1. The document evaluates the performance of a diesel engine running in dual fuel mode with liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and diesel fuel.
2. LPG was inducted into the engine at rates of 0.094, 0.189, and 0.283 kg/hr using a fumigation method. This led to reductions in diesel consumption of up to 11% and improvements in brake specific fuel consumption of up to 32%.
3. However, brake thermal efficiency did not improve due to poor utilization of LPG's high energy content. While diesel was saved, using LPG resulted in higher overall costs and slightly reduced performance compared to diesel alone.
An overview of potential future lifecycle impacts of low carbon vehicles. Shifting to hybrid and electric vehicles will mean that an increasing share of lifecycle GHG emissions come from the production of the vehicle and electricity. Presentation given at the annual LowCVP conference by Nik Hill, knowledge leader for transport technology at Ricardo-AEA
Waste Plastic to Oil Conversion. Production of Oil from Waste Plastics and Polythene using Pyrolysis Process. Waste Plastic Pyrolysis
Pyrolysis is the chemical decomposition of organic substances by heating the word is originally coined from the Greek-derived elements pyro "fire" and lysys "decomposition". Pyrolysis is usually the first chemical reaction that occurs in the burning of many solid organic fuels, cloth, like wood, and paper, and also of some kinds of plastic. Anhydrous Pyrolysis process can also be used to produce liquid fuel similar to diesel from plastic waste. Pyrolysis technology is thermal degradation process in the absence of oxygen. Plastic waste is treated in a cylindrical reactor at temperature of 300ºC – 350ºC. Now a day’s plastics waste is very harmful to our nature also for human beings. Plastic is not easily decomposable its affect in fertilization, atmosphere, mainly effect on ozone layer so it is necessary to recycle these waste plastic into useful things. So we recycle this waste plastic into a useful fuel.
See more
https://goo.gl/5rd15q
https://goo.gl/Rc7VBM
https://goo.gl/CvD9Kh
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
An ISO 9001:2015 Company
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Plastic Pyrolysis Plant, Plastic to Oil, Pyrolysis (Plastic to Oil) Process, What is Pyrolysis? Pyrolysis Plant, Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Oil Process, Pyrolysis of Plastic Wastes, Waste Plastic Pyrolysis, Pyrolysis of Plastic to Oil, Pyrolysis of Plastic Pdf, Pyrolysis of Plastic Waste to Liquid Fuel, Plastic Pyrolysis Plant in India, Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Plant, Plastic Pyrolysis Plant Cost, Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Process, Plastic to Fuel, Pyrolysis of Waste Plastics into Fuels, Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Plant Project Report Pdf, Converting Plastic to Oil, How to Convert Plastic to Oil? Converting Plastic Waste to Fuel, Waste Plastic to Oil, Conversion of Waste Plastic to Lubricating Base Oil, Waste Plastic to Fuel Oil Conversion Plant, Converting Plastic to Oil Plant, Plastic 2 Oil Conversion Plant, Production of Oil from Waste Plastics Using Pyrolysis, Waste Plastic to Oil Conversion Technology, Waste Plastic to Fuel Conversion Plant, Pyrolysis of Plastic Waste, Recycling Plastic in India, Recycling Process turns Waste Plastic into Oil, Making Oil from Plastic, Projects on Small Scale Industries, Small scale industries projects ideas, Plastic Pyrolysis Plant Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Project profile on small scale industries, New project profile on Plastic Pyrolysis Plant, Project Report on Plastic Pyrolysis Plant, Detailed Project Report on Plastic Pyrolysis Plant, Project Report on Plastic Pyrolysis Plant, Pre-Investment Feasibility Study on Plastic Pyrolysis Plant,
An Experimental Investigation on Performance and Emission Parameters using WT...Working as a Lecturer
this ppt for the Dissertation work for the An Experimental Investigation on Performance and Emission Parameters using WTO – Diesel blend with Additives in a Diesel Engine,contain all detail anlysis with result.
University Course "Micro and nano systems" for Master Degree in Biomedical Engineering at University of Pisa. Topic: Selective laser sintering, electron beam melting, laser engineering net shaping
21. COFIRING BIOMASS WITH COAL FOR POWER GENERATION.pptRENERGISTICS
Cofiring is a near term, low-cost option for efficiently and cleanly converting biomass to electricity by adding biomass as a partial substitute fuel in high-efficiency coal boilers. It has been demonstrated, tested, and proved in all boiler types commonly used by electric utilities.
This technology brief was produced by Ricardo-AEA for the IEA.
ETSAP E-TechDS is an Energy Technology Data Source that offers consistent sets of data on energy demand and supply technologies to help analysts to build their own MARKAL-TIMES model. To put data in the right context, E-TechDS is conceived as a series of Technology Briefs, which provide basic information on process, status, performance, costs, potential and barriers for key energy technology clusters. Each brief consists of typically 5 to 10 pages including Highlights, full text and charts, and a summary data table.
The ETSAP Briefs are intended to offer essential, reliable and quantitative information to energy analysts, experts, policymakers, investors and media from both developed and developing countries.
The substitution of fuels known as fossil or traditional, derived from petroleum represents one of the great challenges facing humanity currently. One of the alternatives is to replace the diesel oil using the production of biodiesel. This is a renewable fuel derived from vegetable oils (edible or inedible, new or used) and animal fats that have properties similar to oil.
Effect of Injection Pressure on Performance of Dual Fuel Diesel EngineDr.Tarigonda HariPrasad
Biodiesel is a non-toxic, biodegradable and renewable
alternative fuel that can be used as a replacement for diesel in
diesel engine. Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is considered
to be one of the most promising alternative fuels. LPG can
replace petrol and also it reduces NOx, soot and particulate
matter. Therefore, it is more inexpensive and of ecological
advantage to use gaseous fuel in diesel engines approved for
the dual fuel concept. The fuel injection pressure is one of the
important operating parameters which affect atomization of
fuel and mixture formation and hence it determines the
performance and emissions of a diesel engine. There will be a
decrease in the particle diameter due to increase in the fuel
injection pressure and it leads the diesel fuel spray to
vaporize quickly. However, with decreasing fuel particles
their inertia will also decrease and for this reason fuel can not
penetrate deeply into the combustion chamber. The objective
of this study was to use palm oil methyl ester (POME) as
pilot fuel in dual fuel engine so as to find out the effects of
injection pressure on emissions and engine performance in a
diesel engine. Injection pressure was changed from 190 bar to
230 bar in experiment. A single cylinder diesel engine was
tailored to operate in dual fuel mode. In dual fuel mode, LPG
was used as primary fuel and (POME) was used as pilot fuel.
