch for new innovative
techniques of treating storm water. The first concern when investigating innovative treatment
methods is determining the needed level of storm water control. Specific treatment goals usually
specify about 90% reductions in suspended solids concentrations. In most storm waters, this would
require the removal of most particulates greater than about 10 μm in diameter, which is about 1% of
the 1 mm size to prevent sewerage deposition problems. Numerous manufacturers have developed
proprietary devices to treat storm water runoff. These devices have been designed to treat one or
more of the common storm water pollutants – solids, metals, oil and grease, nutrients and bacteria.
Research has shown that combining new treatment technologies provides the best overall treatment
efficiencies. KEYWORDS: Storm water, Treatment Technologies, Comparison Analysis.
INTRODUCTION:– As we hear the term, storm water treatment systems: a comparison between
current and newly emerging treatment technologies, the first

Effects Of Hot Water Treatment On Germination Of Acacia...
Effect of Hot Water Treatment on Germination of Acacia falcata seeds
Chaarvee Sood Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
Introduction
Germination process for acacia species takes variety of factors and not necessarily that all species
would take one coherent measures in order to germinate. Acacia falcata is one of the species for
which the germination process could be easily being noted through treatment of boiling water.
Although keeping in check that other suitable methodology can be taken to find results. Through
several research conducted in the area of germination in acacia, it is now transparent that varieties of
acacia seeds remain dormant in the soil and years may elapse until they all the viable seeds
germinate. According to (Harding, 1940), the reason behind this dormancy is due to the coat of the
seed of many acacia species to be thick, hard and highly polished. Hence reducing the moisture
penetration to be a very slow process in natural conditions. According to the research in (Harding,
1940), it has been immensely shown that boiling water can improve the germination rate of acacia
species. Particularly, Acacia pycnantha which was shown to highly germinate when dipped in boiled
water for 5 seconds which had a percentage of 72.5%. However further study in (Harding, 1940)
showed that Acacia pycnantha showed

Blacktown Water Treatment Plant Project Brief
Blacktown Water Treatment Plant
Project Brief
Version: 1.1 Date: 8/22/2014
Copy: Uncontrolled
Document Acceptance and Release Notice
This is Version 1.1 of the Blacktown Water Treatment Plant Project Brief.
Title:
Blacktown Water Treatment Plant.
Background:
This treatment plant is designed to remove potentially harmful substances from waste water. It also
includes safe effluent discharge and production of agro–ash. This is the process diagram of the
treatment plant:
[pic]
Process flow – step 1 Preliminary treatment bar screen
Removal of large objects As wastewater enters ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The filters consist of finely crushed coal, about one meter in depth, and sand, half a meter in depth.
This provides the final step in the treatment process.
Process flow – step 6 Chlorination/dechlorination Chlorine is added to the effluent to disinfect any
remaining microbiological pathogens; this takes at least half an hour. The effluent is then treated
with sulphur dioxide gas to remove excess chlorine, which would be harmful to the river ecosystem.
The effluent is then ready for discharge into the river.
Process flow – step 7 Solids separation and incineration The sludge and scum, removed in step 2 of

the process, are dealt with separately. The sludge is stored in a sludge holding tank where it is then
pumped to the centrifuge at a controlled rate. Polymers are added to the sludge to aid in the
thickening of the sludge during this process. Water is separated from the sludge by spinning in a
centrifuge to form a thick, muddy substance known as "cake", a process known as "dewatering".
The cake is then conveyed to the furnace where it is incinerated at 750–1000°C to produce Agri–
Ash. The scum, however, is stored in a heated tank to thicken it prior to its transfer to the furnace,
where it is also incinerated. Approximately 700,000 litres of sludge is treated each day to produce 47
tonnes of dewatered solids. After

Water Quality, Treatment And Supply Challenges Of Loudoun...
This paper presents the local water issues of water quality, treatment and supply challenges of
Loudoun County in Northern Virginia along with some of the strategies to address the problems and
keep up with the development and growth. Keywords: Quality, Challenges and Opportunities
analysis, Economic, Geographic and Technological analysis Loudoun County Virginia Water
Challenges and Impacts Loudoun County, Virginia is located in one of the most northern regions of
Virginia in what's considered the Piedmont area that also boarders the Blue Ridge Mountains.
Loudoun County has become a destination for some of the most affluent people in the U.S. for its
rolling hills, farmland and the exponential urban growth through smart planning. With this growth
comes one of Loudoun's major issues, water. Loudoun has dynamic challenges when it comes to its
water. Exponential growth has put a severe strain on the aged water treatment facilities and the
encroachment on rural areas threatens the natural well supplies. Within this area, the land contains
many natural minerals such as crystalline, igneous and metamorphic rock along with areas of
sedimentary rocks (Benham, 2010). For the most part within this area, the largest concentrations of
water are usually close to the surface or just down under a hundred to two hundred feet. Here in lies
one of the major issues of water quality as these minerals can result in tremendous challenges of
water quality along with the amount of water that can

