International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This documents relates to importance of water & simple ways preserving & using wisely.
Natural resources are limited.
Wise ways & renewable source of energy is way to life in future.
Live peaceful & healthy life.
Image Detection and Count Using Open Computer Vision (Opencv)IJERA Editor
The purpose of this paper is to introduce and quickly make a reader to provide basics of OpenCV (Open Source Computer Vision) without having to go through the lengthy reference manuals and books. OpenCV is actually an open source library for image and video analysis, originally introduced more than decade ago by Intel. The latest major change took place in 2009 (OpenCV2) which includes main changes to the C++ interface. Nowadays the library has >2500 optimized algorithms. It is extensively used around the world, having >2.5M downloads and >40K people in the user group. Regardless of whether one is a novice C++ programmer or a professional software developer, unaware of OpenCV, the content should be interesting mainly for the researchers and graduate students in image processing and computer vision areas.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This documents relates to importance of water & simple ways preserving & using wisely.
Natural resources are limited.
Wise ways & renewable source of energy is way to life in future.
Live peaceful & healthy life.
Image Detection and Count Using Open Computer Vision (Opencv)IJERA Editor
The purpose of this paper is to introduce and quickly make a reader to provide basics of OpenCV (Open Source Computer Vision) without having to go through the lengthy reference manuals and books. OpenCV is actually an open source library for image and video analysis, originally introduced more than decade ago by Intel. The latest major change took place in 2009 (OpenCV2) which includes main changes to the C++ interface. Nowadays the library has >2500 optimized algorithms. It is extensively used around the world, having >2.5M downloads and >40K people in the user group. Regardless of whether one is a novice C++ programmer or a professional software developer, unaware of OpenCV, the content should be interesting mainly for the researchers and graduate students in image processing and computer vision areas.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Study of Effecting Factors on Housing Price by Hedonic Model A Case Study of ...IJERA Editor
In this paper, an investigation of the housing price in ninth district of Mashhad was presented. We applied a descriptive and analytical method for calculations. That is called Hedonic Model. We used 10 variables that covered the physical factors and access position. The results of 516 cases by software Eviews in version 3.1 indicated that 7 of 10 variable coefficients had a significant error about 5%. Also, the 3 variables of ground area and the distance of shopping centers and number of bedroom are no statistically significant, so these are not used in the final estimate. The structural that used for estimate of housing prices by Hedonic model with a logarithmic function. The researches indicate that the area of infrastructure in housing units and the number of floors are important factors for increasing housing price in Mashhad, so that for increasing in each 1% for the area infrastructure and number of bedrooms changed the housing prices about 0.9 and 0.0083 respectively. The factors of decreasing in housing price included age of construction, number of floors, distance of training center, parks and etc.
Fresh Water Augmentation and Salinity Management in KuttanadIJERA Editor
The Thanneermukkam bund was constructed to resolve the salinity problems faced by the farmers of Kuttanad; though it could reduce the problems to a large extend it had many ill effects such as water pollution, spread of aquatic weeds and other flora and fauna related problems. The main objective is to reduce the salinity level in Vembanad Lake during summer season that is during the closure period of Thanneermukkam Bund (TMB). The problem is solved efficiently by adapting following methods (1) water is taken from Muvattupuzha River, and conveyed through a regulator to Kuttanad region during summer season to dilute the water and keep the salinity below 2ppt and (2) water is collected in the pazhnilam before the closure of TMB and pumped out into Lake surrounding at times of acute shortage. The design of the regulator, its location and working is also discussed along with the various management techniques to be adopted in Kuttanad for effective implementation of the project. A proposal for management of water quantity and salinity for the natural water system of Kuttanad is developed.
Scientific principles and concepts expressed through the laws, equations and formulas are the bedrock for the prediction of the deign-in functionality performance of any engineering creation. However, there are not equivalent when the in-service functionability predictions have to be made. Hence, Mirce Mechanics has been created at the MIRCE Akademy to fulfil the roll. The main purpose of this paper is to present the development and application of Mirce Functionability Equation which is the bedrock for the prediction of the in-service motion of functionability performance of maintainable systems.
