Experimental Study on the Use of Human Urine for Selected Philippine Vegetable Crops: Assessment of Macronutrient Nutrient Content in Philippine Urine and Determination of Appropriate Urine Application Rates
prepared by R. Gensch*, A. Miso* and G..S. Itchon** * Sustainable Sanitation Center, Xavier University – Ateneo de Cagayan, Masterson Avenue, Manresa Heights, Cagayan de Oro, Philippines (E-mail: robert.gensch@web.de; annamiso@googlemail.com) ** Department of Preventive and Community Medicine, Jose P. for Urban Environments in Asia, 25-28 May 2011, Manila, Philippines. organized by International Water Association (IWA).
1. The document discusses Value-Added Tax (VAT) in the Philippines, including what it is, who pays it, tax rates, and invoicing/receipt requirements for VAT-registered businesses.
2. VAT is imposed on the sale, barter, exchange or lease of goods/properties and services in the Philippines at 12% of the gross selling price or gross receipts. It is also imposed on imports.
3. Businesses whose gross sales/receipts exceed 1.9 million pesos per year must register for VAT and charge VAT on sales, issue VAT invoices/receipts, and file monthly VAT returns.
The document discusses technology integration in the classroom. It outlines two learning theories that provide a foundation for integration: directed and constructivist models. It also discusses the Technology Integration Plan (TIP) model for planning effective classroom technology use. The chapter emphasizes that certain conditions must be present for successful integration, including a clear technology vision, policies for safe internet use, technical support, and effective teaching strategies. Overall, the key takeaways are that technology integration requires planning, support structures, and strategies to enhance teaching and learning.
Chapter 6 the review of related literature and studiesMaria Theresa
Here are the steps to take to write a literature review:
1. Define your research topic. Your literature review should be focused on a specific area related to your research problem or question.
2. Search academic databases and other sources. Use keywords related to your topic to search databases like Google Scholar, ERIC, PsycINFO, and more.
3. Take detailed notes. As you find relevant sources, take thorough notes including the author, year, title, source, key findings and conclusions. Cite sources using APA or other required style.
4. Organize your sources. Group related sources together around important themes, theories, concepts or debates. This will help structure your review.
5
This document discusses external and internal criticisms used to evaluate documents. External criticism examines the document's authenticity by analyzing authorship, context, and relationship to other sources. Internal criticism evaluates the content's meaning, reliability, and consistency. Experiments with people require consideration of variables and use parallel, rotating, or one-group methods. Sources of error include instrumentation, materials, experimenter bias, and subject selection. The document provides guidance on critically analyzing documents and designing valid experiments with human subjects.
The document proposes the establishment of three centers: 1) an Aquatic Research and Experimental Breeding Center in Nueva Ecija to study inland fish varieties, improve harvests, and contribute to food security; 2) a Stem Cell Research and Storage Center to study and preserve stem cells; and 3) a Central Luzon Drug Abuse and Alcoholism Rehabilitation Center to treat persons with severe addiction. The centers are envisioned to benefit their respective regions through research, treatment, and economic growth.
The document provides a literature review on import products in hardware establishments. It discusses foreign literature on international trade and how trade differs between domestic and international markets. Local literature examines issues like parallel imports in the pharmaceutical industry and import substitution strategies. The theoretical framework discusses the conditionally-free import theory. There are also definitions of key terms like importing problems and ownership knowledge.
1. The document discusses Value-Added Tax (VAT) in the Philippines, including what it is, who pays it, tax rates, and invoicing/receipt requirements for VAT-registered businesses.
2. VAT is imposed on the sale, barter, exchange or lease of goods/properties and services in the Philippines at 12% of the gross selling price or gross receipts. It is also imposed on imports.
3. Businesses whose gross sales/receipts exceed 1.9 million pesos per year must register for VAT and charge VAT on sales, issue VAT invoices/receipts, and file monthly VAT returns.
The document discusses technology integration in the classroom. It outlines two learning theories that provide a foundation for integration: directed and constructivist models. It also discusses the Technology Integration Plan (TIP) model for planning effective classroom technology use. The chapter emphasizes that certain conditions must be present for successful integration, including a clear technology vision, policies for safe internet use, technical support, and effective teaching strategies. Overall, the key takeaways are that technology integration requires planning, support structures, and strategies to enhance teaching and learning.
Chapter 6 the review of related literature and studiesMaria Theresa
Here are the steps to take to write a literature review:
1. Define your research topic. Your literature review should be focused on a specific area related to your research problem or question.
2. Search academic databases and other sources. Use keywords related to your topic to search databases like Google Scholar, ERIC, PsycINFO, and more.
3. Take detailed notes. As you find relevant sources, take thorough notes including the author, year, title, source, key findings and conclusions. Cite sources using APA or other required style.
4. Organize your sources. Group related sources together around important themes, theories, concepts or debates. This will help structure your review.
5
This document discusses external and internal criticisms used to evaluate documents. External criticism examines the document's authenticity by analyzing authorship, context, and relationship to other sources. Internal criticism evaluates the content's meaning, reliability, and consistency. Experiments with people require consideration of variables and use parallel, rotating, or one-group methods. Sources of error include instrumentation, materials, experimenter bias, and subject selection. The document provides guidance on critically analyzing documents and designing valid experiments with human subjects.
The document proposes the establishment of three centers: 1) an Aquatic Research and Experimental Breeding Center in Nueva Ecija to study inland fish varieties, improve harvests, and contribute to food security; 2) a Stem Cell Research and Storage Center to study and preserve stem cells; and 3) a Central Luzon Drug Abuse and Alcoholism Rehabilitation Center to treat persons with severe addiction. The centers are envisioned to benefit their respective regions through research, treatment, and economic growth.
The document provides a literature review on import products in hardware establishments. It discusses foreign literature on international trade and how trade differs between domestic and international markets. Local literature examines issues like parallel imports in the pharmaceutical industry and import substitution strategies. The theoretical framework discusses the conditionally-free import theory. There are also definitions of key terms like importing problems and ownership knowledge.
The document discusses the history and implementation of agrarian reform in the Philippines. It describes how [1] the implementation of agrarian reform proceeded slowly due to lack of political will, [2] the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law of 1988 established the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program to more successfully implement land reform, and [3] the law focused on redistributing land and improving social justice and economic opportunities for farmers.
The document provides a history of agrarian reform in the Philippines from pre-colonial times to the present. It discusses the different land ownership systems under Spanish colonial rule, the American era, and various post-independence administrations. Several presidents introduced new laws and programs to address land inequality and tenant issues, but most programs faced challenges in implementation and fully resolving land ownership problems. Agrarian reform remains an ongoing process in the Philippines to this day.
Thesis Writing
Parts of a Research (Experimental Design)
Chapter 1: THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Chapter 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Chapter 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS
Chapter 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Chapter 5: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
References
Appendix
Curriculum Vitae
FORM AND STYLE IN RESEARCH WRITING
The document provides an overview of the key components of a thesis, including:
1. The definition and purpose of a thesis.
2. The typical sections of a thesis such as the title page, approval sheet, abstract, acknowledgements, and table of contents.
3. Guidance on writing each section, for example the abstract should be a brief 2-page summary and the table of contents should list headings and subheadings.
4. Suggested chapter titles like the introduction, literature review, methodology, results, and conclusion chapters.
5. An outline of what information belongs in each chapter, for instance the significance of the study for the introduction chapter.
The document discusses the review of related literature (RRL) process. It defines an RRL and explains that it evaluates information from sources related to the selected research area. The purposes of an RRL include obtaining background knowledge, relating the study to current situations, and expanding on prior research. The document outlines including background information, theories, data, findings and recommendations in an RRL. It also discusses primary, secondary and tertiary sources and citing sources to avoid plagiarism.
The document discusses a research study that aims to determine the effectiveness of using plastic waste materials as an additive in making hollow blocks. It outlines the statement of the problem, objectives of the study, materials that will be used, and the proposed methodology which involves shredding plastics, mixing them into block mixtures, molding the blocks, and testing their resistance to heat and water pressure. The respondents and references cited to support the research are also provided.