Water Pollution Essay
As the earth is heating due to global warming caused by pollution, the temperatures are rising and
creating a shift in the water environment, slowly damaging the earth. As this continues, more birds
are getting stuck in six pack plastic rings, turtles are getting straws stuck up their nose, and more
penguins are getting oil stuck in their feathers. The looks of the atrocious scenes shown above, have
created a worsening economy for the tourism industry, "polluted rivers are marrying the reputation
of our nation's capital, when the rivers are dirty it influences tourists in a negative way." (Corporate
Pollution n.pag.). When tourists come here expecting beautiful scenery and are greeted with trashy
beaches, including a dead whale on shore, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Air stripping is the process of moving air through contaminated groundwater or surface water,
making dangerous chemicals turn from a liquid to a gas state, causing them to no longer be a
harmful substance. This is also a more cost efficient solution to decontaminate the water before it
harms more people. Other ways to avoid contaminated waters are soil vapor extraction which
removes chemicals from soil before the soil can come in contact with large bodies of water. Or
granular activated carbon (GAC) which removes the chemicals directly from the water itself, but its
prices are increasing as it is in high demand. One person may not be able to change the status of
water is ways like these, but several people have created a massive difference in picking up trash of
the beaches and stopping pollution this way. An organization named Trash Free Seas is dedicated to
creating cleaner oceans, it was originally started in nineteen eighty five and since then they have
collected over two hundred and thirty million pounds of trash, and has over twelve thousand
growing members. (Trash Free Seas n.pag.). The oceans are in desperate need of laws helping
people like these to clean up the oceans, that make it easier for tools to be accessed to make of
inventions like air stripping possible for all contaminated waters. To ensure our waters are
uncontaminated and make the earth a cleaner, safer place.
The laws needed to make a solid

Industrial Water And Wastewater Treatment
Industrial Water and Wastewater Treatment Name Course Facilitator Date Table of Contents
Executive summary 2 The Current Environmental Impact of Animal Waste Water in Australia 4
Practices Used to Address Animal Waste Water 5 Potential Progressive Solutions for the Australian
Animal Industry and Water Integrity 6 Current or potential technologies that are used to address
these problems 8 Conclusion 9 Recommendations 10 References 11 Executive summary In
Australia, animals are major resources in the food production. They are different kinds of raring
animals, which depend on the kind of outcome intended from the animal. There is the practice of
poultry, which is done differently. There are chicken kept for eggs, these are the layers, and those
kept for meat, which are the broilers. There are also cattle farming practiced in the country. Cattle
are kept for either meat or dairy farming. For the dairy cattle, most farmers prefer to practice zero
grazing. There is much water used in the different kinds of farming. For the dairy farmers who
practice zero grazing, there use a lot of water raring and maintaining the cattle. The sheds are
cleaned often, with most farmers cleaning the sheds every morning. It is an indication that a lot of
water is used in the entire process, with much more going to waste. Several strategies are being
embraced to help in reducing the amount of water used and being wasted in the long run. This is
also to help with

Microorganisms Can Easily Be Found From Water
Microorganisms can easily be found in water. In third world countries, this can pose a huge threat,
because lots of people can get sick from drinking water. SODIS is a method used by many in
undeveloped countries as means of attaining microbe–free water. It involves allowing water to stay
exposed to sunlight in order to kill whatever microbes are living in it. For this experiment, microbial
diversity was determined by collecting a sample of water of different from shaded water and water
directly hit by the sunlight. Microbes were then cultured for 7 days. The abundance of the different
colony types was then counted. Results exhibited that the community from the light area was more
biodiverse. It was concluded that a possible reason for this is due to the different structures of
bacteria, allowing some of them to sustain the light and others to be restricted by it. Since SODIS
relies on light to kill microorganisms, it should be accompanied by another method that will also kill
the bacteria that may survive in the water after being treated in the sunlight.
Introduction
Microbes are any organism that can't be seen with the naked eye. They can be classified as bacteria,
protists, fungi and sometimes even parasites. Many different types of microbes can exist within a
community, which means that they have the potential to have a high species diversity (Reece et. al.
2014). Found virtually anywhere, microbes can range from being very beneficial for the
environment to being

Fluoride As A Safe And Effective Way Of The Dental Health...
Visiting a dentist, in most cases, is not exactly an event that someone looks forward to. Oral hygiene
is important in making sure that no problems arise for teeth, however, and the issue of unhealthy
teeth has been combatted by advertisements, and more recently, the additive of fluoride into tap
water. Fluoride has been important in the process of improving the dental health of Americans; after
the addition of fluoride into tap water, tooth decay decreased drastically among Americans and most
significantly among young children. It's argued, however, that fluoride is dangerous, not required,
and a violation of someone 's rights by being added to water. In reality, fluoride is a safe and
effective way to prevent tooth decay by being added ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This statement assumes that enough fluoride is added to water to harm whomever is drinking it; the
actual amount of fluoride in drinking water is in the range of 0.7 to 1.2 parts per million. To help
visualize that amount, just one part per million is one minute out of two years. For fluoride to be
harmful to humans, someone would have to ingest 5 to 10 grams in the same sitting, the same as
needing to drink more than 10,000 glasses of tap water at the same time, which is physically
impossible. In fact, the human stomach can only hold about 34 ounces at it's capacity, not close to
the 80,000 ounces of tap water someone would need to ingest to die. Before getting close to being
harmed by fluoride, water intoxication would potentially kill the individual. Not enough fluoride is
added to have chronic effects too. Chronic fluoride toxicity occurs after being exposed to fluoride
for long periods of times, developing after 10 years. Nevertheless, the amount added to fluoride is
not enough to develop chronic fluoride toxicity. Therefore, the amount of fluoride added to water
has no ill effects on populations.
It's claimed that the addition of fluoride into the drinking water is unlawful as people who do not
want fluoride in their water should not be forced to drink it. This claim has never help up in a court
of law; in fact, the courts believe that fluoridation is good for public health and welfare,
"Fluoridation is viewed by the courts a