Experiments are conducted by fuelling the diesel engine with
POME and its LPG blends for an injection pressure of
190bar, 210bar and 230bar. The performance of the diesel is
studied on the dual fuel engine using LPG fuel along with
POME. The highest brake thermal efficiency of diesel with
2LPM LPG blend is obtained for an injection pressure of
210bar and that for Palm oil Methyl ester blend with LPG at
2LPM, highest brake thermal efficiency is obtained for
230bar. Low emissions and high brake thermal efficiency of
diesel engine with LPG blend for pure diesel are obtained at
an injection pressure of 210bar and that for bio-diesel with
LPG blends at an injection pressure of 230bar
Effect of Pilot Fuel Quantity on the Performance and Emission Characteristics...IOSR Journals
The serious environmental pollution and the energy crisis all over the world has caused for
development of the lower pollution and lower energy consumption automobile to become major research goal.
With huge back ground, Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is projected as the best alternative fuel for the country
like India. The properties of CNG make it an ideal fuel for direct use in spark ignition engines. Conversion of
any existing spark ignition engine to operate on natural gas is relatively simple with available equipment. Many
spark ignition engine vehicles are successfully operating in major cities of India with CNG fuel. However CNG
cannot be used as a fuel in diesel engines with ease. Since the maximum engines at present run on diesel, it will
be very much useful if a solution could be found to alter the existing diesel engine with minimum modifications
to run on CNG. Several researchers could attempt to run diesel engines with CNG. In the process three methods
were reported to be successful to use CNG as a fuel in diesel engines, they are (i) Spark ignited gas mode (ii)
Direct injection of CNG in dual fuel mode and (iii) Premixed CNG dual fuel mode. In the present work a
premixed dual fuel engine was developed which can perform well for the entire range of load and experiments
are carried out by varying the pilot fuel amount and studied the effect of pilot fuel amount on engine
performance and emissions characteristics and determined optimum fuel injection quantity for better
performance and lower emissions.
An overview of potential future lifecycle impacts of low carbon vehicles. Shifting to hybrid and electric vehicles will mean that an increasing share of lifecycle GHG emissions come from the production of the vehicle and electricity. Presentation given at the annual LowCVP conference by Nik Hill, knowledge leader for transport technology at Ricardo-AEA
Waste Plastic to Oil Conversion. Production of Oil from Waste Plastics and Polythene using Pyrolysis Process. Waste Plastic Pyrolysis
Pyrolysis is the chemical decomposition of organic substances by heating the word is originally coined from the Greek-derived elements pyro "fire" and lysys "decomposition". Pyrolysis is usually the first chemical reaction that occurs in the burning of many solid organic fuels, cloth, like wood, and paper, and also of some kinds of plastic. Anhydrous Pyrolysis process can also be used to produce liquid fuel similar to diesel from plastic waste. Pyrolysis technology is thermal degradation process in the absence of oxygen. Plastic waste is treated in a cylindrical reactor at temperature of 300ºC – 350ºC. Now a day’s plastics waste is very harmful to our nature also for human beings. Plastic is not easily decomposable its affect in fertilization, atmosphere, mainly effect on ozone layer so it is necessary to recycle these waste plastic into useful things. So we recycle this waste plastic into a useful fuel.
See more
https://goo.gl/5rd15q
https://goo.gl/Rc7VBM
https://goo.gl/CvD9Kh
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
An ISO 9001:2015 Company
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Plastic Pyrolysis Plant, Plastic to Oil, Pyrolysis (Plastic to Oil) Process, What is Pyrolysis? Pyrolysis Plant, Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Oil Process, Pyrolysis of Plastic Wastes, Waste Plastic Pyrolysis, Pyrolysis of Plastic to Oil, Pyrolysis of Plastic Pdf, Pyrolysis of Plastic Waste to Liquid Fuel, Plastic Pyrolysis Plant in India, Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Plant, Plastic Pyrolysis Plant Cost, Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Process, Plastic to Fuel, Pyrolysis of Waste Plastics into Fuels, Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Plant Project Report Pdf, Converting Plastic to Oil, How to Convert Plastic to Oil? Converting Plastic Waste to Fuel, Waste Plastic to Oil, Conversion of Waste Plastic to Lubricating Base Oil, Waste Plastic to Fuel Oil Conversion Plant, Converting Plastic to Oil Plant, Plastic 2 Oil Conversion Plant, Production of Oil from Waste Plastics Using Pyrolysis, Waste Plastic to Oil Conversion Technology, Waste Plastic to Fuel Conversion Plant, Pyrolysis of Plastic Waste, Recycling Plastic in India, Recycling Process turns Waste Plastic into Oil, Making Oil from Plastic, Projects on Small Scale Industries, Small scale industries projects ideas, Plastic Pyrolysis Plant Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Project profile on small scale industries, New project profile on Plastic Pyrolysis Plant, Project Report on Plastic Pyrolysis Plant, Detailed Project Report on Plastic Pyrolysis Plant, Project Report on Plastic Pyrolysis Plant, Pre-Investment Feasibility Study on Plastic Pyrolysis Plant,
An Experimental Investigation on Performance and Emission Parameters using WT...Working as a Lecturer
this ppt for the Dissertation work for the An Experimental Investigation on Performance and Emission Parameters using WTO – Diesel blend with Additives in a Diesel Engine,contain all detail anlysis with result.