Dr. Antonio de Morga's Sucesos de las Islas FilipinasAnanda Wisely
The document summarizes Antonio de Morga's book "Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas" and Jose Rizal's annotations on it. Morga's book describes events in the Philippines from 1493-1603 and discusses the country's political, social, and economic aspects under colonization. Rizal annotated the book to (1) awaken Filipino consciousness of their pre-colonial culture and history, (2) correct distortions made by the Spanish, and (3) prove Filipinos were civilized before colonization. His annotations countered Morga's claims that the Philippines was deserted and its people inferior, instead showing Filipinos had a developed society and culture prior
This study used a descriptive correlational survey method to examine the impact of social networking sites as information dissemination tools of government agencies as perceived by second year Foreign Service students at Lyceum of the Philippines University Cavite Campus. Questionnaires were administered to 82 second year Foreign Service students to collect data on the role and impact of social networking sites, and their potential benefits as public information tools. A Likert scale was used to analyze the data and determine student perceptions.
Salik sa Pagkakaroon ng Motibasyon at Determinasyon sa Napiling Kurso ng mga ...JM Esguerra
ABSTRAK
Pamagat: SALIK SA PAGKAKAROON NG MOTIBASYON AT DETERMINASYON SA NAPILING KURSO NG MGA MAG-AARAL NG PAMANTASANG CENTRO ESCOLAR
Mananaliksik: Eana Joyce T. Castillo, Maria Mica S. Coronado, Jastine Mae R. del Mundo, Jose Mari L. Esguerra, Jonna Beatriz L. Lagaya at Eugene T. Tupa
Institusyon: Pamantasang Centro Escolar
Lungsod ng Makati
March 2015
Tagapayo: Dr. Sharon K. Galang
Ang layunin ng pag-aaral na ito ay malaman ang salik sa pagkakaroon ng motibasyon at determinasyon sa napiling kurso ayon sa pamilya at relasyon sa kapwa ng mga mag-aaral ng Pamantasang Centro Escolar.
Sa pananaliksik na ito ginamit ang paraang palarawan, ang pangunahing instrumentong ginamit ay talatanungan upang makakalap ng datos tungkol sa salik sa pagkakaroon ng motibasyon at determinasyon ng mga mag-aaral. Pagpoporsyento ang ginamit sa pag-aaral upang malaman ang mga kasagutan sa mga suliraning kinakaharap ng pag-aaral na ito.
Sa pag-aaral na ito karamihan sa mga respondente ay mga may labimpito hanggang labingwalong edad na nagkaroon ng animnapu’t tatlong porsyento (63%). Karamihan ay mga kababaihan na may pitumpu’t tatlong porsyento (73%) at karamihan rin ay nasa kursong Bachelor of Science in Tourism Manangement na may dalawampu’t dalawang porsyento (22%).
Sa kinalabasan ng pag-aaral na ito ang salik sa pagkakaroon ng motibasyon at determinasyon sa napiling kurso sa kolehiyo na nagmula sa pamilya ay ang presyur at ang salik sa pagkakaroon ng motibasyon at determinasyon mula sa relasyon sa kapwa ay ang kasiyahan sa mga nakatakdang gawain.
Batay sa kinalabasan ng isinagawang pag-aaral iminumungkahi na huwag masyadong magpaapekto sa presyur dahil nais lamang ng mga magulang ay ang nakabubuti sa mga anak at ipagpatuloy lang ang mabuting pakikipagrelasyon sa kapwa nang sa gayon ay patuloy rin ang pagkakaroon ng motibasyon at determinason sa pag-aaral.
Rizal wrote El Filibusterismo between 1887-1891, revising chapters in various European cities. He moved to Ghent in 1891 for cheaper printing costs and lived frugally. After struggling to find funds, publication of the novel was suspended but later resumed when Valentin Ventura provided money. The novel was published in September 1891 and praised by Filipino patriots for its depiction of life under Spanish rule. It became a rare book and increased calls for Philippine reform and independence.
The document provides an in-depth summary of key elements in Jose Rizal's novel Noli Me Tangere including the author and style, title, cover, preface, theme, characters, plot, point of conflict, and denouement. It analyzes these elements over multiple paragraphs with details on the historical and social context of the Philippines under Spanish colonial rule that shaped the novel. The major theme is the corruption of the Spanish religious and civil authorities and their oppression of the Filipino people. The complex characters represent both the virtues and flaws of Filipino society as well as the abuse of power by the Spanish colonizers.
The play Kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas depicts the struggle of the Filipino people against imperialist powers seeking to exploit the Philippines' wealth and resources. It focuses on Motherland's triumph over her oppressors - Old Spain, Old China, and the new colonizer, America. The play was performed in 1903 and witnessed an act of defiance against American rule that led to the writer, Aurelio Tolentino, being imprisoned for sedition. He was later pardoned in 1912.
Controversy over Rizal Law and Rizal Centennial (1861-1961)Zille Rodriguez
The Rizal Law of 1956, also known as Republic Act No. 1425, mandates that all educational institutions in the Philippines offer courses about Jose Rizal, including his novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo. The law was strongly opposed by the Roman Catholic Church due to the anti-clerical themes in Rizal's novels. Senator Claro M. Recto was the main proponent of the bill, which was signed into law by President Fidel V. Ramos in 1956 despite opposition from the Catholic Church and some members of the Senate. The controversy arose from claims by the Catholic Church that requiring students to read Rizal's novels would violate freedom of conscience and religion.
Masasabi ba natin na tamad talaga ang mga Pilipino? Saan kaya nagsimula ang ganitong katamaran ng mga Pilipino?
NOTES:
https://www.scribd.com/document/341656611/Katamaran-Ng-Filipino-NOTES
“Development of Organic Fertilizer Products and Systems to Improve Soil Ferti...ShynneGabinete
This document summarizes research conducted on developing organic fertilizer products and nutrient management systems to support organic vegetable production in Benguet, Philippines. Liquid and solid organic fertilizers were formulated using locally available materials like legume seeds, chicken manure, sawdust, and compost. These fertilizers were tested on cabbage grown on farms converting to organic production. Lower yields were initially observed during conversion but after three years, yields increased and were comparable to conventional farms. The most effective nutrient management system applied Trichoderma before planting and split applications of solid organic fertilizer and liquid fertilizer during growth periods. This system provided essential nutrients during critical stages, resulting in higher yields during conversion to organic practices.
This study examined the nutrient mass balances of nitrogen and phosphorus in an integrated shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) culture system using low salinity groundwater in Sonora, Mexico. Most of the nitrogen (43.6%) and phosphorus (98.8%) inputs came from shrimp feed. Approximately 15.2% of nitrogen and 8.9% of phosphorus inputs were converted to harvested shrimp, while 4.1% of nitrogen and 24.6% of phosphorus remained in organic sludge. Environmental losses of nitrogen and phosphorus per ton of product harvested were relatively low at 57 kg of nitrogen and 7.1 kg of phosphorus
The document discusses the history and implementation of agrarian reform in the Philippines. It describes how [1] the implementation of agrarian reform proceeded slowly due to lack of political will, [2] the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law of 1988 established the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program to more successfully implement land reform, and [3] the law focused on redistributing land and improving social justice and economic opportunities for farmers.
The document provides a history of agrarian reform in the Philippines from pre-colonial times to the present. It discusses the different land ownership systems under Spanish colonial rule, the American era, and various post-independence administrations. Several presidents introduced new laws and programs to address land inequality and tenant issues, but most programs faced challenges in implementation and fully resolving land ownership problems. Agrarian reform remains an ongoing process in the Philippines to this day.
Thesis Writing
Parts of a Research (Experimental Design)
Chapter 1: THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Chapter 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Chapter 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS
Chapter 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Chapter 5: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
References
Appendix
Curriculum Vitae
FORM AND STYLE IN RESEARCH WRITING
The document provides an overview of the key components of a thesis, including:
1. The definition and purpose of a thesis.
2. The typical sections of a thesis such as the title page, approval sheet, abstract, acknowledgements, and table of contents.
3. Guidance on writing each section, for example the abstract should be a brief 2-page summary and the table of contents should list headings and subheadings.
4. Suggested chapter titles like the introduction, literature review, methodology, results, and conclusion chapters.
5. An outline of what information belongs in each chapter, for instance the significance of the study for the introduction chapter.
The document discusses the review of related literature (RRL) process. It defines an RRL and explains that it evaluates information from sources related to the selected research area. The purposes of an RRL include obtaining background knowledge, relating the study to current situations, and expanding on prior research. The document outlines including background information, theories, data, findings and recommendations in an RRL. It also discusses primary, secondary and tertiary sources and citing sources to avoid plagiarism.