Buffalo Pound Water Treatment Plant: Case Study
The Buffalo Pound Water Treatment Plant is the prime source of water to the cities Regina and
Moose Jaw. The City of Regina owns approximately 76% of the Plant while the City of Moose Jaw
owns approximately 24%. The Buffalo Pound Water Treatment Plant provides water to
approximately 250,000 customers. The primary water users are the Cities of Regina and Moose Jaw.
Secondary water users include Sask Water, Buffalo Pound Provincial Park and users of the farm
water stand located at the Plant. The Plant constructed in 1954, provides safe, high quality drinking
water to its customers. The mission of the plant , as stated on their official website,

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Water Treatment Of...
Notre Dame University
Faculty of Engineering
Department of Civil and environmental engineering
Water treatment of swimming pool
Group list: Name ID# signature Karim Taher 20093567 Joe El–Dahr 20101583 Ali Naboulsi
20101765 Mohamad Mroueh 20104009 Mohammad Harakeh 20103468 Naim Boustany 20101797
Prepared to: Dr. Sophia Ghanimeh
Date: May 31, 2015
Letter of acknowledgment
On behalf of the water treatment project of the swimming pool, we would like to acknowledge and
thank Dr.Elsy Ibrahim and Eng. Jules Hatem for the significant contributions of time and
commitment added value to the design process.
We appreciate the support and look forward to continue ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Advantages: Improvement In the method of nutrients and substances removal. Complete removal of
pathogens and microorganism. MBR operates on complete automation during steady state
conditions.
Disadvantages:
The most important disadvantages of using MBR are the cost of the system and its installation.
The available configurations of MBR system are "Submerged" and "External", in this study the
existence of "Submerged" membrane is more applicable.
Design process
Water source quality:
Water quality of springs in Lebanon varies from location to another. In this report, the location has
been set to be in Western Lebanese Mountains, at 500 m altitude. Based on study done by May
A.Massoud (faculty of health and sciences, AUB) on Damour River, which reflects similar
circumstances of this report study ,the water quality index(WQI) has been calculated over 10
sampling sites during 5 years (2005–2009) and the results are shown in the following table:

Table 1: Summary of WQI Results for the ten Sampling Sites over the 5–year Period 2005– 2009
Figure 3: Variation of the WQI along the Different Site over 5 years

Causes And Treatment Of Water Transportation Systems Essay
Diseases are not only being spread through airborne water, but they are also being spread by the
water used for bathing, drinking, cooking, etcetera. A technological system that has become
especially intertwined with everyday life is that of water transportation systems. Unless one is
linked to a well, household water most likely comes from an intricate system spread throughout the
city. These municipal water systems provide potable water to homes on a scale unimaginable before
this century; however, these same systems can be efficient conduits for causing epidemics. Most
water supplies in developed countries are effectively treated in municipal water treatment facilities.
However, in some circumstances, the treatment may be ineffective because of faulty procedures or
resistance of organism to the procedures. In large urban areas, distribution of contaminated water
can affect huge numbers of people. An example of this occurred in 1993 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin
when approximately 400,000 residents experienced gastrointestinal symptoms caused by
Cryptosporidium oocysts. Over 4,000 people required hospitalization during that outbreak. Besides
the water, the air is also potentially dangerous to one's health. As technology has increased, so has
the percentage of people living in urban environments. This has resulted in people living in closer
quarters to each other. When the number of individuals one encounters on a day to day basis
increases, so does the probability

Essay on Water Treatment Systems: Activated Sludge
Activated sludge (AS) has become one of the most widely used biological wastewater treatment
processes. The AS involves the transformation through metabolic processes of dissolved and
suspended wastewater substrate, consisting of organic, nitrogen and phosphorus compounds, to
settlable biological flocs and gases. (Sanin et al., 2006; Semblante et al., 2014). These flocs
containing biomass and inorganic matter are settled in secondary sedimentation chambers to
produce effluent that has low suspended solids concentration. A portion of the settled sludge is
returned to the beginning of the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in order to maintain a
desirable biomass concentration and process efficiency.
Constant mixed liquor suspended solids ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Metabolic changes and predating bacteria growth, occurring at high sludge retention time (SRT) and
deferent regimes (anaerobic, anoxic), result low observed sludge yields (Yobs) (Natuscka and
Welander, 1996; Loosdrecht and Henze, 1999). Towards the goal of zero net biomass production,
complete SRT was applied in this study resulting near zero Yobs values and an increase on MLSS
concentration high enough to create settling problems.
The efficiency of the activated sludge treatment process is correlated to an efficient solid–liquid
separation, which is strongly depended on the biomass settling properties (Govoreanu et al., 2003).
Efficient solid–liquid separation results from the aggregation of microbes and solids into activated
sludge flocs (bioflocs). An ideal biofloc is defined as one that is strong and compacts well so that it
settles properly producing a dense sludge for recycle to the bioreactor and a high quality effluent
(Nirupa, 2010). Bioflocculation has an impact both on settling properties and the dewaterability of
sludge. The final stage of biosolid–liquid separation is the settling process in secondary clarifiers
which is considered the limiting factor in producing high quality effluent. Poor bioflocculation in a
WWTP can result poor settling in the clarifiers, turbid effluent and adverse effects on dewatering
(Grady et al., 1999; Sanin et al., 2006; Nguyen et al., 2008).
Settling problems in activated sludge are often