Flexible ac transmission systems (FACTS), network congestion, Ordinal Optimiz...IJERA Editor
IS 800 in 2007, follows Limit State Design method for general construction for steel but provision for limit state design of light gauge cold form steel has not been made in it. IS 801-1975 provides the guild lines for use of cold formed light gauge steel structural members in general building construction which follows working stress design. This code is under revision. In this paper, in order to understand limit strength of light gauge cold form steel section in flexure a finite element analyses has been carried out on light gauge cold form built up I sections with different heights and thicknesses to asses limit load and modes of failure. Elastic and inelastic flexural strength and deformation behavior have been studied and finally a parametric study was undertaken to understand the influence of height, thickness on its structural behavior. It has been observed that light gauge cold form section with low H/t aspect ratio posses higher ratios of limiting load to elastic load.
Preprocessing and Classification in WEKA Using Different ClassifiersIJERA Editor
Data mining is a process of extracting information from a dataset and transform it into understandable structure
for further use, also it discovers patterns in large data sets [1]. Data mining has number of important techniques
such as preprocessing, classification. Classification is one such technique which is based on supervised learning.
It is a technique used for predicting group membership for the data instance. Here in this paper we use
preprocessing, classification on diabetes database. Here we apply classifiers on this database and compare the
result based on certain parameters using WEKA. 77.2 million people in India are suffering from pre diabetes.
ICMR estimates that around 65.1million are diabetes patients. Globally in year 2010, 227 to 285 million people
had diabetes, out of that 90% cases are related to type 2 ,this is equal to 3.3% of the population with equal rates
in both women and men in 2011 it resulted in 1.4 million deaths worldwide making it the leading cause of
death.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Computational approach of the homeostatic turnover of memory B cells.IJERA Editor
In this paper, a discrete mathematical model inspired by control mechanisms is used to explore the factors potentially responsible for maximum immunization capacity in mammals. The results have been discussed in light of recent work, and refer to the adoption of parameter values chosen among data gathered from the literature. The model used in this study took into consideration that the immune system is a network of molecules and cells that can recognize itself.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Growth and Characterization of Barium doped Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate Sing...IJERA Editor
The Non Linear Optical materials have acquired new significance with the advent of a large number of devices
utilizing solid state Laser sources. Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate one of the Non Linear Optical material having
superior non linear optical properties has been exploited for variety of application. In the present work, KHP
single crystals were grown by slow evaporation technique with Barium metal ion as a dopant. The grown
crystals were subjected to powder XRD analysis and the result shows that the Ba2+ ions does not alter the crystal
structure, but it enter into the crystal lattice of pure KHP. The optical transparency of the grown crystal was
studied by UV-Visible spectroscopy, the molecular structure was confirmed by FTIR analysis and its thermal
stability by TG/DTA analysis. The improved SHG efficiency of barium doped Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate
crystal could enhance the nonlinearity behaviour. In addition to this, the electrical parameter such as dielectric
constant was studied in detail.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
ECOlogical SANitation - closing the loop between waste to food...
- Its a concept of producing food material from the waste material produced from the household ...Form of pollution management technique.
Sanitation refers to public health conditions related to clean drinking water and adequate treatment and disposal of human excreta and sewage.[1] Preventing human contact with feces is part of sanitation, as is hand washing with soap. Sanitation system aim to protect human health by providing a clean environment that will stop the transmission of disease, especially through the fecal-oral route.[2] For example, diarrhea, a main cause of malnutrition and stunted growth in children, can be reduced through sanitation.[3] There are many other diseases which are easily transmitted in communities that have low levels of sanitation, such as ascariasis (a type of intestinal worm infection or helminthiasis), cholera, hepatitis, polio, schistosomiasis, trachoma, to name just a few.