University Course "Micro and nano systems" for Master Degree in Biomedical Engineering at University of Pisa. Topic: Selective laser sintering, electron beam melting, laser engineering net shaping
21. COFIRING BIOMASS WITH COAL FOR POWER GENERATION.pptRENERGISTICS
Cofiring is a near term, low-cost option for efficiently and cleanly converting biomass to electricity by adding biomass as a partial substitute fuel in high-efficiency coal boilers. It has been demonstrated, tested, and proved in all boiler types commonly used by electric utilities.
This technology brief was produced by Ricardo-AEA for the IEA.
ETSAP E-TechDS is an Energy Technology Data Source that offers consistent sets of data on energy demand and supply technologies to help analysts to build their own MARKAL-TIMES model. To put data in the right context, E-TechDS is conceived as a series of Technology Briefs, which provide basic information on process, status, performance, costs, potential and barriers for key energy technology clusters. Each brief consists of typically 5 to 10 pages including Highlights, full text and charts, and a summary data table.
The ETSAP Briefs are intended to offer essential, reliable and quantitative information to energy analysts, experts, policymakers, investors and media from both developed and developing countries.
The substitution of fuels known as fossil or traditional, derived from petroleum represents one of the great challenges facing humanity currently. One of the alternatives is to replace the diesel oil using the production of biodiesel. This is a renewable fuel derived from vegetable oils (edible or inedible, new or used) and animal fats that have properties similar to oil.
Effect of Injection Pressure on Performance of Dual Fuel Diesel EngineDr.Tarigonda HariPrasad
Biodiesel is a non-toxic, biodegradable and renewable
alternative fuel that can be used as a replacement for diesel in
diesel engine. Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is considered
to be one of the most promising alternative fuels. LPG can
replace petrol and also it reduces NOx, soot and particulate
matter. Therefore, it is more inexpensive and of ecological
advantage to use gaseous fuel in diesel engines approved for
the dual fuel concept. The fuel injection pressure is one of the
important operating parameters which affect atomization of
fuel and mixture formation and hence it determines the
performance and emissions of a diesel engine. There will be a
decrease in the particle diameter due to increase in the fuel
injection pressure and it leads the diesel fuel spray to
vaporize quickly. However, with decreasing fuel particles
their inertia will also decrease and for this reason fuel can not
penetrate deeply into the combustion chamber. The objective
of this study was to use palm oil methyl ester (POME) as
pilot fuel in dual fuel engine so as to find out the effects of
injection pressure on emissions and engine performance in a
diesel engine. Injection pressure was changed from 190 bar to
230 bar in experiment. A single cylinder diesel engine was
tailored to operate in dual fuel mode. In dual fuel mode, LPG
was used as primary fuel and (POME) was used as pilot fuel.
Experiments are conducted by fuelling the diesel engine with
POME and its LPG blends for an injection pressure of
190bar, 210bar and 230bar. The performance of the diesel is
studied on the dual fuel engine using LPG fuel along with
POME. The highest brake thermal efficiency of diesel with
2LPM LPG blend is obtained for an injection pressure of
210bar and that for Palm oil Methyl ester blend with LPG at
2LPM, highest brake thermal efficiency is obtained for
230bar. Low emissions and high brake thermal efficiency of
diesel engine with LPG blend for pure diesel are obtained at
an injection pressure of 210bar and that for bio-diesel with
LPG blends at an injection pressure of 230bar
Effect of Pilot Fuel Quantity on the Performance and Emission Characteristics...IOSR Journals
The serious environmental pollution and the energy crisis all over the world has caused for
development of the lower pollution and lower energy consumption automobile to become major research goal.
With huge back ground, Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is projected as the best alternative fuel for the country
like India. The properties of CNG make it an ideal fuel for direct use in spark ignition engines. Conversion of
any existing spark ignition engine to operate on natural gas is relatively simple with available equipment. Many
spark ignition engine vehicles are successfully operating in major cities of India with CNG fuel. However CNG
cannot be used as a fuel in diesel engines with ease. Since the maximum engines at present run on diesel, it will
be very much useful if a solution could be found to alter the existing diesel engine with minimum modifications
to run on CNG. Several researchers could attempt to run diesel engines with CNG. In the process three methods
were reported to be successful to use CNG as a fuel in diesel engines, they are (i) Spark ignited gas mode (ii)
Direct injection of CNG in dual fuel mode and (iii) Premixed CNG dual fuel mode. In the present work a
premixed dual fuel engine was developed which can perform well for the entire range of load and experiments
are carried out by varying the pilot fuel amount and studied the effect of pilot fuel amount on engine
performance and emissions characteristics and determined optimum fuel injection quantity for better
performance and lower emissions.
Alcohols are particularly attractive as alternative fuels because they are a renewable resource. Ethanol has been
studied in spark ignition application. However, it is verydifficult to fuel compression ignition engines because of the lowercetane
number, higher latent heat, and otherchemical properties.This paper describes the performance (torque, brake mean effective
pressure, brake horse power, brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption rate) and emission (CO, HC, smoke)
characteristics of ethanol-diesel dual-fuels engine combustion for the homogeneous charge compression ignition engine.
An Experimental Investigation of Performance and Emissions of LPG as Dual Fue...IJERA Editor
The usage of diesel engine generating set (Gen set) increasing day by day where the places without connection
to power grid or emergency power supply when the grid fails. Worldwide dual fuel engines are becoming
popular because of high performance and low emissions. LPG with diesel is a proven technology in case of
vehicles, but in diesel engine power plants it is far so.
The proposed work is concentrated on higher load of Diesel Engine Generator with LPG as dual fuel by keeping
environmental concern. A test is conducted on performance of engine along with emissions at different
proportions of Diesel and LPG including 100% diesel. An experimental set up is made with simple
modifications on existing genset to supply LPG as secondary fuel into Diesel.
CONVERSION OF PETROL BIKE INTO LPG AND EMISSION CHECK IAEME Publication
An attempt has been made in this project to use alternative fuel in four stroke engine to increase the efficiency. Our fore most aim in selecting this project is to use non conventional fuel against conventional fuel which is becoming scarce and costly now days. With this air is less polluted than conventional fuels.