The Treatment Of Water Treatment Essay
Water treatment is a process essential to our infrastructure and the reusability of water, and
electrostatics is at the heart of the interaction necessary for the operation to proceed. The general
treatment process is comprised of about 6 steps: pre–treatment, coagulation, flocculation,
sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection. Each one serves a specific purpose to the overall
clarification of the raw water, but coagulation and flocculation are the most broad in the removal of
contaminants in the water. These steps will be the focus of this paper. Water treatment is used
worldwide in order to create potable (i.e. drinkable) water from the raw water brought into a
treatment plant. Common sources for the raw water include nearby bodies of water and even
wastewater from homes or businesses which need to be treated to be reused. Increases in the
portability and efficiency of the processes involved could hopefully be readily implemented in more
impoverished areas of the world where potable water is a much more scarce resource. The pre–
treatment step is broken down into two main features: oxidation and chlorination. Oxidation mainly
serves to remove the inorganic contaminants from the water. For example, heavier metals such as
Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), and Lead (Pb). Oxidation involves the transfer of electrons between an
oxidizing agent (commonly MnO4– in water treatment) and the atom or molecule desired (the
inorganic metals). The oxidizing agent can accept electrons

The Effects Of Sludge Sewage On The Waste Water Treatment
The usefulness of sludge sewage also known as bio solids in the environment can't be
overemphasized. According to Renner, millions of tons of sewage sludge is produced each year[1].
Land filling, incineration and land application are the possible options for the disposal of the bio
solids resulting from the waste water treatment. Approximately six million tons of treated sludge
produced annually in the U.S is applied to the farmland[6]. This method of disposal is favored above
the other methods because it is used as a form of amendment for the purpose of improving the
condition of the soil. The treated sewage sludge or bio solid is rich in nutrients like nitrogen and
phosphorus and organic content which make it useful as fertilizers to stimulate the growth of plants
as well as enhance and maintain productive soils[5]. In addition to the nutrients contained in the bio
solids, there is also the presence of a multitude of metals, contaminants and pathogens. This caused
the issue of the bio solids application in the agricultural lands to be a disputatious issue globally
right from the time the Clean Water regulations were enacted since the late 1980's[1]. Sewage
sludge or Bio solids are the byproducts of domestic and industrial waste water treatment processes.
According to Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Part 503, sewage sludge is regarded as the
solid, semi solid or liquid remains that results from the treatment of sewage produced industrially
and

Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive
Table of content:
Table of content 1
1. Abstract : 2
2. Introduction : 2
3. Motive 3
4. Literature review 3
4.1 Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive 3
4.2 Why treat urban waste water? 3
4.3 Waste water treatment Maintenance 4
4.4 Health and Safety 5
4.5 Monitoring of waste water discharges to the environment 5
5. Objectives 5
6 .Project description 5
7. Time schedule using the Gantt chart 6
8. Outcomes 6
9. References 7
Table of figures:
Fig (1) Wastewater system in urban areas
............................................................................................................3
TABLE OF CHARTS:
Time schedule using the Gantt chart ........................................................................6
Abbreviations:
Public Private Partnership (PPP)
Code of practice (COP)
United Kingdom (UK)
United States (US)
Uniform Plumbing Code (UPC)
1. abstract:
The wastewater treatment is fundamental to arrange wastewater securely with no risk on individuals
' wellbeing and watercourses would not be contaminated from strong substances and different
poisons. The wastewater treatment likewise is vital in recuperating vitality and supplements from
wastewater. In any case, wastewater contaminations comprise of suspended solids, metals, inorganic
solids and biodegradable broke down natural mixes. Wastewater treatment is predominantly to

secure water quality inside nature. Particularly, through houses which are in un–sewered zones as
they should be given by suitable wastewater treatment framework which must be introduced
appropriately. A code of practice (COP) has been connected so

A Brief Note On The Water Treatment Systems
Water treatment systems The groundwater source is from GoldCentury gold mine, whereby excess
groundwater is pumped out of mine at a maximum volumetric flow rate of 477L/s. It contains
contaminants such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), heavy metal impurities, sulphates,
bicarbonates, microorganisms, dissolved minerals and objectionable gases, but focuses on the
removal of dissolved inorganic contaminants such as calcium and iron. The most prevalent
dissolved minerals which are Calcium and Magnesium, also known as hardness, can be removed by
precipitation, requiring softening steps. The purification system designed is based more on
efficiency over cost effectiveness. The purpose of treating the groundwater in this assignment, is to
purify it to drinking standards to hydrate mineworkers underground during heated, intense mine–
work operations, and for operating certain equipment and tools. Figure 1: Mine groundwater
treatment plant schematic Figure 1 shows the following unit operations: A settling tank is installed
to allow large particles such as to settle so that they can easily be removed. The retention time is
around 30 minutes or 0.5 hours. Aeration removes excess and objectable gases. A packed tower
stripping system is used which removes 99.95% (or 179.91mg/L) of VOCs. This process also
reduces the pH of the water and has a retention time of 22.716 minutes (0.3786hr). Chemical
precipitation is performed on larger molecules which make up the suspended solids