A range of sanitation technologies and approaches exists. Some examples are community-led total sanitation, container-based sanitation, ecological sanitation, emergency sanitation, environmental sanitation, onsite sanitation and sustainable sanitation. A sanitation system includes the capture, storage, transport, treatment and disposal or reuse of human excreta and wastewater.[4] Reuse activities within the sanitation system may focus on the nutrients, water, energy or organic matter contained in excreta and wastewater. This is referred to as the "sanitation value chain" or "sanitation economy
Paulo Mellet's Productive ecological sewage water treatment systems Magnus Wolfe Murray
In tribute to the most inspiring man who i have encountered on planet so far, a wonderful friend and constant source of brilliant ideas and resources. We are so much poorer without his presence now he has passed away, yet so much richer for knowing him, from learning from him. Your work will live on in everything I do. Go well my friend.
The Kailash Ecovillage project converting human excreta into organic foodstuf...Kimberly L. King
Since March 2014, a sustainably focused community located on a 0.7 hectares site in Portland, Oregon, USA, has
been undertaking an experimental composting toilet system modeled after the Water Efficiency and Sanitation
Standard (WE-Stand) set out by the International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO).
This system collects urine and hot composts human excreta in a dry-composting toilet system for eventual
use on the community’s organic gardens. The system design reduces the need to access municipal water,
sewer, and electrical infrastructure, enhancing emergency preparedness. It conserves an otherwise wasted
nutrient flow, and safely produces a valuable compost. The system consists of urine collection vessels, multiple
portable collection containers for excreta, toilet paper, and additive, and a compost processor. Urine diversion
has allowed the community to reclaim nitrogen and other nutrients otherwise lost in conventional sewage systems,
resulting in large savings of potable water and significant carbon sequestration via topsoil creation. Logs
showed thermophilic compost temperatures. Compost and urine pathogen testing met American National Standards
Institute and National Sanitation Foundation Standard 41 requirements.
This is another presentation visualizing the work on Ecological Sanitation by University of Agricultural Sciences in collaboration with Arghyam Foundation.
Sanitation is the hygienic means of preventing human contact with the multiple hazards associated with waste in order to promote health.
Some of the hazards include physical, microbiological, biological and chemical.
The most common hazards that pose health problems originate from human and animal faeces, solid waste, domestic wastewater, and industrial and agricultural waste.
To prevent the health threat posed by these wastes, engineering solutions such as sewerage and wastewater treatment and simple technologies like latrines, septic tanks or even hand washing with soap rank high.
7191 . the right to water and sanitation - a practical guideGian Paolo Pezzi
A Franciscan Perspective on the Right to Water. Francis’s respect for Sister Mother Earth reminds us that the right to water is certainly important, but at the same time we need to respect the Water’s rights too!
This practical guide shows the importance of water, the water's rights, and the commitment of the community towards water providing reflection, statistics, and exercises. Here you can find both the Power Point and a word text to facilitate the use of both in separate way. (Jpic-jp.org).
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI support
O44087882
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Ecosanitation: An Integrated Approach towards Sanitation.
Parth Gabani, Juzer Nalwala, Aditya Patel, Bharat Radadiya, Mitali Shah.
*(Department of Civil Enginerring, Sarvajanik College of engineering and Technology, Surat.
ABSTRACT
There are at least 2.6 billion people in the world without improved sanitation. Improved sanitation is defined
by WHO as connection to a Public sewer, connection to a septic system, a pour-flush latrine, a simple or
ventilated pit latrine. Most of this 2.6 billion reside in rural Asia and Africa. But technically even access to
improved sanitation does not solve the problem, a spit latrines which serve about 2.8 billion people usually fail
to sanitize and contribute to ground water pollution. Also, septic systems and sewerage treatment plant often
discharge in to the overloading and eutrophication. The need to close the loop on nutrients indicates that a
paradigm shift towards sustainable sanitation is necessary environment with little or no sanitization or nutrient
removal, polluting the ground water table streams, lake sand coastal zones, helping to perpetuate the cycle of
human disease and upsetting fragile aquatic ecosystems by nutrient. The health risks associated with the current
state of sanitation in the world require immediate action. Thus in present scenario huge amount of water and
piping coverage is required and inspite of all these things the operational and maintenance cost are also high.