The document discusses a research study that aims to determine the effectiveness of using plastic waste materials as an additive in making hollow blocks. It outlines the statement of the problem, objectives of the study, materials that will be used, and the proposed methodology which involves shredding plastics, mixing them into block mixtures, molding the blocks, and testing their resistance to heat and water pressure. The respondents and references cited to support the research are also provided.
Dr. Antonio de Morga's Sucesos de las Islas FilipinasAnanda Wisely
The document summarizes Antonio de Morga's book "Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas" and Jose Rizal's annotations on it. Morga's book describes events in the Philippines from 1493-1603 and discusses the country's political, social, and economic aspects under colonization. Rizal annotated the book to (1) awaken Filipino consciousness of their pre-colonial culture and history, (2) correct distortions made by the Spanish, and (3) prove Filipinos were civilized before colonization. His annotations countered Morga's claims that the Philippines was deserted and its people inferior, instead showing Filipinos had a developed society and culture prior
This study used a descriptive correlational survey method to examine the impact of social networking sites as information dissemination tools of government agencies as perceived by second year Foreign Service students at Lyceum of the Philippines University Cavite Campus. Questionnaires were administered to 82 second year Foreign Service students to collect data on the role and impact of social networking sites, and their potential benefits as public information tools. A Likert scale was used to analyze the data and determine student perceptions.
Salik sa Pagkakaroon ng Motibasyon at Determinasyon sa Napiling Kurso ng mga ...JM Esguerra
ABSTRAK
Pamagat: SALIK SA PAGKAKAROON NG MOTIBASYON AT DETERMINASYON SA NAPILING KURSO NG MGA MAG-AARAL NG PAMANTASANG CENTRO ESCOLAR
Mananaliksik: Eana Joyce T. Castillo, Maria Mica S. Coronado, Jastine Mae R. del Mundo, Jose Mari L. Esguerra, Jonna Beatriz L. Lagaya at Eugene T. Tupa
Institusyon: Pamantasang Centro Escolar
Lungsod ng Makati
March 2015
Tagapayo: Dr. Sharon K. Galang
Ang layunin ng pag-aaral na ito ay malaman ang salik sa pagkakaroon ng motibasyon at determinasyon sa napiling kurso ayon sa pamilya at relasyon sa kapwa ng mga mag-aaral ng Pamantasang Centro Escolar.
Sa pananaliksik na ito ginamit ang paraang palarawan, ang pangunahing instrumentong ginamit ay talatanungan upang makakalap ng datos tungkol sa salik sa pagkakaroon ng motibasyon at determinasyon ng mga mag-aaral. Pagpoporsyento ang ginamit sa pag-aaral upang malaman ang mga kasagutan sa mga suliraning kinakaharap ng pag-aaral na ito.
Sa pag-aaral na ito karamihan sa mga respondente ay mga may labimpito hanggang labingwalong edad na nagkaroon ng animnapu’t tatlong porsyento (63%). Karamihan ay mga kababaihan na may pitumpu’t tatlong porsyento (73%) at karamihan rin ay nasa kursong Bachelor of Science in Tourism Manangement na may dalawampu’t dalawang porsyento (22%).
Sa kinalabasan ng pag-aaral na ito ang salik sa pagkakaroon ng motibasyon at determinasyon sa napiling kurso sa kolehiyo na nagmula sa pamilya ay ang presyur at ang salik sa pagkakaroon ng motibasyon at determinasyon mula sa relasyon sa kapwa ay ang kasiyahan sa mga nakatakdang gawain.
Batay sa kinalabasan ng isinagawang pag-aaral iminumungkahi na huwag masyadong magpaapekto sa presyur dahil nais lamang ng mga magulang ay ang nakabubuti sa mga anak at ipagpatuloy lang ang mabuting pakikipagrelasyon sa kapwa nang sa gayon ay patuloy rin ang pagkakaroon ng motibasyon at determinason sa pag-aaral.
Rizal wrote El Filibusterismo between 1887-1891, revising chapters in various European cities. He moved to Ghent in 1891 for cheaper printing costs and lived frugally. After struggling to find funds, publication of the novel was suspended but later resumed when Valentin Ventura provided money. The novel was published in September 1891 and praised by Filipino patriots for its depiction of life under Spanish rule. It became a rare book and increased calls for Philippine reform and independence.
The document provides an in-depth summary of key elements in Jose Rizal's novel Noli Me Tangere including the author and style, title, cover, preface, theme, characters, plot, point of conflict, and denouement. It analyzes these elements over multiple paragraphs with details on the historical and social context of the Philippines under Spanish colonial rule that shaped the novel. The major theme is the corruption of the Spanish religious and civil authorities and their oppression of the Filipino people. The complex characters represent both the virtues and flaws of Filipino society as well as the abuse of power by the Spanish colonizers.
The play Kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas depicts the struggle of the Filipino people against imperialist powers seeking to exploit the Philippines' wealth and resources. It focuses on Motherland's triumph over her oppressors - Old Spain, Old China, and the new colonizer, America. The play was performed in 1903 and witnessed an act of defiance against American rule that led to the writer, Aurelio Tolentino, being imprisoned for sedition. He was later pardoned in 1912.
Controversy over Rizal Law and Rizal Centennial (1861-1961)Zille Rodriguez
The Rizal Law of 1956, also known as Republic Act No. 1425, mandates that all educational institutions in the Philippines offer courses about Jose Rizal, including his novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo. The law was strongly opposed by the Roman Catholic Church due to the anti-clerical themes in Rizal's novels. Senator Claro M. Recto was the main proponent of the bill, which was signed into law by President Fidel V. Ramos in 1956 despite opposition from the Catholic Church and some members of the Senate. The controversy arose from claims by the Catholic Church that requiring students to read Rizal's novels would violate freedom of conscience and religion.
Masasabi ba natin na tamad talaga ang mga Pilipino? Saan kaya nagsimula ang ganitong katamaran ng mga Pilipino?
NOTES:
https://www.scribd.com/document/341656611/Katamaran-Ng-Filipino-NOTES
Similar to Experimental Study on the Use of Human Urine for Selected Philippine Vegetable Crops: Assessment of Macronutrient Nutrient Content in Philippine Urine and Determination of Appropriate Urine Application Rates
“Development of Organic Fertilizer Products and Systems to Improve Soil Ferti...ShynneGabinete
This document summarizes research conducted on developing organic fertilizer products and nutrient management systems to support organic vegetable production in Benguet, Philippines. Liquid and solid organic fertilizers were formulated using locally available materials like legume seeds, chicken manure, sawdust, and compost. These fertilizers were tested on cabbage grown on farms converting to organic production. Lower yields were initially observed during conversion but after three years, yields increased and were comparable to conventional farms. The most effective nutrient management system applied Trichoderma before planting and split applications of solid organic fertilizer and liquid fertilizer during growth periods. This system provided essential nutrients during critical stages, resulting in higher yields during conversion to organic practices.
This study examined the nutrient mass balances of nitrogen and phosphorus in an integrated shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) culture system using low salinity groundwater in Sonora, Mexico. Most of the nitrogen (43.6%) and phosphorus (98.8%) inputs came from shrimp feed. Approximately 15.2% of nitrogen and 8.9% of phosphorus inputs were converted to harvested shrimp, while 4.1% of nitrogen and 24.6% of phosphorus remained in organic sludge. Environmental losses of nitrogen and phosphorus per ton of product harvested were relatively low at 57 kg of nitrogen and 7.1 kg of phosphorus
Stable Isotope Analysis as a Tool to Determine Nitrogen Fertilizer SourceCrimsonpublishersMCDA
Fingerprinting crops to detect organic or inorganic fertilizer use can be done by determining nitrogen (N) stable isotope values. In previous research, crops grown with organic N had higher amounts of 15N while those grown with inorganic N were higher in 14N. This information may be useful to follow plant
demands and N requirements of heavy N feeding crops like tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and lead
to more efficient N inputs. A greenhouse experiment was conducted with ‘Better Bush’ tomatoes using four soil fertility treatments consisting of a) inorganic fertilization [Miracle Grow®; 24N-4P-13K], b)
organic fertilization [bonemeal (6N-8P-0K), bloodmeal (12N-0P-0K), liquid Earth juice (2N-1P-1K) and 25% vermicompost]; c) mixed fertilization [Miracle Grow® with 25% vermicompost] and d) control [no fertilization].