Bottled Water And Water Treatment Process Levels Essay
First, water is an important resource for consumers and the environment. Water is needed in the
body to maintain health and the body's mechanism. "People cannot survive without water resources
in their everyday lives, which cost, taste, or health factors the cause for choice and how water
consumption affects people and the environment" (Mythri, Chandu, Prashant, Subba, 2010, p. 515).
The challenge is understanding the risk of drinking water, from either bottled water or tap water, and
the adverse effects on the body system. Therefore, the better the quality of water, the less risk of
drinking water from a bottle. "The most uncommon knowledge of the consumers is almost half of
all bottled water comes from the same place as tap water, yet marketing tools to persuade the
consumer will never unveil important information regarding this"(Liberatore, 2011, p. 69). Bottled
water and tap water treatment process levels are different in a treatment process. In particular, tap
water treated as high priority because of where the water comes from. The difference between the
two water sources is tap water is from run offs and recycled water, which is filtered to remove
waste, chemicals, and pollutants, then processed again for all living organisms to use again. By the
same token, bottled water is captured from the mountain chambers and natural springs and afterward
processed differently, yet once it drunk its nothing left to recycle. "Scientifically, the biological
stability is to

The Effects Of Drinking Water On Human Health
The overall importance of good quality drinking water to human health cannot be overemphasized.
The reliability of drinking water, defined as the availability of good quality drinking water all the
time, is therefore an important objective of every government agency, non–government organization
or business tasked with the provision of drinking water. For instance the Government of Alberta
launched its Water for Life strategy in 2003 to ensure the provision of safe and secure drinking
water for its residents in order to achieve a sustainable economy (Alberta Environment n.d.).
A vast majority of drinking water in Alberta originates from the forested Eastern slopes of the
Canadian Rocky Mountains (Emelko et al. 2011; Blandon et al. 2014). However, there are growing
concerns that the increased severity and frequency of summer droughts and forest fires in regions
like Alberta will lead to drinking water reliability challenges for communities. Forest fires also have
negative impacts on downstream water quality (Emelko et al. 2011).
Natural science researchers have suggested forest and watershed management as a method of
providing reliable and good quality drinking water in Alberta. The forest and watershed
management practices include the placement of buffer strips along streams to reduce the amount of
sediment and debris entering drinking water sources. They also include the reduction of the amount
of hazardous forest fuels such as stands of dry trees in the watershed that can

An Modern Methodology For Water Treatment Plant Affecting...
relationship is described by a collection of fuzzy control rules ( IF –THEN RULES) involving
linguistic variable [13].
6.1 METHODOLOGY
In this paper we introduce an modern methodology for water treatment plant affecting factors
analysis. The proposed expert system manages and explores the knowledge in this specific
application by reasoning on a database of facts by means of suitable inference rules. The proposed
comprehensive, homogenous framework uses a set of Fuzzy Inference Systems to interpret,
standardize and fuse heterogeneous data in order to estimate normalized factors. The FIS for
affecting factor analysis is divided into four main components: the fuzzification, knowledge base,
Inference engine, and the Defuzzification.
Fuzzy logic controller has four components:
1) Fuzzification: It transforms input into suitable linguistic value so that can be compared to the rule
in rule base.
2) Knowledge Base: It contains the knowledge in form of a set of rules to control the artificial
system. It is the collection of rules. The basic function of rule base is to provide the required
information to fuzzification module, the rule base and the defuzzification module. 'If ' part is called
antecedent and 'then ' part is called consequent.
3) Inference Engine: If control rules are relevant then it decides the input to the plant. The Inference
system provides the mechanism for invoking or referring to the rule base such that the proper rules
are fired on the situation.
4)

A Research Study On Gorilla Health Bars
1. 0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1.1. Purpose
Gorilla Health Bars limited in the recent years has faced a decrease in their profit margin. This is
because the company does not focus on Social sustainability issues.
This report provides sustainable recommendations to the Gorilla Health Bars limited. There is need
for the company to incorporate social responsibility initiatives in their operations. The report seeks
to analyze the current situation of the company and provides relevant solutions to the problems
faced by the company.
The report aims at assisting the GHB to integrate more sustainable approaches by taking advantages
of the recommendations of corporate strategies.
1.2. Scope of investigation Relevant information for the report is obtained from other companies
who take into consideration sustainable issues, additionally, books and academic journals will also
be useful resources.
1.3. Methodology
The methods used in completing this report entails studying and analyzing of the mentioned sources
and encompassing reports from the company focusing on the sustainability of the company.
1.4. Key Findings
The Gorilla Health Bars has recently put more emphasis on relevant ways of improving their
reputation and obtaining more profits in the long run. Adopting sustainable activities in the
environment will assist Gorilla Health Bar to benefit culturally, socially and economically, which
actually has been their main objective. As argued by a study by Schaltegger (2010) sustainability

Background Information On Drinking Water Treatment
Background Information
Microbiological parameters in drinking water treatment include enteric protozoa, bacteria, virus, etc.
Cryptosporidium, being a type of enteric protozoa, has caused several outbreaks in the last century.
Cryptosporidiosis is the human disease caused by cryptosporidium infection, of which major
symptoms are watery diarrhea, stomach pains or cramps and low fever. Between 1974 and 2001,
there have been 12 outbreaks that are attributable to cryptosporidium in Canada.4 Between 1984 and
2000, 10 outbreaks were reported to be associated with cryptosporidium in drinking water in the
United States.4 The most severe outbreak took place in Milwaukee in 1993 that was associated with
419,000 (estimated) cases of illnesses including watery diarrhea.3
Such high frequency of outbreaks is partly due to the common presence of cryptosporidium oocysts
in the environment. Oocyst is the most important stage of cryptosporidium life cycle, which has
thick cell walls that allow it to survive in the environment for long enough to find its host.
Reproduction takes place inside the host and newly reproduced cryptosporidium will exit the host
into the environment in feces, in the form of oocyst. It is an everlasting cycle where cryptosporidium
goes back and forth between water and hosts, and its presence persists.
Studies show that cryptosporidium is present across Canada in many major water bodies. In 2000,
there are on average 14 oocysts per 100 litre of water in Saint Lawrence