This traditional British flush sanitation system has created havoc. Ample amount of NPK which is readily
available in absorbable form by plants is wasted down the drain. Due to ever expansion of urban areas are
getting far away which is increasing the cost of conveyance of sewage.
I. INTRODUCTION
Ecological sanitation has attracted many
definitions. Morgan (1998) defined ecosan as system
that makes use of human waste and turns it into
something useful and valuable with minimum
pollution of the environment and with no threat to
human health. Guzha (2001) defined ecological
sanitation as an environmentally friendly way of
managing human excreta in a way that benefits
people and their environment. Ecosan, according to
Morgan (1998), is a system in which toilets are
designed to Store and prepare human waste for use in
agriculture by formation of humus through the
addition of ash, soil, lime or any other biodegradable
materials.
Some call it feces and some call it humanure
and some call it other things not fit for this document.
Everybody poops and it has to go somewhere. So it
should be important to everyone where it goes.
Ecological sanitation (Ecosan) is an integrated
sanitation strategy developed through traditional
knowledge and biological science in which natural
processes are utilized to transform human wastes
(poop and pee) into fertile soil.
Ecosan is based on three principles:
1. The prevention of pollution rather than an
attempt to control or mitigate it after the fact;
2. The sanitization of urine and poop; and
3. Using the resulting safe products to enhance
agricultural production. EcoSan provides an
innovative, low-cost solution to multiple
problems faced by the world's poor and has the
potential to simultaneously improve a
community‟s overall structure.
Sanitation is a key determinant of society‟s
ability to sustain itself. If we cannot meet the
sanitation challenge described above, we will not be
capable to provide for the needs of the present
generation without hindering that of future
generations. Thus, sanitation approaches must be
resource minded, not waste minded.
1.1 History of Ecological Sanitation:
The concepts behind ecological sanitation are
based on natural processes and, as such, have
been understood and practiced by indigenous
cultures for centuries. In China, human wastes,
called “night soil”, have been collected and used
to enhance agricultural productivity for over 500
years.Throughout Africa and Latin America,
peasants will explain that their most productive
fruit trees can be found on or near old latrine
sites. Even an observant suburban American has
noticed that the grass is greener near the septic
tank.
1.4 Issues with Traditional Approaches:
The Price of Sewers and the Problem With pits:
• The two primary sanitation approaches promoted
globally are:
• 1.To flush the wastes away with water through
sewers that lead (Sometimes) to a treatment
plant, or
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Parth Gabani et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 4( Version 7), April 2014, pp.78-82
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• 2. To soak the wastes into the ground and let the
soil filter it as is done for deep-pit latrines and
septic tanks.
• Both of these approaches remove raw human
wastes from the immediate household
environment, and, as such, the spread of these
technologies has significantly reduced the
transmission of water born disease. However,
both approaches have unintended environmental
consequences, which affect both public health
and the long-term sustainability of these
sanitation systems.
Problems with water borne sewage arise when:
Public money is tight: many developing
countries do not have the resources for sewer
projects for cities that have burgeoned with
unplanned settlements and are stressed beyond
the capacity for which they were designed.
Sewage is discharged untreated: when raw
sewage is discharged into aquatic ecosystems it
increases both nutrient concentrations and faecal
pathogen loads. If these aquatic systems are near
or upstream from human habitations sewage can
pose a serious public health risk. Even when
sewage is discharged far from humans, the
nutrients can cause shifts in aquatic ecosystems,
which ripple throughout the food chain.
Waterisscarce: when water is scarcer people
live far from a water source, flush toilets are
dependent on constant labor (usually performed
by women and children) and often experience
problems with clogged pipes. Access to running
water is largely determined by economic status,
and flush toilets are not designed to cater to the
poor. As clean water resources become more and
more scarce it will become increasingly difficult
to maintain flush toilets, even in wealthy
countries.