This is another presentation visualizing the work on Ecological Sanitation by University of Agricultural Sciences in collaboration with Arghyam Foundation.
Enhancing Productivity and Livelihoods among Smallholders Irrigations through...Jenkins Macedo
This field research was presented at the 2015 3rd Global Conference on Climate-Smart Agriculture in Montpelier, France on March 18, 2015.
Climate change and climate variability pose significant risks to smallholders in the rainfed lowlands of Lao PDR. Increased surface temperatures, declining rainfall, persistent drought and depletion of soil nutrients all serve to impact agricultural productivity and livelihoods. This study investigates the impact of five treatments on soil nutrients, moisture, plant growth, and yield of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica). The treatments tested were rice husk biochar only, biochar inoculated with manure, manure tea, inorganic fertilizer and the control. The costs and benefits of the treatments were also assessed. The randomized complete block design was used to assign five treatments and eight replications to the experimental units. Biochar was produced through slow pyrolysis. Soil physical properties were assessed with the visual soil assessment method and 15-randomized soil samples were collected for chemical analyses. Sprinklers were used for irrigation and a weather station installed to monitor the climate. Descriptive statistics and analysis of variance were used to analyze the data. Costs-benefits evaluation of the treatments was conducted to determine the net benefits relative to the initial costs ratio. The analysis of variance of mean yield indicates that the difference in yield among the treatments was highly significant. The computed F value (8.28) was higher than the F critical (2.64) at the 5% level of significance. The calculated coefficient of variance of mean yield was 17.33%. The net benefits to initial costs ratio of treatments suggest that the control (4.11), biochar inoculated with manure plus NPK (1.64), and biochar plus manure tea (1.01) are preferred. The net benefits and initial costs evaluation of treatments is important to assess whether utilizing these treatments would impact smallholders’ livelihoods. The results of this study contribute to the evidence that biochar could play an essential role to mitigate climate change risks by enhancing soil quality and increase agricultural productivity.
Effects of renewal pattern of recycled nutrient solution on the ion balance i...gugabione
Ion imbalance in recycled nutrient solutions is caused by selective ion uptake of plants, which occurs at different
rates in different growth stages. The objectives of this study were to investigate the ion balances in both recycled nutrient
solutions and rockwool media using different renewal patterns for the nutrient solutions, and to analyze the subsequent effects
on uptake of water and nutrients. Over 12 weeks of paprika cultivation, two different renewal patterns (week units) of 6-4-2
and 8-2-2 weeks were compared with a constant renewal pattern of 4-4-4 weeks (control). The nutrient solution in the reservoir
tank was constantly maintained at EC 2.5 dS・m
-1
and pH 5.5-6.5. The changes in the ion balance with the 4-4-4 week pattern
were smaller than those with the other treatments. In the early growth stage, however, the ion balances similarly changed
among all treatments. Greater changes were subsequently observed for the 6-4-2 week pattern. Although fruit yield and shoot
fresh weight of paprika were the lowest with 6-4-2 renewal pattern, no significant differences were observed. Our results indicate
that renewal intervals can be extended in consideration of growth stage for more efficient and practical operations in closed
soilless cultures.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This study evaluated the effects of altitude (mid vs. high) and harvesting date (90, 120, 150 days) on the morphological characteristics, yield, and nutritive value of desho grass in Ethiopia. Key findings include:
1) Most morphological characteristics were not significantly affected by altitude except leaf length. Harvesting date significantly impacted number of leaves, leaf-to-stem ratio, and dry matter yield.
2) Both altitude and harvesting date significantly affected crude protein content, yield, and fiber fractions. Calcium was only impacted by harvesting date while phosphorus was only impacted by altitude.
3) Dry matter content and yield were positively correlated with plant height, leaf length, crude protein yield
The present study was carried on Abelmoschus esculentus (A. esculentus) by using the vermicompost. The decoction tea powder is wasted wet garbage and discarded on the dumping ground. It generally creates environmental pollution. This wet garbage can used as a good source of nutrients to the vegetable crop plants. The research is carried out by preparing vermicompost using 75% decoction tea powder and 25% mixture of black soil, cow dung, leaf litter and little vermicompost. The compost prepared by using decoction tea powder has increased concentration of necessary nutrients such as pH, minerals, organic carbon (O.C.), total phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sodium required for vegetable crop plants for its development. In present investigation by applying this compost, Electrical conductivity was decreased by 9.51%, O.C. 89.30%, total phosphorus 26.09%, potassium 1.0%, Mg and Na by 43.17% shows a significant increase in absorption. It is also observed that germination period decreases whereas height of stem, leaf area, flowering and fruits were developed earlier than control soil. Key-words- Decoction tea powder, Vermicompost, A. esculentus, Green revolution, Biological resistance
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notes on agriculture engineering notesssShobhaByadagi
1) The study evaluated the effects of different fertilizer treatments on the growth, nutrients, and yield of two dill cultivars (Balady and Dukat).
2) The results showed that Dukat cultivar generally performed better than Balady cultivar, with taller plants, more leaves, and higher nutrient levels.
3) The best fertilizer treatments were 100% organic fertilizer with biofertilizer and 100% chemical fertilizer, as they led to improved growth, nutrients, and antioxidant levels in both cultivars.
Impact of Untreated Brewery Effluent on Bacteriological Characteristic of Agr...ijtsrd
This research was conducted to evaluate the impact of untreated brewery effluent on the bacteriological characteristic of agricultural soil. This is to ascertain the suitability of untreated brewery effluent for irrigation purposes. Untreated brewery effluent was aseptically collected from Intafact brewery, Onitsha, Anambra State, Nigeria., while agricultural soil was obtained from a maize farm in Onitsha. Five kilograms of the soil sample was treated with 200 ml of the effluent in a pot experiment and allowed for 80 days. The bacteriological characteristic of the effluent and soil samples treated and untreated was determined by estimating the total bacterial count, total coliform count, fecal coliform count, Pseudomonas count, Rhizobial count and Clostridium count. Results obtained showed that the untreated brewery effluent had total bacterial count of 5.2 × 103cfu ml, total coliform count of 0.5× 103cfu ml, Pseudomonas count of 0.7 × 103cfu g and zero fecal coliform, Rhizobium and Clostridium counts. The total bacterial count, total coliform count, Pseudomonas count, rhizobial count and Clostridium count for the untreated and treated soil samples were 10.8× 103cfu g and 22.8× 103cfu g, 7.2× 103cfu g and 11.4× 103cfu g, 0.9 × 103cfu g and 2.5 × 103cfu g, 0.4× 103cfu g and 0.73× 103cfu g, 1.2 × 103cfu g and 8.0 × 103cfu g respectively. A total of 34 bacterial organisms belonging to ten different genera Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Azotobacter, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Rhizobium, Proteus, Enterobacter, Klebsiella and Serratia were isolated from all the samples analyzed. While Enterobacter sp. occurred most in the effluent sample, Bacillussp predominated in the untreated soil sample. Rhizobium and Pseudomonas count were significantly higher p value 0.05 in the treated soil sample. This study showed that untreated brewery effluent enhanced the growth of plant growth promoting bacteria, hence, can serve efficiently as irrigation water. Mbonu, C. F. | Onuorah, S. C. | Okoye, E. C. S. "Impact of Untreated Brewery Effluent on Bacteriological Characteristic of Agricultural Soil" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49673.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/49673/impact-of-untreated-brewery-effluent-on-bacteriological-characteristic-of-agricultural-soil/mbonu-c-f
Increasing the Growth and Product of Red Spinach and Study of it’s Benefits a...AI Publications
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This is an advocacy presentation prepared from the research conducted on Ecological Sanitation and its benefits to agriculture by University of Agricultural Sciences in collaboration with Arghyam foundation.
Ecological sanitation utilizes human urine and composted feces in agriculture as a water-conserving and nutrient-recycling system. A study in central Nepal constructed five eco-toilets and surveyed villagers about sanitation awareness and farming practices to test using human urine for crop growth. Eighty-three percent of respondents were farmers growing vegetables and concerned about water scarcity, high fertilizer costs, and sanitation. A field experiment found cauliflower plots fertilized with urine produced similar yields as chemical fertilizer and higher yields than unfertilized plots, though more testing with different seasonal crops is needed to generalize the findings.