Potential Use of LPG in A Medium Capacity Stationary HCCI EngineIJMER
Internal combustion engines are extensively used in every field of life in today’s world.
Diesel engines being more efficient are preferred in the industrial and transportation sector in
comparison to spark ignition engines for their higher efficiency, versatility and ruggedness. The major
emissions of diesel engines are oxides of nitrogen (NOx), particulate matter (PM), carbon dioxide
(CO2), carbon monoxide (CO). Among these emissions, oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and the particulate
matter are the reasons of serious concern. For reduction of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and particulate
matter simultaneously, the use of Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) have provided a
sustainable solution in the present scenario.
This paper presents the findings of an experimental investigation into the operation of a
compression ignition (CI) engine in homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) mode using LPG
as the main fuel and diesel as pilot injection. Factors that were investigated include engine performance
and emission characteristics and based on the results, LPG was found to be a possible fuel for operation
of a CI engine in HCCI mode.
A methodology using a small pilot quantity of diesel fuel injected during the compression stroke
to improve the power density and operation control is carried out for an HCCI engine based on a
stationary, constant RPM, water cooled diesel engine. The objective of this study is to investigate the
performance and emission characteristics of HCCI engine fuelled with LPG and help understand the
viability of LPG as an alternative fuel in diesel engines for use in the automotive industry.
PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF BIOGAS –PETROL DUAL FUEL IN SI EN...IAEME Publication
Towards the effort of reducing the dependency on petroleum fuel, one of the solutions is to use gaseous fuel as a partial supplement of liquid petrol fuel. In this experiment, four cylinder SI engine was tested with petrol as a fuel and petrol with partial substitution of biogas as fuel. Different percentages of biogas substitution in petrol were tested like B10 (90% Petrol +10% biogas), B20(80% Petrol +20% Biogas), B40(60%Petrol +40% Biogas). Test was conducted to study and compare the performance, emission and combustion characteristic of the engine for both the modes of engine operation. Biogas production was carried out using kitchen waste as a feedstock. Results clearly revealed that performance of the engine improved with the increases in amount of the gas substitution. Bsfc and brake thermal efficiency were found to improve. However emissions increased with the increases in the amount of gas substitution.
Converting a Diesel Engine to Dual-Fuel Engine Using Natural GasABHAY TIWARI
Over the past many years, large numbers of car buyers have been opting for a petrol car with a compressed natural gas (CNG)
kit fitted by the company. The most important thing is that the petrol engines cause global warming by having a large amount
of toxic gases exhausted by the petrol cars. However, by the introduction of catalytic converters (a catalytic converter is a
vehicle emissions control device that converts toxic pollutants in exhaust gas to less toxic pollutants by catalysing a redox
reaction) we have been able to reduce the toxic emissions. Use of Catalytic converters in internal combustion engines fuelled
by either petrol or diesel, which reduces pollutants such as CO to a much less harmful gas, such as CO2. Because of this, a
catalyst car also consumes slightly more fuel, thus reducing its performance. However, by having these improvements, petrol
engine cars with catalysts still exhaust more CO and HC than cars with diesel engine, and by using a CNG kit there is are other
problem such as starting problems and jerks. Therefore, CNG kit is not as useful as it is expected to be. An alternative to this is
a diesel engine (dual fuel engine). However, a question arises that, Why Should one Choose a Diesel Powered dual fuel Engine
over other. So the answer is Diesel fuel contains more energy per litre than petrol. Thus, making more efficient than petrol
engine car. Diesel fuel contains no emissions of the regulated pollutants like (carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen
oxides) which are quite less than those from petrol cars without a catalyst. Therefore, diesel engines are attracting greater
attention due to higher efficiency and cost effectiveness. Now, the main objective of this paper is to convert a diesel engine into
duel fuel engine with compressed natural gas, which will overcome the problem of cost and global warming. This paper
presents a dual fuel system for diesel-natural gas operation for a diesel engine, and analysis of the operating characteristics of
the engine.
History of gasoline direct compression ignition (gdci) engine a revieweSAT Journals
Abstract The first single-cylinder gasoline direct compression ignition (GDCI) engine was designed and built in 2010 by Delphi Companyfor testing performance, emissions and Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC). Then after achieving the good results in performance, emissions and BSFCfrom single-cylinder engine, multi-cylinder GDCI engine was built in 2013. The compression ignition engine has limitations such as high noise, weight, PM and NOX emissions compared to gasoline engine. But the high efficiency, torque and better fuel economy of compression ignition engine are the reasons of Delphi Company to use compression ignition strategy for building a new combustion system. The objective of the present review study involves the reasons of building of the GDCI engine in detail. Keywords: Delphi Company,Emissions, Multi-Cylinder GDCI engine andSingle-CylinderGDCI Engine.
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
2. Performance Evaluation of A Conventional Diesel Engine Running In Dual Fuel Mode with
Diesel & LPG
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 65 editor@iaeme.com
economy, and are expected to remain the dominant heavy-duty transport power plants
for many years. The rapidly depleting petroleum reserves and stringent emission
norms have made it mandatory to look for alternate and cleaner sources. Bio-fuels
pose a good role as alternate resources but neutral government policies and matters
like food security have dominated the yielding of bio-crops and made them much
expensive than conventional petro-diesel. So, in the present scenario, we are focusing
on methods to improve the performance of CI engine and are trying to minimize the
harmful emissions coming out of exhaust which have poisoning effect over the
respiratory system along with climate change and global warming effects. A lots of
researches are going on in this field to improve performance and reduce emissions by
completely burning the diesel inside the combustion chamber, by adding additives to
fuel or by modifying the engine to run in the Dual-fuel mode.