Water Treatment Systems Should Be Banned
Many people in the United States, and in other parts of the world, take water for granted because all
they have to do it turn on a faucet. "More than 3.4 million people die each year from water,
sanitation, and hygiene–related causes. Nearly all deaths, 99 percent, occur in the developing
world." (Adams 2003) What if clean, drinkable water was available to those people? Water is
needed to produce crops; it is also needed to hydrate people to keep them alive as well as feed
animals. Water treatment systems can be used to take contaminated water, like that which is found
all over the world in rivers and lakes, after it is run through a treatment system the water is lacking
contaminates and drinkable.
The product that I have decided would benefit not only my business but also the world would be my
father in law's water treatment business. The knowledge and ability of his company to take
contaminated water, that you would not want to handle with gloves let alone drink, run it through his
treatment system make it clean and pure is something that parts of the world desperately need.
Using the four utilities of customer value, I can demonstrate why marketing these types of systems
could be beneficial and lucrative.
Form "consists of everything the manufacturer has to put into a product" (White 2012). Form utility
incorporates physical facets of a product or service consisting of "aesthetics, durability, comfort, and
atmosphere" of the product or service. The patron realizes the

Waste Water Treatment
Sewage treatment
The objective of sewage treatment is to produce a disposable effluent without causing harm to the
surrounding environment and prevent pollution.[1]
Sewage treatment, or domestic wastewater treatment, is the process of removing contaminants from
wastewater and household sewage, both runoff (effluents) and domestic. It includes physical,
chemical, and biological processes to remove physical, chemical and biological contaminants. Its
objective is to produce an environmentally–safe fluid waste stream (or treated effluent) and a solid
waste (or treated sludge) suitable for disposal or reuse (usually as farm fertilizer). Using advanced
technology it is now possible to re–use sewage effluent for drinking water, although ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
If it is sufficiently clean, it can also be used for groundwater recharge or agricultural purposes.
Process Flow Diagram for a typical large–scale treatment plant
Process Flow Diagram for a typical treatment plant via Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands
(SFCW)
[edit] Pre–treatment
Pre–treatment removes materials that can be easily collected from the raw wastewater before they
damage or clog the pumps and skimmers of primary treatment clarifiers (trash, tree limbs, leaves,
etc.).
[edit] Screening
The influent sewage water is screened to remove all large objects carried in the sewage stream.[5]
This is most commonly done with an automated mechanically raked bar screen in modern plants
serving large populations, whilst in smaller or less modern plants a manually cleaned screen may be
used. The raking action of a mechanical bar screen is typically paced according to the accumulation
on the bar screens and/or flow rate. The solids are collected and later disposed in a landfill or
incinerated. Bar screens or mesh screens of varying sizes may be used to optimise solids removal. If
gross solids are not removed they become entrained in pipes and moving parts of the treatment plant
and can cause substantial damage and inefficiency in the process.[6]:9
[edit] Grit removal
Pre–treatment may include a sand or grit channel or chamber where the

Poverty In Guatemala
Poverty in Guatemala
Well over 50 percent of the population in Guatemala lives on incomes that are below the poverty
line. (Orphan Outreach) This is a reality that I was able to experience on my mission trip to
Guatemala. The issue of poverty was evident through the homes people lived in, the clothes they
wore, and where they were attending school during the day. This is one of many problems that are
faced in the country of Guatemala. When looking at the amount of poverty in Guatemala, it is
important to consider the effects of poverty, its moral implications, the ways we can respond, and
the benefits of helping. Sixty percent of the population in Guatemala is illiterate. This is largely due
to the low quality of education. Only 40 percent of children find themselves able to finish schooling
because their families are unable to afford it. (Mayan Families) Instead of going to school, these
children can be found at home working and helping to earn a living for their family. It is not only the
kids unable to go to school facing problems; those attending school are facing problems as well. The
schools that these children are attending are not helping them very much because the teachers do not
have access to the training and resources that they need. Only 1 out of every 10 schools has access
to books (Cooperative for Education). The rest of them are unable to get them because they do not
have the access or money that they need. This factor is leading to the large

P5 Explain Dysfunction In Relation To Water Balance And...
P5– Explain dysfunction in relation to water balance and its possible treatments. M3– Discuss
dysfunctions in relation to water balance and its possible treatments. For P5 and M3, I am going to
explain the dysfunctions that relate to the balance between water intake and the disturbance of water
output. Then I am going to discuss it in more detail. Oedema, also known as dropsy, is one of the
dysfunctions and this is when there is too much fluid retention in the body. In other words, the
accumulation of fluids causes the tissue to be swollen. The swelling can take place in one specific
area of the body and it usually results in particular health conditions, for example heart failure and
kidney failure. The reason why it can cause heart ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, there are side effects when taking this medication, such as: inflamed gums, acne,
diarrhoea, increase in weight and abdominal pain. But this can be prevented by the doctor finding
the best dosage to compact these side effects. Yet, there are other long term risks that arise from
having a kidney transplant. Diabetes is one of them for the reason that people Feel a lot better and
decide to eat more, causing a substantial increase in weight. Even certain kinds of immune–
suppressants can develop the chance of diabetes. Another long term risk is high blood pressure
because a lot of people who need this transplant already have an increased risk of obtaining high
blood pressure and it does not help when taking immune–suppressants as it can make it worse. The
other long term risk is cancer because the enduring use of immune–suppressants can increase
different types of this condition, for example lymphoma (tumour in lymph node), skin cancer and
"Kaposi's sarcoma – a type of cancer that can affect both skin and internal organs" as mentioned by
(NHS, 2014). D2– Analyse the impact on the human body of the dysfunction in relation to water
balance. For D2, I am going to analyse the influence of water balance dysfunctions on the body.
Dehydration for example, is a condition that takes place when the output of water surpasses the
consumption. This may arise because of an illness, known as gastroenteritis, "where fluid is lost
through persistent bouts of