This study evaluated the effects of different nutrient sources on the growth, yield and soil properties related to cauliflower production. Four treatments were tested: biofertilizers, vermicompost, farmyard manure (FYM), and a mixture. The treatments significantly affected plant height, biomass and leaf length. Plots with biofertilizers and FYM yielded the highest at 25.22 and 25.14 tons/ha respectively. Treatments also had residual effects on soil phosphorus and potassium levels. Correlation analysis found yield was positively correlated with biomass, curd weight, depth, diameter and leaf length. Principal component analysis identified plant traits contributing most to variation. Cluster analysis grouped treatments, with F
The document describes a study that assessed the effects of using rabbit urine-based organic liquid fertilizer (POC) and urea fertilizer on the growth and yield of mustard plants. The study used a randomized block design with 7 treatments (including controls with no fertilizer) repeated 4 times. Treatments included different amounts of urea (5, 10, 15 g) and POC (100, 200, 300 ml). The study found that treatments with urea fertilizer produced significantly higher fresh weights (1003.3-1008.3 g) than POC treatments (616.7-621.7 g). Urea treatments also led to taller plants and more leaves compared to controls, while POC treatments were
Effect of different amino acids on the morphology and bio-chemical attributes...Innspub Net
Amino acids have become a crucial part of feed for better growth and yield of Solanaceous vegetables. Economically accessible Amino acid stimulants can enhance the fertilizer absorption and maximize the uptake of water and nutrients. The experimental trial was carried out to find the impact of foliar feeding of Ezabian and Imino-x on flourishment and production of green chilli (Capsicum frutescens L.). Experiment was designed according to Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Moreover, seven treatments and four replications will be considered. Each treatment will contain ten plants. Vegetative, reproductive and biochemical parameters of chilli Wonder Hot, variety will be observed for data collection. Results revealed that Maximum plant height (63.5cm), highest fruit weight (5.39g), highest TSS value (11.51 Brix°) and highest pH value (5.68) was observed in T6 while T6 had maximum number of branches (28), highest value of fruit length (12.49cm), maximum fruit yield/plant (1113g), maximum fruit yield/ hectare (51.15tons), highest fresh root weight is 8.18, highest dry root weight 5.88, highest fresh shoot weight 77.7, highest dry shoot weight 33.57, highest value of 100 seeds weight (0.325g), and maximum chlorophyll concentration (75.68). However, highest concentration of Titratable acidity (0.3593g/L), maximum value of electrical conductivity (3.98S/m) highest value of fruit firmness (7.1 lb) as compared to other treatments Hence, it was concluded that foliar application of Ezabian and Imino-x @ Ezabian20mL+Imino-x20mL per liter of water increased yield characters up to maximum and this dose can be recommended to farmers to get more yield and profit.
Nitrogen and Phosphorus Use EfficiencyinImproved Potato_Hailu Gebru 2017.pdfAbebeChindi1
Abstract Use of nutrient efficient crop species or cultivars
within species in combination with improved crop production
practices offer the best option for meeting the future food
requirements of growing world populations. Efficiency improvement has a key role for nutrient use and it improves both
productivity of yield and minimizes risks of losses that potentially harm the environment. To improve nutrient use efficiency (NUE), one strategy is to select cultivars of crops with high
NUE. Both nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are among essential macronutrients commonly applied to agricultural crops
to optimize yields. Evaluation of potato cultivars with high N
and P efficiency is essential for sustainable production of the
crop. In Ethiopia, however, little research has been done to
elucidate better NUE of potato crop until recently. This study
was, thus, designed to evaluate selected potato cultivars
(Belete, Gudene, Jalene, Marachere and one local check) for
NP use efficiency under low levels of the nutrients in Wolaita
Sodo University, Ethiopia during 2014 and 2015. Factorial
combination of 3 levels of each N (0, 55.5 and 111 kg N
ha−1 ) and P (0, 19.5 and 39 kg P ha−1 ) were assigned to the
main plots and the 5 cultivars to subplots of split-plot design in
three replications. Efficiency indices such as agronomic efficiency, physiological efficiency and recovery efficiency were
computed for combined NP nutrients. Results showed that
agronomic nitrogen use efficiency, apparent phosphorus use
efficiency and phosphorus use efficiencies were significantly
influenced by the interaction effect of rates of NP nutrition and
variety. Application of NP more than 55.5:19.5 kg ha−1 will
not beneficial due to their less or equal use and recovery efficiencies to 55.5:19.5 kg NP ha−1
. Belete was the most NP
efficient variety followed by Jalene and Gudene in all efficiency indices. Therefore, Belete, Jalene and Gudene return better
for NP at 55.5:19.5 kg ha−1 for economical use of fertilizes
while obtaining satisfactory yield. It can be concluded that
yield response variation of the varieties was related to their
differences in NP uptake and use efficiencies; and the improved potato varieties were superior to local check in using
NP nutrients efficiently
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Experimental Study on the Use of Human Urine for Selected Philippine Vegetable Crops: Assessment of Macronutrient Nutrient Content in Philippine Urine and Determination of Appropriate Urine Application Rates
1. Experimental Study on the Use of Human Urine for Selected
Philippine Vegetable Crops: Assessment of Macronutrient
Nutrient Content in Philippine Urine and Determination of
Appropriate Urine Application Rates
R. Gensch*, A. Miso* and G..S. Itchon**
* Sustainable Sanitation Center, Xavier University – Ateneo de Cagayan, Masterson Avenue, Manresa Heights,
Cagayan de Oro, Philippines
(E-mail: robert.gensch@web.de; annamiso@googlemail.com)
** Department of Preventive and Community Medicine, Jose P. Rizal School of Medicine, Xavier University –
Ateneo de Cagayan, Corrales Avenue, Cagayan de Oro, Philippines
(E-mail: gsijuly18@yahoo.com)
Abstract
To assess agricultural potential of human urine as a liquid fertilizer under Philippine conditions an
experimental study was conducted to determine the average macronutrient (N,P,K) content of
human urine and appropriate urine application levels for commonly planted vegetable crops:
Petchay, Sweet Corn and Eggplant. The study was conducted in 3 study locations representing the
3 main Philippine regions: Luzon, Visayas. Mindanao.
In each study area urine was collected from 10 different toilets and the average N,P,K content per
study site and the countrywide average was determined. A randomized complete block design was
used for agricultural experiments with 5 different treatments and 4 replications for each crop and
study site. The 5 treatments include 3 urine application levels (75%, 100%, 125% of calculated
optimum level that correspond to N-demand of plants), 1 treatment with application of synthetic
fertilizer, and 1 treatment without urine/synthetic fertilizer application. The experimental variables
observed were fresh marketable yield and plant height.
The determined average N,P,K content in Philippine urine is N: 4.35 g/l, P: 0.4 g/l, K: 1.74 g/l. Of
the 3 investigated urine levels, the 125% treatment showed best results in terms of marketable
yield and plant height and can be attributed to the fact that the study was conducted during rainy
season. Urine application with best results in plant height and marketable yield showed
comparable results to synthetic fertilizer treatment, with either no significant difference or only
slightly lesser yields. Compared with no fertilizer application the addition of urine significantly
increased yield by 1.5-5 times, depending on plant type and study location.
Application of urine as a fertilizer source can be recommended to increase agricultural production
and may potentially substitute synthetic fertilizers. It is recommended to conduct larger-scale
follow-up studies in order to consolidate existing data and to investigate potential differences
during dry season.
Keywords
Sustainable Sanitation, Ecological Sanitation, Urine, Agricultural Reuse, Urine Diversion
Dehydration Toilets, Nutrients
INTRODUCTION
Human urine is a valuable source of nutrients and properly sanitized urine can be considered an
effective liquid fertilizer in agricultural production (RICHERT et al. 2010). Substantial portion of
the soluble elements in urine are essential plant nutrients such as Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P) and
Potassium (K). The nutrient amount in human urine is dependent on the local diet and almost all of
the essential plant nutrients (N, P, and K) consumed with the daily food intake leave the human
body unchanged (JOENSSON et al. 2004). Urine contains most of these macronutrients as well as
smaller fractions of micronutrients in a plant available form and is particularly rich in Nitrogen.
Urine can, therefore, be considered a well-balanced nitrogen-rich liquid fertilizer.