Problems with pits arise when:
• Groundwaterishighortheareafloods:When the
groundwater rises above the bottom of the pit,
nutrients and microorganisms from human
wastes mix with the water table and can cause
serious environmental and public health
problems.
• Mosquitoes breedinthesludge: Because
volumes of urine are so much higher than faeces,
pit latrines generally contain standing water,
especially in clay soils which can be breeding
zone for flies and the mosquitoes that carry
malaria and dengue fever.
• Ventilation is poor: Pit latrines can have terrible
Odors when they are not well ventilated.
• Soil is vulnerable to collapse: deep latrines are
prone to collapse in some soils, particularly if
they are not lined. Pit collapses can be fatal
depending on the depth of the latrine and the
construction material.
Septic tanks similarly dispose of wastes on
site by settling out the solids from flush water in a
tank or series of tanks and filtering the excess water
into the surrounding soil, often through a leach field.
Again if they are correctly sited away from water
sources, above the water table, and with enough
drainage space, they can safely manage wastes. But
they have similar problems to pit latrines in areas
with high water tables or flooding and must also be
emptied when full.
1.5 The double-vault toilet in India:
In India, the Vietnamese sanitation system
has been adapted to a population of „washers‟. Not
only urine, but also the water used for anal cleaning
is diverted – in this case into an evapotranspiration
reed bed next to the toilet. The vault is lined with
straw before use. This provides a carbon-rich bed to
receive the faeces and also absorbs moisture. A
handful of ashes are sprinkled over the faeces after
each use. Occasionally some straw, leafy material
and paper scraps are also added, which means that
there is a process of decomposition rather than
dehydration. A reduction in volume of the vault
contents confirms that decomposition is occurring.
The first vault is opened after one year or more of
operation.
The evapotranspiration bed requires very
little maintenance. All that is required is that
excessive growth is cut back, chopped into small
pieces and added to the processing vault..
1.6 Concept
The basic concept of our project is to
separate urine and excreta at source. We see the 19th
century toilets uses so much water to flush out
excreta to far away STP. But the problem is not
solved here as the laymen thinks. There are so much
processes that are to be done to this waste-water that
it involves so much amount of time, energy and
money. This resources are too precious to be wasted
in modern world. Leave apart the kilometers of
pipelines that are included. The normal STP then
gives water output that is not at all useable in day to
day lives. The water is released into natural streams
to restore back its natural condition and again then
treated in water treatment plant.
So we see here there is so much of
haphazardness in this precious resource planning.
3. Parth Gabani et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 4( Version 7), April 2014, pp.78-82
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Hence the very simple and lucid method is to
separate it from very source. The urine which can be
accustomed as “Gold Urine” can be easily treated at
very nominal cost and can be a very rich resource in
agriculture due to easy usability by plants. The
excreta can be directed to septic tank and the
supernatant thus generated is also good source of
nutrients can be too used in agriculture along with
urine. Hence the whole natural cycle is maintained
and the nutrients of soil is restored back by this very
concept.
program to increase the carbon content of
soils. Most efforts to address the atmospheric build-
up of carbon dioxide (CO2), which is believed to be
causing climate change, have focused on reducing the
CO2 emissions from fossil fuel burning and the
clearing of rain forests. However, scientists have
recently begun to focus on the ability of soils to serve
as a sink for excess atmospheric carbon. (In soils
carbon is stored in the form of humus and decaying
organic matter.) A number of factors influence the
accumulation of carbon in soils. Returning sanitized
human excreta to degraded lands would play a
significant role in this process by enhancing soil
fertility, increasing plant growth and hence the
amount of CO2 pulled from the atmosphere through
photosynthesis. A modest doubling of the amount of
carbon in non-forest soils, from the current low level
of 1% (as a result of erosion) to 2% over the course
of 100 years would balance the net annual increase of
atmospheric carbon over that time3
.