The Water Treatment Process
Surface waters necessitate water treatment before consumption to eliminate the risk present to the
consumer. Poor quality water which consists of suspended and dissolved particles pose health risks.
The most harmful contamination is the microbiological contamination which leads to infectious
diseases (Water treatment, 1994).Since the early 1800's water purification systems have been used to
eliminate the health risk posed by the recycled water. During the final process of treatment alternate
disinfectants are used, however UV radiation and chlorination are predominantly employed
techniques. UV radiation emitted by the sun was discovered to have germicidal effects on pathogens
and micro–organisms present water. From this discovery came the introduction of UV radiation
lamps, which emit similar UV rays to the sun to disinfect the water. Chlorination systems had come
into use a few years later during the 1900's as scientists had discovered the disinfection properties of
chlorine. Both methods have benefits and weaknesses, however chlorination is more suitable due to
its low cost of production and decreased risk of bacterial products in metropolitan areas.
The treatment process involves the removal of contaminants through a number of stages which
include: pre–water treatment, coagulation and flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, and
disinfection. This is called the multiple barrier principle (Water Treatment, 1994).
The water treatment begins with the process of screening,

Mt Crosby East Bank Water Treatment Plant
Project background
Mt Crosby East Bank Water Treatment Plant (WTP) is a significant Seqwater asset, supplying
treated water to residents, businesses and industry in South East Queensland.
The upgrade project consisted of the design & construction of a new Programmable Logic
Controller (PLC) and Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) system to eventually
replace the existing legacy Honeywell/Experion system and equipment which is nearing the end of
its life cycle. The new chemical sludge handling PLC, incorporates hot standby Siemens S7400H
processors utilising a Media Redundancy Protocol (MRP) remote Input/Output (RIO) network
allowing simultaneous PLC and network failure without process interruption.
The new PLC is located in the Mt Crosby East Bank control room with a new fibre optic cable
network installed currently connecting it to the new alum dosing RIO panel and the sedimentation
basin 2 RIO panel. In the future this PLC and fibre optic cable network has the capacity to connect
all chemical systems and sludge RIO panels installed as part of future upgrade projects.
The Project is the first stage of the MCS project which is an organisation wide upgrade of
monitoring and control systems and consists of a whole portfolio of projects.
Critical analysis of the business case
A well written, clearly defined and communicated business case is essential in pathing the way for
good project management and achieving the desired outcomes for a project. (Success) This

What´s Corporate Social Responsibilities?
1. Corporate Social Responsibilities (CSR) is about how companies make profits in an ethical way.
Coca–Cola has adhered to this principle and had removed a chemical ingredient(brominated
vegetable oil BVO) from its drink, a chemical associated with memory loss. BVO is banned in
several other countries but allowed by FDA is US. Due to an online petition, thousands have
pressured Coca–Cola to remove it. Coca–Cola listened and removed BVO. The stakeholders –
consumers are cared for as Coca–Cola is doing their best to preserve health. A spokesman said:'We
are concerned about the welfare of our consumers and their health remains our top priority.'
Coca–Cola also treats discharged water from factories. The water treatment exceeds standards
enforced by regulators due to strict water treatment policies by Coca–Cola. This has improved safety
measures in factories and helped eliminate waterborne diseases such as Cholera. 99% of Coca–
Cola's plants comply with the water treatment standards. Coca–Cola has a goal that ensures all the
water it discharges will be able to support marine life. Coca–Cola Africa Foundation has
collaborated with Water Health International to fund water treatment and distribution centres in
Ghana. Safe drinking water is provided to school children by extensive purification to show mutual
benefits between Coca–Cola and the community.
Moreover, Coca–Cola provides funds to fight diseases such as AIDS. Partnership with Global Fund
to supply access

History Of Water Supply And Treatment Industry
Water is one of, if not the most, precious of all natural resources. Without water, life on earth would
cease to exist, and as humans, our lives are intricately intertwined with water. Apart from being used
for potable purposes, water is also used domestically for washing and cleaning, in agriculture for
crop irrigation and in industries as part of the production processes of a variety of materials. In this
report, the history of water supply and treatment will be discussed, along with recent technological
advances in the sector and the environmental issues that are currently faced by the industry. The
future economic status of the water supply and treatment industry will also be analyzed, in
conjunction with the available opportunities for the different engineering disciplines, along with the
major employers of the water sector. Following the profile of the water industry, I will also discuss
my interest in the sector and evaluate potential career opportunities that are available for me after
graduation. Since the early foundations of human civilization, people have settled near sites where
there was ready access to a source of water supply, such as lakes, rivers and springs. In situations
where water was not easily accessible, wells were dug, which was very common for many ancient
civilizations, or water transportation structures were built, such as irrigation channels and aqueducts.
Yet, with the rise of the industrial revolution in the 18th century and with the dawn of