Ecological Sanitation (ecosan) recognizes the potential of urine as a vast largely untapped valuable
2. resource that can help in the mitigation of poverty, malnutrition and food insecurity particularly at a
household level by providing a liquid fertilizer source that is immediately available and free,
regardless of logistic and economical resources. The term ecosan is often associated with the so-
called Urine Diversion Dehydration Toilet (UDDT), which is the most popular and most widely
used ecosan solution in the Philippines. Due to the different properties, urine and faeces are
collected separately in UDDTs and after storage of one month urine can be considered safe for use
in agriculture (WHO 2006).
However, since the nutrient content in human urine is very much dependent on the local diet it can
vary greatly between countries and regions. Up to the present time, there is neither reliable data
available on the nutrient content in human urine in the Philippines nor are there any
recommendations available on appropriate urine application levels for different vegetable crops
under Philippine conditions. While the ecosan community is promoting the re-use of urine in
agriculture, there is no scientific evidence on the response of different crops to different application
levels of urine.
Such information would greatly support the further spread of more sustainable sanitation solutions
like ecosan in the Philippines and would allow for the development of sound guidelines for the
agricultural community on the use of urine as a liquid fertilizer in vegetable crop production under
Philippine conditions and thus, make its agricultural use more attractive to farmers.
In order to address this knowledge gap this study will therefore determine the average amount of
macronutrients (N,P,K) in source-separated and 1-month old, stored human urine coming from 3
different representative areas in the Philippines (La Union, Bayawan, Cagayan de Oro). It will
furthermore determine appropriate urine application rates based on existing recommendations for
synthetic fertilizers for 3 different commonly planted vegetable crops, namely Sweet Corn, Petchay
and Eggplant in the 3 different study areas.
The findings of this study will enter into a national Philippine guideline document on the use of
urine as a liquid fertilizer in agriculture.
METHODS
The study was conducted from February 2010 until January 2011 simultaneously in three (3)
different study sites in the Philippines namely La Union, Bayawan and Cagayan de Oro
representing the three (3) main Philippine regions: Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao.
An amount of around 1000 liters of urine per study area was collected from a minimum of 10
different household and/or school Urine Diversion Dehydration Toilets (UDDT) per study location.
The urine was stored for 1 month in a 1000 liter storage container for hygienization purposes as
recommended by WHO (WHO 2006). Randomly chosen urine samples from five (5) out of the ten
(10) toilets as well as three (3) samples from the homogenously mixed urine were analyzed in terms
of their Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P) and Potassium (K) content. Based on the results the average
N, P, K content for each study site as well as the average for all the research areas was determined.
A randomized complete block design was used for the agricultural experiments with five (5)
different treatments and four (4) replications for each of the three (3) planted vegetable crops
(Sweet Corn, Petchay, Eggplant) in each study site. The planting bed size was 5m x 1.5m for
Eggplant and Sweet Corn and 2.5m x 1m for Petchay with 20 plants/bed, planted in 2 rows, to
imitate actual field conditions as far as possible.
The five (5) treatments include three (3) treatments with different urine application levels, one (1)
treatment with application of synthetic fertilizer using existing synthetic fertilizer recommendations
and one (1) control without any urine or synthetic fertilizer application. The three (3) urine
treatments are 75%, 100% and 125% of the theoretically calculated optimum urine application level
that correspond to the N-demand of the plants, based on existing synthetic fertilizer
3. recommendations from the Philippine Allotment Garden Manual (PUVeP 2008) and initially
determined average N, P, K content in Philippine urine.
Standard operating procedures (PUVEP 2008) for Eggplant, Sweet Corn and Petchay were followed
with basal fertilizer application (at transplanting) for all three (3) vegetable crops and additional
side dressings one (1) week and three (3) weeks after transplanting for Eggplant and side dressings
one (1) week and four (4) weeks after transplanting for Sweet Corn. Prior to application the
identified urine amounts were diluted with water at a 1:1 ratio. In order to draw conclusions for later
interpretation of the data, soil samples were taken from experimental areas and analyzed as regards
N, P, K content.
The research variables used were the fresh weight of the marketable yield at harvest (with one
harvest for Petchay and Sweet Corn and the sum of three (3) consecutive harvests for Eggplant) as
well as the height of the plants for Sweet Corn and Eggplant at transplanting/basal fertilizer
application, at first and second side dressing and at the time of harvest.
RESULTS
Urine analysis
The results from the laboratory analysis determining the N, P, K content of the urine samples from
the different study sites can be found in Table 1. It also included the calculated average N,P,K
content in the urine per study location. The average N, P, K content is based on the results from the
mixed samples in each study location. The only exemption is Bayawan. Here the average P content
is based on the individual collected samples since the P-content of the mixed sample is significantly
lower than those from the individual samples. It is assumed that this is because the urine has not
been mixed properly before samples were taken and that part of the available P in the mixed urine
already settled at the bottom of the 1000-liter container.
Table 1. Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium content (in %) in analysed urine samples and
calculated average per study site
Location N (%) P (%) K (%)
CDO sample (Elementary School) 0.260 0.027 0.251
CDO sample (Chapel) 0.313 0.015 0.260
Cagayan de Oro
CDO sample (Elementary School) 0.284 0.020 0.244
CDO sample (High School) 0.339 0.014 0.171
CDO sample (Hospital) 0.305 0.012 0.037
CDO mixed sample 1 0.448 0.048 0.162
CDO mixed sample 2 0.437 0.034 0.180
CDO mixed sample 3 0.437 0.037 0.185
Cagayan de Oro - Average (based on mixed samples) 0.441 0.039 0.176
La union sample 1 (Household) 0.342 0.014 0.154
La union sample 2 (Household) 0.522 0.033 0.143
La union sample 3 (Household) 0.072 0.006 0.102
La Union
La union sample 4 (Household) 0.356 0.014 0.086
La union sample 5 (Household) 0.06 0.007 0.058
La Union mixed sample 1 0.469 0.046 0.176
La Union mixed sample 2 0.490 0.066 0.157
La Union mixed sample 3 0.478 0.051 0.180
La Union - Average (based on mixed samples) 0.479 0.054 0.171
Bayawan sample 1 (Household) 0.178 0.013 0.144
Ba
ya
Bayawan sample 2 (Household) 0.079 0.023 0.165
4. Bayawan sample 3 (Household) 0.207 0.024 0.155
Bayawan sample 4 (Household) 0.037 0.026 0.147
Bayawan sample 5 (Household) 0.276 0.045 0.028
Bayawan mixed sample 1 0.341 0.008 0.195
Bayawan mixed sample 2 0.344 0.010 0.171
Bayawan mixed sample 3 0.469 0.009 0.160
Bayawan - Average (of mixed samples, except for P. 0.385 0.026 0.175
Average P concentration taken from individual samples)
The corresponding average macronutrient (N,P,K) content per study location and the Philippine
average (in g/liter) can be found in Table 2.
Table 2. Calculated average N,P,K content (in g/liter) per study area and Philippine average
Location N (g/liter) P (g/liter) K (g/liter)
Cagayan de Oro 4.41 0.40 1.76
La Union 4.79 0.54 1.71
Bayawan 3.85 0.26 1.75
Philippine average 4.35 0.40 1.74
The urine application rates for Sweet Corn, Eggplant and Petchay have been determined based on
the average macronutrient content result for each study area above and the existing synthetic
fertilizer recommendations of the Allotment Garden Manual (PUVeP 2008). Since the N content in
human urine is considerably higher than the P and K content and to avoid over-application of urine
the calculations are based on the N-content of the urine (4.41g/liter in Cagayan de Oro, 4.79 g/liter
in La Union, and 3.85 g/liter in Bayawan respectively).