One of the major problem attached with combustion in conventional diesel
engines is that fuel and air doesn’t mix homogeneously, a large fraction of fuel exists
at very rich fuel-air equivalence ratio due to which incomplete combustion of diesel
fuel occurs which results in high Particulate matter (PM) and Furthermore, the fuel-
rich equivalence ratio can also lead to high flame temperatures residing in a small area
in the combustion process, which results in increased NOx emissions. As tougher
environmental standards are being enacted for diesel sources, users of diesel engines
are looking for ways to lower emissions. One solution is to reduce the amount of
diesel injected into the combustion chamber, which reduces the equivalence ratio and
works to reduce particulate and NOx emissions. However, it also reduces engine
power.
Another solution is to partially or completely convert the engine for use with
alternative fuels such as, compressed natural gas (CNG), liquid natural fuels (LNF)
such as ethanol, and liquid or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) such as propane.
Utilization of such alternative fuels with diesel engines not only provides for more
stable and complete combustion and thereby enhanced fuel economy, but also
typically results in lower engine emissions. However, alternative fuels, and more
particularly gaseous fuels, typically do not have the cetane value required to allow for
their ignition through compression. Accordingly, diesel engines must be modified to
use such fuels. Methods for converting a diesel engine to consume alternative fuels
typically fall into three categories. The first is to convert the engine to a spark-ignited
engine; a second is to convert the engine to allow for the direct injection of gaseous-
fuels into the combustion chamber; and a third is "fogging" or "fumigation" of the
gaseous-fuel with all or a portion of the intake air charge entering the engine. As will
be appreciated, the second and third methods utilize injected diesel (i.e., pilot diesel)
to ignite the gaseous-fuel. In this regard, the combustion of the gaseous-fuel results in
more complete combustion of the diesel. Furthermore, the combination of gaseous-
fuel and diesel allows the engine to produce additional power while less diesel fuel is
injected into the cylinders.
However, conversion to a spark-ignition system and/or a direct gaseous-fuel
injection system for utilizing gaseous-fuels with a diesel engine each typically require
substantial modification to the diesel engine. Such modifications may include
replacement of cylinder heads, pistons, fuel injection system and/or duplication of
many engine components (e.g., injection systems). Accordingly, these systems are
typically expensive and often times unreliable.
On the other hand, fogging or fumigation type dual-fuel systems require little
modification to existing engines. The mixture of gaseous-fuel with the intake air
3. Suraj Dev Singh, Chandrabhan Singh Tomar and Ravindra Randa
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 66 editor@iaeme.com
charge is introduced into each cylinder of the engine during the intake stroke. During
the compression stroke of the piston, the pressure and temperature of the mixture are
increased in the conventional manner. Near the end of the compression stroke, a
smaller than normal quantity of diesel fuel from the engine's existing diesel fuel
injection system is injected into the cylinder. The diesel ignites due to compression
and in turn ignites the mixture of gaseous-fuel and intake air, which in turn,
accelerates the flame front of the Diesel Fuel, enhancing the combustion process. As
will be appreciated, such fumigation systems may be retrofit onto existing diesel
engines with little or no modification of the existing engine. Furthermore, engines
using such fumigation systems may typically be operated in a dual-fuel mode or in a
strictly diesel mode (e.g., when gaseous-fuel is not available).
(1)
In our experiment,
we will be using this method of fumigation to run the governor controlled constant
speed diesel engine in dual fuel mode using Diesel and LPG. For the purpose, we
have attached a convergent divergent steel nozzle in the path of air supply to
combustion chamber and made a very small hole at the throat of nozzle to
accommodate the gas welding torch tip for supplying LPG during operating the
engine. The supply of LPG has been varied at 0.094, 0.189 & 0.283 Kg/hr, as the
engine is governor controlled; the supply of diesel got regulated by engine itself, at
every LPG concentration; the Load on the engine was changed and performances
were observed.
2. COMPARISON BETWEEN PROPERTIES OF DIESEL AND
LPG
In the table below, the physiochemical properties of Diesel and LPG are listed.
PROPERTIES DIESEL(2)
LPG(3,4)
NORMAL STATE LIQUID GASEOUS
FORMULAE C12H23 C3H8
CALORIFIC VALUE(KJ/KG) LHV: 44000
HHV: 44800
LHV: 46350
HHV: 50350
SPECIFIC GRAVITY(RELATIVE TO WATER) 0.82-0.95 0.525-O.580(liquid)
AUTO IGNITION TEMPERATURE(0
C) 176.4 TO 329.44 410-580
FLASH POINT(0
C) 62 -104
CETANE NUMBER 40-60 05-10
STICHIOMETRIC A/F RATIO (MASS) 14.5 15.7
PEAK FLAME TEMPERATURE(0
C) 2054 1990
BOILING POINT(0
C) 149-371 -42
DENSITY(KG/M3
) 820-950 525-580(liquid)
1.888-2.45(gaseous)
It is clear from the table that LPG has a quite low Cetane number which makes it
inefficient for self ignition, that’s why engine needs some of the Diesel known as pilot
fuel to provoke ignition in the combustion chamber. The power is supplied jointly by
the combustion of Diesel & LPG. And since LPG has a grater Calorific value, its
combustion facilitates in providing required or greater power consuming a lesser
quantity of diesel fuel thus improving the fuel economy.
With Dual Fuel operation, there is no change to the basic architecture of the diesel
engine – or to the principle of diesel combustion. The engine itself is virtually
unaltered, but for the addition of a gas injection system. The Dual-Fuel in-cylinder
4. Performance Evaluation of A Conventional Diesel Engine Running In Dual Fuel Mode with
Diesel & LPG
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 67 editor@iaeme.com
temperatures and pressures remain within the limits of pure diesel operation, so the
converted engine operates within the parameters of the original engine.
In a Dual-Fuel engine, however, the diesel fuel injector works like a liquid spark
plug. Highly pressurized, it ignites a mixture of compressed gas and air in the
cylinder.
3. SPECIFICATIONS OF THE TEST ENGINE
The engine used in this experiment is installed at University Institute of Technology,
Rajiv Gandhi Technical University, Bhopal. The RGPV engine test contains a
complete system for measuring all the parameters relating to the diesel engine
performance analysis. The experimental set-up contains mainly a dynamometer to
load the engine. Figure below gives a diagram of the experimental system used.