Coagulation and Flocculation in Water and Wastewater...
The treatment of surface wastewater is aimed at bringing contaminated water back to its previous
state for domestic use or otherwise. Some of the sources of wastewater include industrial effluents
from manufactures, agricultural effluents, agro–industrial as well as domestic wastewater from
sinks, bathtubs, toilets, and so on. Particles in the water from the various sources include bacteria,
organic matters, and sand which cause the water to be turbid or discoloured in appearance and have
an unpleasant odour.
As a result, the removal of the dissolved or suspended components from all these sources is critical
in wastewater treatment. This vital process includes coagulation and flocculation (both processes
work in tandem). In these ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Coagulation
Coagulation involves the addition of an electrolyte agent that is positively charged. This is added to
contaminated water to destabilize the colloidal suspension by combining with them to neutralize
their charges. Consequently, this prevents them from repelling each other. These neutral charged
particles are called pinflocs or microflocs and are now able to undergo flocculation for settling.
The most commonly used coagulants may be salts of aluminium based or iron based. Aluminium
based coagulants consist of sodium aluminate, poly–aluminium chloride (PAC) and aluminium
sulphate (alum). Iron coagulants are mainly ferric chloride, ferric chloride sulphate, ferrous sulfate
and ferric sulphate; also magnesium carbonate and hydrated sodium carbonate (lime) are used.
When these metal coagulants are added to water they rapidly undergo hydrolysis producing
hydrolyzed complexes that are multi–charged (example: bivalent 3+ charge). This gives the
aluminium and iron coagulants superior adsorption properties (causing the molecules to stick
together). The dissociation of two coagulants; Alum (aluminium sulphate and Ferrous sulphate)
when in water can be seen below.
Alum
Ferrous Sulphate
From the reactions above, the hydroxide ions (OH–) that will be generated from the compounds will
cause a change in pH of the water to becoming more basic. This then causes the Al(OH)3, Fe(OH)2
or Fe(OH)3 to form an insoluble precipitate along with

Essay on Magnetic Water and Treatment: Myth or Magic?
It is important that everyone know of the need to improve our energy and water savings and assist in
reducing the use of electricity, water, and non–renewable fuel sources. There are a number of non–
chemical, non–mechanical water treatment technologies. Many of these are known by names such
as electronic, magnetic, electrostatic, electromagnetic, and AC induction. The history of these
devices goes back to at least 1952. Claims for and against the effectiveness of such systems have a
long history. One would think that if these types of systems were truly effective, then the knowledge
of their successful deployment would be common place in the industry. In September 2001 the US
Army Corps of Engineers (COE) published TR–01–63, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On page 19 there is the statement "The electrostatic field reduces the surface tension of water and
boosts the surface charge of colloidal particles and wetted surfaces". Relevant literature on the
internet was searched to find other instances where this type of application or technology may be in
use. No corroborating studies or other applications of successful water treatment using an electrode
inserted into a pipe were found, except those instances offered by Zeta Rod. In reviewing figure 7 on
page 19 of the COE report, the particles are shown as positively charged, the vessel wall is
positively charged. It is not clear where the negatively charged particles are located. There are more
negative charges shown on the inside of the particles. But there is no explanation of how the inside
of the particles became negatively charged. Even if the particles became positively charged as they
passed close to the electrode, there is no explanation as to why the particles would remain charged
after moving away from the near electromagnetic field of the electrode. On page 19 the power
consumption is listed as less than 5 watts, a small amount of electrical power considering the
significant benefits provided. How these effects are brought about with the

Essay on Water Treatment Process
Clean water supply is essential in establishing and maintaining a healthy community. There are two
sources of water supply which are the surface water and ground water. Most natural waters are not
suitable for consumption as it is contaminated by pathogens and also natural chemicals and
minerals. In addition, as a city grew, wastes from human activities contaminate most of the water
supplies. Water treatment plays an important role to properly treat a contaminated source of water
supply in order to protect the health of consumers. Water treatment process is defined as a process of
eliminating pollutants from untreated water to produce a biologically and chemically risk–free
water, which is both potable and palatable for human consumption ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The second step of water treatment process is aeration. At the aerator, raw water is mixed with air.
The aeration process helps to provide oxygen to the raw water which is needed for the oxidation
process of dissolved iron and manganese in order for it to precipitate and therefore enables its
removal through filtration (SAJ Holdings Sdn Bhd., n.d.). Wormleaton and Tsang (2000) stated that
for water treatment process and also natural streams, it is essential to maintain a high amount of
dissolved oxygen. Aeration also provides the escape of dissolved gases, such as carbon dioxide and
hydrogen sulphide to reduce the corrosiveness of water, thus controls the tastes and odors of the
water (Shun, 2007). Groundwater with high dissolved carbon dioxide levels or high concentrations
of iron and manganese commonly require aeration as well as water drawn from reservoirs that is low
in dissolved oxygen.
Thirdly, the proceeding water treatment step involves coagulation and flocculation. The objective of
this step is to produce particles of a size that can be easily removed by settlement and filtration.
Coagulation destabilizes the colloidal particles followed by flocculation whereby larger particles are
formed from small particles through collisions. Conley and Evers (as cited in Hendricks, 2006, p.
277) described coagulation as a process that reduces the surface charge

A Study On Water Treatment

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