Table 3. Calculated urine application rates for Petchay, Sweet Corn and Eggplant for each of the 3
study areas
Application Synthetic fertilizer Treatment (% Recommended amount of
recommendations following of assumed urine to be applied (liter/hill)
SOP* (corresponding optimal nutrient CDO La Union Bayawan
nutrient content in g/hill) application)
Sweet Corn
1st 7.0 g/hill Complete 14-14-14 75 0.17 0.15 0.20
Application (N: 0.98, P: 0.43, K: 0.81) 100 0.22 0.20 0.26
(Basal)
125 0.27 0.26 0.33
nd
2 4.0 g/hill Urea 75 0.31 0.29 0.36
Application (N: 1.84) 100 0.42 0.38 0.48
(1 WAT)
125 0.52 0.48 0.60
rd
3 7.0 g/hill Urea 75 0.54 0.50 0.63
Application 4.0 g/hill MOP 100 0.73 0.67 0.84
(4 WAT) (N: 3.22, K: 1.99)
125 0.91 0.84 1.05
Eggplant
1st 10.0 g/hill DAP 75 0.31 0.28 0.35
Application (N: 1.80, P: 2.02) 100 0.41 0.38 0.47
(Basal)
125 0.51 0.47 0.59
nd
2 3.9 g/hill Urea 75 0.31 0.28 0.35
5. Application 5.8 g/hill MOP 100 0.41 0.38 0.47
(1 WAT) (N: 1.79, K: 2.89) 125 0.51 0.47 0.59
rd
3 7.9 g/hill Urea 75 0.62 0.56 0.71
Application 5.8 g/hill MOP 100 0.82 0.76 0.94
(3 WAT) (N: 3.63, K: 2.89)
125 1.02 0.94 1.18
Petchay
1st 10.0 g/hill DAP 75 0.31 0.28 0.35
Application (N: 1.80, P: 2.02) 100 0.41 0.38 0.47
(Basal)
125 0.51 0.47 0.59
(WAT: Weeks after Transplanting, DAP: Diammonium Phosphate, MOP: Muriate of Potash)
Soil analysis
Table 4. N,P,K content in the soil in Cagayan de Oro, La Union & Bayawan
Location N (g/liter) P (g/liter) K (g/liter)
Cagayan de Oro 0.05 0.007 (73ppm) 0.04 (406ppm)
La Union 0.06 0.03 (318ppm) 0.04 (374ppm)
Bayawan 0.10 0.02 (233ppm) 0.04 (438ppm)
Agricultural experiments
The agricultural field trial with 3 different urine level treatments (75%, 100%, 125% of the
calculated urine application optimum), 1 synthetic fertilizer application treatment and 1 control
(without any urine or synthetic fertilizer application) showed the following results for the
marketable yield of Petchay, Eggplant and Sweet Corn in the respective 3 study locations:
Table 5. Average marketable yield (kg/bed) for Petchay, Sweet Corn and Eggplant in Cagayan de
Oro, La Union & Bayawan
T1 T2 T3 C1 C2
(urine (urine (urine (control w/o (control
application application application urine/ with
with 75% of with 100% of with 100% of synthetic synthetic
calculated N calculated N calculated N fertilizer fertilizer
optimum) optimum) optimum) application) application)
Petchay
Cagayan de 1.830 2.202 2.411 0.511 2.513
Oro
La Union 0.611 0.608 0.588 0.261 0.660
Bayawan 2.375 2.425 2.613 0.925 2.728
Sweet Corn
Cagayan de 8.276 8.341 8.879 5.056 8.839
Oro
La Union 3.572 3.641 4.186 2.103 4.679
Bayawan 6.700 7.125 7.350 5.100 7.775
Eggplant (after 3rd harvest)
Cagayan de 9.186 12.594 18.070 3.506 16.205
Oro
La Union 8.261 8.047 8.593 5.634 9.808
Bayawan 5.250 5.625 6.675 1.425 6.175
6. Average marketable yield - Petchay Average marketable yield - Petchay Average marketable yield - Petchay
(CDO) (La Union) (Bayawan)
3 3 3 2.728
2.513 2.613
2.411 2.375 2.425
2.5 2.202 2.5 2.5
2 1.83 2 2
kg/bed
kg/bed
kg/bed
1.5 1.5 1.5
0.925
1 1 1
0.611 0.608 0.588 0.66
0.511
0.5 0.5 0.261 0.5
0 0 0
T1 T2 T3 C1 C2 T1 T2 T3 C1 C2 T1 T2 T3 C1 C2
Average marketable yield – Sweet Average marketable yield – Sweet Average marketable yield – Sweet
Corn (CDO) Corn (La Union) Corn (Bayawan)
10 10 10
8.879 8.839
9 8.276 8.341 9 9
7.775
8 8 8 7.125 7.35
6.7
7 7 7
6 6 6
kg/bed
kg/bed
kg/bed
5.056 5.1
4.679
5 5 4.186 5
3.572 3.641
4 4 4
3 3 2.103 3
2 2 2
1 1 1
0 0 0
T1 T2 T3 C1 C2 T1 T2 T3 C1 C2 T1 T2 T3 C1 C2
Average marketable yield – Eggplant Average marketable yield – Eggplant Average marketable yield – Eggplant
(CDO) (La Union) (Bayawan)
20 18.07 20 20
18 16.205 18 18
16 16 16
14 12.594 14 14
12 12 12
kg/bed
kg/bed
kg/bed
9.186 9.808
10 10 8.261 8.047 8.593 10
8 8 8 6.675 6.175
5.634 5.25 5.625
6 6 6
3.506
4 4 4
1.425
2 2 2
0 0 0
T1 T2 T3 C1 C2 T1 T2 T3 C1 C2 T1 T2 T3 C1 C2
The measured height at different planting stages for Eggplant and Sweet Corn in each of the 3 study
areas is reflected in the following graphs:
Average plant height of Eggplant (CDO) Average plant height of Sweet Corn (CDO)
90 250 C2
T3
80 C2 T2
T3 T1
70 200 C1
T1
T2
60
C1
150
50
cm
cm
40
100
30
20
50
10
0 0
basal 1st side dressing 2nd side dressing harvest basal 1st side dressing 2nd side dressing harvest
7. Average plant height of Eggplant (La Union) Average plant height of Sweet Corn (La Union)
70 120
C2 C2
T3 T3
60
100
T2
T2
T1 T1
50
C1 80
C1
40
cm
cm
60
30
40
20
20
10
0 0
basal 1st side dressing 2nd side dressing harvest basal 1st side dressing 2nd side dressing harvest
Average plant height of Eggplant (Bayawan) Average plant height of Sweet Corn (Bayawan)
80 250 C2
C2
70 T3
T3 200 T2
60 T1
T2
T1
50 C1 150
C1
cm
cm
40
100
30
20
50
10
0 0
basal 1st side dressing 2nd side dressing harvest basal 1st side dressing 2nd side dressing harvest
DISCUSSION
N,P,K content in urine
The results of the study show that Philippine urine contains considerable amounts of N, P and K and
is particularly rich in Nitrogen. For the 3 study areas there are no significant differences in the N
and K content. However for the P content there are significant variations among the 3 study areas.
Since the P content is the only significant deviation this might be explained with the fact that part of
the P content tends to precipitate at the bottom of the urine container and it is assumed that the urine
might not have been mixed properly during the sample taking.
Urine application rates (Cagayan de Oro)
Petchay: Out of the 3 urine treatments the T3 (125% of the calculated urine optimum) treatment
shows the best result with regard to the average marketable yield. The average yield with the 125%
urine treatment is comparable to the use of synthetic fertilizer. T test shows no significant difference
in average marketable yield using 125% urine application and using synthetic fertilizer. Application
of synthetic fertilizer as well as all 3 urine treatments results in significantly higher yields than no
fertilizer application (control). The average yield of the synthetic fertilizer treatment and the 125%
urine treatment is around 5 times as much as the control (C1). Therefore, this study is able to show
that the use of 125% urine is able to produce comparable marketable yield in Petchay as using
synthetic fertilizer.
Sweet Corn: The comparison of average yields of T1, T2, T3 (75%, 100%, and 125% urine,
respectively) shows no significant difference using the t-test. Based on the results obtained, 75%,
100% and 125% urine concentrations are equally effective for use in Sweet Corn. However, based
on the trend seen, 125% urine concentration seems to produce the best result in terms of yield.
Comparing the results of the application of 125% urine treatment (T3) to the use of synthetic
fertilizer also shows no statistically significant difference. This shows that the use of 125% urine
on Sweet Corn is as effective as using synthetic fertilizer. Comparison of C1 and C2, and C1 with
the 3 urine treatments is significant. Application of synthetic fertilizer as well as all 3 urine
treatments results in significantly higher yields than no fertilizer application (control). The average
8. yield of the synthetic fertilizer treatment as well as the 3 urine treatments is around twice the
amount compared to the control (C1). As for the average plant height at harvest T1, T2, T3 and C2
show very similar results and the results show no statistical difference using the t test. Use of 75%,
100%, or 125% of the calculated urine optimum will produce the same height at harvest as use of
synthetic fertilizer. C1 (control), however, resulted in significantly shorter plants compared to all
the other groups.