Figure 1 Diesel Engine Test Rig Showing Dynamometer
Figure 2 Diesel Engine Test Rig Showing Fuel Consumption Meter, Temp. Indicator
Etc
5. Suraj Dev Singh, Chandrabhan Singh Tomar and Ravindra Randa
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 68 editor@iaeme.com
Parameter Details
Engine Company and Model
Type
Cooling System
Cylinder Number
Bore
Stroke
Swept volume
Compression Ratio (R)
Rated Power (P) (kW)
Nominal Revolution
Kirloskar Oil Engine, SV1
Vertical, Totally Enclosed, Compression
Ignition, Four Stroke Engine,
Water Cooled
Single cylinder
87.5 mm
110 mm
662 CC
16.5:1
8 HP
1500 RPM
In order to convert the conventional diesel engine into a Dual-Fuel engine, we
attached an Inspirator, an LPG fuel injector along with a flow controller to send LPG
in a controlled way. For measuring the LPG flow we attached a Hot Wire
Anemometer which measures the velocity of LPG in the delivery pipe and when this
velocity is multiplied with area of cross section of Pipe, we get the volume flow rate
of LPG which can be further converted into mass flow rate by multiplying it to the
Density of LPG.
For measuring the performance parameters, other devices such as Fuel
consumption meter, belt dynamometer, thermocouples, rota meters etc are already
attached with the engine test rig. In addition to this, we have supported the engine
base with hard rubber dampers to reduce the vibrations. A water tank is used as a
reservoir for the cooling of engine and exhaust calorimeter.
Figure 3 Inspirator Setup for LPG Introduction
6. Performance Evaluation of A Conventional Diesel Engine Running In Dual Fuel Mode with
Diesel & LPG
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Figure 4 Hot Wire Anemometer for Measuring
4. VELOCITY OF LPG SUPPLY
4.1. LPG Kit
We have used a 3 kg gas capacity LPG gas cylinder for the experiment. The gas is
supplied through a PVC hose pipe, which hosts a Gas welding torch nozzle at the
other end for producing a jet of LPG gas.
4.2. Hot Wire Anemometer
A Hot Wire Anemometer is inserted in the PVC pipe between the cylinder and engine
to measure the velocity of the gas in the pipe. The velocity obtained is later used for
measuring the volume flow rate or mass flow rate for measuring the performance
parameters.
The volume flow rate is given by
s
where:
= Flow Velocity
= Cross-Sectional vector Area/surface
When the mass flow rate is known, and the density can be assumed constant, this
is an easy way to get .
Where:
= mass flow rate(kg/s).
= density(kg/m3).
7. Suraj Dev Singh, Chandrabhan Singh Tomar and Ravindra Randa
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The above formulae can also be used to calculate the mass flow rate if the Volume
flow rate and density are known.
4.3. Inspirator
An Inspirator is a device, similar to Venturi tube and an Orifice plate, which mixes a
fuel gas with atmospheric air in a precise ratio to regulate burn characteristics. Only
the pressure of the fuel gas is used to draw in and mix the air. They are the most
simple and common type of mixing device commonly used in gas stoves and
furnaces. Burners using an inspirator are considered to be naturally aspirated.
In an inspirator there are 2 tubes. The first is a fuel gas pipe with an Orifice at the
end where the gas comes out. Then in front of this there is another section of tubing
with a larger diameter that the gas blows into. Usually (but not always) this second
piece of tubing is tapered so that it starts getting narrower downstream from the
orifice. Then, at a certain point, it stops getting narrower and either straightens out or
starts getting larger again. This gives the fuel and air time to mix. The fuel/air ratio is
determined by the ratio of the diameter of the orifice to the diameter of the mixing
tube. In our experiment, we have used a gas welding torch nozzle of hole diameter of
0.1 mm as an orifice to supply fuel gas to engine. It supplies gaseous fuel at the throat
of Venturi or Inspirator after which the diameter of Venturi starts increasing and
gaseous fuel and air mix homogeneously and burn completely and give their full
power to engine for running minimizing the quantity of liquid fuel to be used by the
engine for producing the required power at that speed and load.
5. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
As discussed earlier, we are using Diesel, & the Diesel-LPG fuel mix to run our
engine and LPG is been mixed by Fumigation technique. As our engine is governor
controlled, it takes the Diesel fuel in accordance with its need. We provide LPG in a
controlled way in different concentrations with help of a control valve and hot wire
anemometer and observe the diesel fuel consumption in every step. We observe
performance parameters in every case & try to determine the suitability of Diesel-
LPG mix for improved performance in dual fuel mode.
At first we start the engine and switch on every accessory such as water supply,
temperature indicators and let the engine run for 20 minutes so that it can achieve its
steady state. In the first set we run the engine on pure diesel fuel purchased from a
Petrol Pump. We, initially run the engine at Zero load at take readings of all the
parameters required for our performance and emission results. Following parameters
are to be noted:-
1. Air Velocity in the air passage(m/s)
2. Fuel consumption(ml/minute)
3. Temperatures
T1 = Temperature of the water entering into the engine jacket.
T2 = Temperature of the water coming out from the engine jacket.
T3 = Temperature of the Exhaust gases entering into the exhaust calorimeter.
T4 = Temperature of the Exhaust gases coming out from the exhaust calorimeter.
T5 = Temperature of the water entering into the Exhaust Calorimeter.
T6 = Temperature of water coming out from the Exhaust calorimeter.
4. Load on the engine applied by the Belt Dynamometer.(Kg.)
8. Performance Evaluation of A Conventional Diesel Engine Running In Dual Fuel Mode with
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5. Water flow to the engine Jacket and To the Exhaust Calorimeter.(Liter per Minute)
6. After noting down all the parameters, we apply a load of 1 Kg on the engine and let it
run for 15 minutes to achieve the steady state and then point down all the parameters
again.
7. In the same manner, we increase the load to 2 kg than 4 kg and than 8 Kg and note
down all the parameters like before.