Access to improved Sanitation- Urban (%)
Access to improved Sanitation- Rural (%)
Ref: Banglore Workshop.
1990 1995 2000 2005
Afgh
anista
nBan
glade
shBh
utan
India
Maldi
vesN
epalP
akista
nSri
Lank
a
7
55
...
45
100
48
82
82
5
12
...
3
...
7
17
64
7
54
65
49
100
53
56
93
2
18
70
9
42
15
26
75
30
53
65
55
100
58
89
96
16
27
70
17
42
23
34
85
49
51
65
59
100
62
82
98
29
35
70
22
42
30
41
89
4. Parth Gabani et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 4( Version 7), April 2014, pp.78-82
www.ijera.com 81 | P a g e
5. Parth Gabani et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 4( Version 7), April 2014, pp.78-82
www.ijera.com 82 | P a g e
No.ofperson Normalscenario Scenariowhenusing
ecosanitation
Watertobe treated at
STPforoneperson
135litres 30litres
Watertobe treated at
STPfor1000person
13500litres 3000litres
Thus the table shows the need of ecosanitationby showing how much sewage
load can be reduced to stp by ecosanitation.
Ref. Indian Plumbing code
BATHROOMS
NO-MIX
TOILETS
EXCRETATO
“SEPTIC
TANK”
GREYWATER
WASHBAS
INS
IRRIGATION
SLUDGE
SUPERNATENT
URINE “LIQUID
GOLD”
ASTEPFORWARD:TAKINGCLOSED-LOOPTO
NO-MIX TOILETS
AGRICULTUREFOOD
II. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First and Foremost, we would like to thank
the main helping hand of our project, our project
guide, Mrs. Mitali Shah for her unwavering support
towards us.Our dear HOD Himanshu Padhya for his
always encouraging support and instilling confidence
in us throughout our journey in Civil Engineering
Department at SCET. The other gentleman towards
whom we owe our greatest gratitude is Mr. Muni
Raval for taking us into the world of water. His
teaching style reminds us of ancient “Guru-Shishya”
methodology as the most challenging concepts are
easily explained were explained in very lucid
language.We would also like to thank Miss Payden
Dorji, sanitation expert at WHO for helping and
keeping us aware of present trends flowing in
environment field. We feel extremely happy to be
helped by Prof. Bhasker Bhatt , Ranjit Patel and
Darpan Gadhiya in crucial situations.And finally ,We
thank god for showing us the right path through our
intuitions and his blessings showered on us, always..
REFERENCES
[1] E.Joyes, A.A. Cronin, J. Rueedi, and S.
PedleyRobens Centre for Public and
Environmental Health, Building AW Floor
2, The University of Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK.
[2] F. KansiimeMakerere University, Kampala,
Uganda.
[3] Hussein A. S. et al., Marmara Research
Center, Gerber, Turkey.
[4] J. W. Foppen (&) UNESCO-IHE Institute
for Water Education, Delft,
[5] The Netherlands.
[6] Ottosson J. 2003. Hygiene aspects of grey
water and grey water reuse. Royal Institute
of Technology.
[7] P. D. Jenssen, Department of Agricultural
Engineering, Agricultural University of
Norway.
[8] T. Kluge and Ulrich ScheelE, Public
Services International (PSI) Pipe Dreams,
The Failure of the Private Sector to Invest in
Water Services in Developing Countries,
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[9] W. Scheumann et al. (eds.), Water Politics
and Development Cooperation,Verlag Berlin
Heidelberg 2008.
[10] W. Kilama (1985): Sanitation without water.
Revised and enlarged edition. Macmillan,
London, UK.
[11] W. Scheumann et al. (eds.), Water Politics
and Development Cooperation,Verlag Berlin
Heidelberg 2008.
[12] Indian plumbing codes
[13] Indian plumbing magazines.
[14] www.Unisef/Sanitation.com
[15] Who/sanitationwatersupply/india.org.