Eggplant: Among the urine treatments the best result is shown by T3 (125% urine application),
which is similar to the C2 (synthetic fertilizer) application. The difference between T3 and C2 is not
significant using the t-test, which means that the use of 125% urine treatment will produce
comparable results to the use of synthetic fertilizer. Application of synthetic fertilizer as well as all
3 urine treatments resulted in significantly higher yields than no fertilizer application (control). The
average yield of the synthetic fertilizer treatment and the 125% urine treatment is around 5 times as
much as the control (C1). As for the average plant height the best result is shown by T3 followed by
C2. T3 and C2 results show no statistical difference, meaning that the T3 treatment will produce
comparable results to the use of synthetic fertilizer in terms of average height of plant at harvest.
Urine application rates (La Union)
For Petchay the best result for average yield is exhibited by C2. Among the urine treatment groups,
it is exhibited by T1. There is no significant difference between C2 and T1, between C2 and T2, and
between C2 and T3 results using t-test. Furthermore, there are no significant differences between T1
and T2, T2 and T3, and T1 and T3. There is a slightly significant difference, however, between T3
and C2. C1 (control) compared to all the treatment groups and C2 shows highly significant
differences with a considerably lesser yield than all other treatments. The average yield of the
synthetic fertilizer treatment as well as the 3 urine treatments is around twice the amount compared
to the control (C1).
For Sweet Corn the best result for average yield is shown by C2. Among the urine treatment groups,
it is shown by T3 with no significant difference between T3 and C2. There are significant
differences seen between T1 and T3 and T2 and T3. C1 (control) compared to all treatment groups
and C2 shows highly significant differences with a considerably lesser yield than all other
treatments. The average yield of the synthetic fertilizer treatment as well as the 3 urine treatments is
around twice the amount compared to the control (C1). Best results in plant height are shown by
C2. Among the treatment groups, best plant height result is shown by T3. There are no significant
differences shown comparing C2 to T3, C2 to T2 and C2 to T1. However, the difference is
significant comparing T1 and T2, T1 and T3, and T1 and C2. C1 (control) compared to all the
treatment groups and C2 shows highly significant difference.
For Eggplant T3 shows the best results for the average yield weight. Using t-test, the difference is
not significant compared to mean weight results at harvest of T1, T2, T3 and C2. Results of C1,
however, are highly significant compared to T1, T2, T3 and C2, with considerably lesser average
yields. The average yield of the synthetic fertilizer treatment as well as the 3 urine treatments is
nearly twice the amount compared to the control (C1). Best results in plant growth are exhibited by
T3 in all stages of the study and at harvest. Using t-test, the result for plant height is highly
significant compared to T1, slightly significant compared to T2 and highly significant compared to
C1. T–test further shows there is no significant difference in growth rates between T3 and C2.
Urine application rates (Bayawan)
For Petchay best result for the average yield is shown by C2. Among the urine treatment groups, it
is shown by T3. There is no significant difference shown between C2 and T3. There is a slight
statistically significant difference between C2 and T2, C2 and T1. C1 (control) shows a significant
difference when compared to all treatment groups and C2. Application of synthetic fertilizer as well
as all 3 urine treatments results in significantly higher yields than no fertilizer application (control).
The average yield of the synthetic fertilizer treatment as well as the 3 urine treatments is around
three times the amount compared to the control (C1).
9. For Sweet Corn the best result for the average yield is shown by C2. Among the urine treatment
groups, T3 shows the best result, followed by T2, and then T1. There is no significant difference
between C2 and T3. However, there are significant differences between C2 and T1, and between
C2 and T2. There are statistically significant differences between C1 (control) and all the urine
treatment groups and between C1 and C2. Application of synthetic fertilizer as well as all 3 urine
treatments results in significantly higher yields than no fertilizer application (control). The average
yield of the synthetic fertilizer treatment as well as the 3 urine treatments is around 1.5 times the
amount compared to the control (C1). Best results in plant height are shown by C2. Among the
treatment groups, best plant height result is shown by T3. There are only slight significant
differences shown comparing C2 to T3, C2 to T2 and C2 to T1. C1 (control) compared to all the
treatment groups and C2 shows highly significant difference.
For Eggplant the best results are shown by C2 in terms of average marketable yield. Among the
urine treatment groups, T3 shows the best result, followed by T2 and then T1. There is no
significant difference between the T3 and C2. However, there are significant statistical differences
between T3 and T1 and T3 and T2. C1 (control) shows a significant difference in comparison to all
the urine treatment groups and in comparison to C2. Application of synthetic fertilizer as well as all
3 urine treatments results in significantly higher yields than no fertilizer application (control). The
average yield of the synthetic fertilizer treatment as well as the 3 urine treatments is around four
times the amount compared to the control (C1).
Summary
Out of the 3 investigated urine treatment groups in the majority of cases T3 (125%) showed the best
results in terms of average marketable yield and plant height in the 3 study areas. One of the
possible reasons might be that due to a delay in the initial urine collection the study was conducted
during the rainy season and a certain amount of the applied urine nutrients might have been washed
out during the rainfall events.
In the majority of cases the urine application with the best results in plant height and marketable
yield showed comparable results to the synthetic fertilizer treatment, with no or only slight
significant difference. It shows that urine can be considered as effective as synthetic fertilizers.
The increase in yield that can be attributed to the application of urine as well as application of the
synthetic fertilizer treatment in comparison to no urine or synthetic fertilizer application (negative
control) is between 2-5 times for Petchay, around twice as much for Sweet Corn, and 1.5-5 times
for Eggplant.
Among the 3 study areas considerable differences in the overall average yield for the 3 planted
vegetable crops have been observed that cannot be fully explained. The analysis of the nutrient
content in the soil from the 3 study areas shows no significant differences (except for the P content
in CDO which is comparatively low, and the N-content in Bayawan which is comparatively high)
and allows no further conclusions that would explain the differences in the overall yield. The
differences in the yield may be attributed the other local site conditions such as available sunlight,
water, and general soil conditions. Despite the differences in the overall yields and plant heights the
general trends and results per treatment, however, remain comparable.
CONCLUSIONS
Due its high macronutrient content, particularly N, urine can be considered a valuable liquid
nutrient source and a potential synthetic fertilizer substitute in agricultural production. The average
N, P, K content in Philippine urine is 4.35 g/l of N, 0.4 g/l of P, and 1.74 g/l of K with a N,P,K ratio
of 11/1/1.5.
The application of urine that corresponds to the actual N requirements of the plants results in similar
yields and plant heights as those grown with synthetic fertilizers. Compared with no fertilizer
application the addition of urine in quantities corresponding to the plant needs can significantly
10. increase the marketable yield by 1.5 to 5 times, depending on the study location and the crops
planted.
Best fertilizing results with urine were achieved with applying a urine rate that corresponds to 125%
of the calculated optimum N requirements of the plants based on existing synthetic fertilizer
recommendations. However since the study was conducted during the rainy season this slightly
higher amount might be partly attributed to nutrient losses during periodic rainfall events.
RECOMMENDATIONS
From an agricultural point of view the application of urine as a liquid fertilizer source is
recommended to increase agricultural production at only minimal costs. An application of urine
corresponding to around 100% to 125% of the calculated optimum N requirements of the planted
crops is recommended and the amount of urine applied during the rainy season can be slightly
increased since it is assumed that some of the nutrients might be washed out during periodic
rainfalls.
It is furthermore suggested to conduct follow-up studies in the same study locations in order to
further consolidate the existing data and particularly to investigate potential differences with urine
application during the dry season.
References
JOENSSON, H., RICHERT A., VINNERAAS, B., SALOMON, E. (2004): Guidelines on the Use
of Urine and Faeces in Crop Production, Stockholm, Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI),
EcoSanRes Publication Series, Report 2004-2
PUVEP (2008): Philippine Allotment Garden Manual with an Introduction to Ecological Sanitation,
Peri-Urban Vegetable Project, Xavier University College of Agriculture, Cagayan de Oro,
Philippines, http://puvep.xu.edu.ph/publications/AG%20Booklet_final.pdf
RICHERT, A., GENSCH, R., JOENSSON, H., STENSTROEM, T.-A., DAGERSKOG, L. (2010):
Practical Guidance on the Use ofUrine in Crop Production: EcoSanResProgramme, Stockholm
Environment Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
WHO (2006): Guidelines for Safe Use Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater, Volume 4: Excreta and
Greywater Use in Agriculture, Geneva, World Health Organisation