8. The results of the experiment are tabulated. These are our reference values.
9. In the next phase, we introduce LPG with the Diesel and note down the readings. In
this stage, we have to take reading of one additional parameter i.e. LPG fuel
consumption. We measure the LPG gas velocity with the help of a Hot Wire
Anemometer and then covert it into volume flow rate as discussed in earlier sections
to measure its quantity in m3
/s or mass flow rate in Kg/s or Kg/hr. The results are
noted down in the same fashion as Pure Diesel.
10. We repeat this process with different LPG concentration of 0.094, 0.189 & 0.283
Kg/hr.
11. After all the values are obtained, these values are scrutinized for the preparation of
final results and for comparing the performance parameters.
6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results are then tabulated and calculated thus for the results and then plotted in
the terms of line graphs. 5 different graphs have been plotted and discussed.
1. Fuel consumption v/s Load
Graph 1 Fuel consumption vs Load
Fuel consumption increases with increase in load as for maintaining the RPM of
engine more brake power is required which is harnessed by burning more fuel at
higher load. The graph shows the consumption of liquid diesel fuel only in case of
dual fuel operation. Now looking at the plot of neat diesel fuel, it rises a little during
initial increase in loading from 0 to 2 kg but falls a little on subsequent loadings to 4
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.7
0 2 4 6 8 10
F.C.(Kg/hr.)
LOAD (Kgs)
Fuel Consumption Vs Load
Diesel
Diesel + LPG at 0.1 m/sec
Diesel + LPG at 0.2 m/sec
Diesel + LPG at 0.3 m/sec
9. Suraj Dev Singh, Chandrabhan Singh Tomar and Ravindra Randa
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and 8 kg and stabilizes and shows a linear gradual increment from 0.3366 kg/hr. at no
load to 0.6120 kg/hr. at full load. The other three plots of varying LPG flow rates of
0.094, 0.189 & 0.283 Kg/hr indicate the decrease in diesel consumption with increase
in LPG flow rate; although LPG flow rates of 0.189 & 0.283 Kg/hr show very little
difference at all loads and 0.094 kg/hr. shows highest diesel consumption in dual fuel
league.
2. Brake specific fuel consumption vs Load
Graph 2 Brake specific fuel consumption vs Load
BSFC states that how much amount of fuel is consumed for generation of per unit
brake power. It is governed by the quality of the combustion of fuel. As brake power
varies with load thus BSFC also changes with load. The graph shows the
consumption of diesel, and only diesel in dual fuel mode for generating per unit brake
power. It is apparent that BSFC for neat diesel is worst at all loads. In dual fuel mode,
diesel with 0.1 m/s LPG flow rate shows poor BSFC than other two dual fuel
operational modes but better BSFC than neat diesel. BSFC for 0.189 & 0.283 Kg/hr
LPG flow rates operation are nearly similar and overlap each other. BSFC at 1 kg load
for diesel was 1.53 kg/kwhr which reduced to a mere 1.03 kg/kwhr. in dual fuel mode
with LPG flow rate of 0.189 Kg/hr. The LPG being the gas facilitates in smoother and
complete burning of diesel fuel and thus reduces the BSFC. In all cases BSFC reduces
with increase in load and thus increased break power. It is because of higher HC
emission and incomplete burning of fuel at low loads. LPG induction helps in
reducing the ignition delay and reduces the BSFC thus improving the performance.
e.g. at top load of 8 kg, the BSFC of diesel is at 0.31 kg/kwhr while diesel with 0.189
Kg/hr LPG flow rate show improved BSFC of 0.21 m/s i.e.32.25% reduction is
observed.
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
0 2 4 6 8 10
BSFC(Kg/KW.hr.)
LOAD (Kgs)
BSFC Vs Load
Diesel
Diesel + LPG at
0.1 m/sec
Diesel + LPG at
0.2 m/sec
Diesel + LPG at
0.3 m/sec
10. Performance Evaluation of A Conventional Diesel Engine Running In Dual Fuel Mode with
Diesel & LPG
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3. Brake specific energy consumption vs Load
Graph 3 Brake specific energy consumption vs load
Brake specific energy consumption shows the required energy of the fuel for
generating per unit of brake power. In this graph total energy content of the fuels in
dual fuel mode has been taken in account. Neat Diesel shows lowest BSEC at all
loads. The highest BSEC was observed in Dual fuel mode with LPG flow rate of 0.3
m/s. Other two flow rates of 0.1 and 0.2 m/s of LPG flow show very similar
characteristics. The high energy content of LPG is not completely utilized thus
resulting in higher BSEC. At lower loads this difference is apparent while at higher
loads this difference is very minor and can be ignored.
4. Brake thermal efficiency vs Load
Graph 4 Brake thermal efficiency vs load
Brake thermal efficiency is a dimensionless number which indicates the extent to
which energy given by the fuel is converted to brake power i.e. net work output. Here
in this graph it is represented in percentage. The poorest BTE is observed in dual fuel
mode at LPG flow rate of 0.283 kg/hr followed by O.189 kg/hr and then 0.094 kg/hr.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 2 4 6 8 10
BSEC
LOAD (Kgs)
BSEC Vs Load
Diesel
Diesel + LPG at 0.1 m/sec
Diesel + LPG at 0.2 m/sec
Diesel + LPG at 0.3 m/sec
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
0 2 4 6 8 10
Diesel
Diesel + LPG at 0.1 m/sec
Diesel + LPG at 0.2 m/sec
Diesel + LPG at 0.3 m/sec
11. Suraj Dev Singh, Chandrabhan Singh Tomar and Ravindra Randa
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BTE is less at low loads and improves at higher loads. Neat Diesel shows best BTE at
all loads. The cause of poor BTE in case of dual fuel operation is high calorific value
of LPG, which increases overall energy input to the engine thus reducing BTE at all
loads. With increasing concentration of LPG gas, diesel fuel is substituted by a little
amount but the energy provided by LPG increases greatly thus reducing BTE.
5. Exhaust gas temperature vs load.
Graph 5 Exhaust gas temperature vs Load
EGT is an important parameter in engine performance check, it is an indication of
how hot the combustion process is in the cylinders, and the amount of "afterburning"
that is occurring in the exhaust manifold. EGT is also directly related to the air/fuel
ratio. The richer the air/fuel ratio in a diesel, the higher the EGT will be. Two things
can create a rich mixture under heavy loads or at full throttle: the first is too much
fuel, and the second is not enough air. That seems simple enough, but it's the second
part, not enough air, could get an engine in trouble. Anything that restricts intake
airflow, or intake air density, limits the air mass or amount of oxygen that gets to the
cylinders for supporting the combustion of fuel. This could include: a dirty or
restrictive air cleaner, a partially blocked air intake, high outside air temperature, high
altitude, restricted airflow to or through the radiator or intercooler, and high water
temperature.
Looking at the graph, it is obvious that with increase in load the EGT increases,
but the increment is not linear. Higher EGT’s were observed in dual fuel modes, the
causes of it may be less air for combustion in the combustion chamber and high
heating value of LPG gas. In a surprising way, in dual fuel mode, LPG flowing at 0.3
m/s shows lesser temperature than other two dual fuel modes only at highest load of 8
kg. It may be due to excess LPG unburned which cooled the EG.
Neat diesel shows better and lower EGT’s than all other fuels except at low loads
it is little more than the diesel+LPG 0.1m/s, but otherwise it is lower at all other loads.
The highest temperature reached in neat diesel case was 2070
C while the overall
highest EGT observed was 2380
C in case of diesel+LPG 0.2 m/s.
125
145
165
185
205
225
245
0 2 4 6 8 10
ExhaustGasTemp.(0C)
LOAD (Kgs)
EGT Vs Load
Diesel
Diesel + LPG at 0.1 m/sec
Diesel + LPG at 0.2 m/sec
Diesel + LPG at 0.3 m/sec
12. Performance Evaluation of A Conventional Diesel Engine Running In Dual Fuel Mode with
Diesel & LPG
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7. CONCLUSION
A comprehensive experimental work on the performance measurement of diesel
engine and to convert it into dual fuel engine with the help of LPG kit has been
carried out successfully. Following important outcomes derived from the experiment.
1. Fuel consumption was reduced in dual fuel mode. At no load, neat diesel
consumption was reduced by 9.09%, 24.24% & 25.49% in dual fuel mode at LPG
induction rates of 0.094, 0.189 & 0.283 Kg/hr respectively. While At top load of 8
kg’s this reduction falls to 5%, 6.67% & 10.72% respectively. To support the load
while maintaining the speed requires more fuel thus fuel consumption increases.
2. Brake specific fuel consumption also reduced in dual fuel mode, BSFC in dual fuel
mode of 0.189 & 0.283 Kg/hr LPG flow rate are quite similar. BSFC in case of neat
diesel at top load was 0.31 kg/kwhr while in case of dual fuel (LPG flow of 0.2 m/s)
it was 0.21 kg/kwhr. Thus, we are able to save 0.1 kg/kwhr of diesel.
3. BSEC and BTE didn’t got improved in dual fuel modes, although low LPG flow rates
give comparable results but increased concentration of LPG in successive stages
worsen the BTE. The higher calorific value of LPG and lower utilization of it causes
to reduce BTE by increasing the overall non utilized energy input to the engine. This
can be overcame by using advance techniques such as electronically timed and
controlled injection of fuel to determine the needed quantity of fuel in engine, exhaust
gas recirculation to utilize unburned HC, glow plugs for reducing the ignition delay at
higher speeds and loads etc. but it is still unsure that they will improve BTE to great
extent.
4. Exhaust gas temperature increased in dual fuel modes. The high heating value of LPG
is the main cause behind it. Better cooling systems in which the cooling fluid
quantities are also changeable are needed to employ dual fuel systems in diesel
engines to keep the EGT in limit at higher loads. High temperature inside the
combustion chamber may also harm the engine parts and reduce the mechanical
strength it is very essential to take care of cooling inside the combustion chamber.
5. The cost of cooking LPG used in experiment is 455 INR per 14.2 kg i.e. 32.04 INR
per kg maximum while the Diesel cost is 52.08 INR per litre which when converted
to kg comes to 61.27 INR per kg (taking diesel density as 850 kg/m3
). The price of
diesel is just double the LPG and it seems that there may be a saving in cost in using
LPG in diesel engine. Taking the case of no load in which nearly 26% diesel fuel was
saved while using diesel+ LPG at flow rate 0.283 Kg/hr, in neat diesel operation,
0.3366 kg/hr fuel was used which costs 20.62 INR/hr., when LPG at 0.283 Kg/hr was
inducted, only 0.2508 kg/hr fuel was used which costs 15.367 INR/hr that means 5.25
INR were saved but for this sake 0.283 kg/hr of LPG was used which costs 9.06
INR/hr, it is apparent that saving done in diesel was overcame in expense done on
LPG and we incur a loss off 3.81 INR/hr. If we take the case of full load of 8 kg’s
then this loss is increased to around 5 INR/hr. Taking the case of LPG flow rate of
0.094 Kg/hr, at no load, this loss is 1.13 INR/hr. which remains same at full load also.
At LPG flow rate of 0.189 Kg/hr, at no load, the loss is 1.06556 INR/hr and at full
load it is increased to 3.555 INR/hr. that means in every case , mixing LPG with
Diesel doesn’t show any profit cost wise or performance wise if seen the thermal
efficiency.
6. There are other problems to consider as well - The unmodified Diesel engine was
relatively slow-revving, producing its maximum torque at lower RPM than a similar
Petrol version. This is not the case when it is converted to run on Diesel and LPG
mix. The revised engine has to'rev' more when running on Diesel / LPG mix because
its maximum torque will have been moved higher up the rev. band. This can bring
new problems of reliability and longevity. The crankshaft, bearings and connecting
rods (to mention but a few components) were all designed to rev. at a lower rate.
13. Suraj Dev Singh, Chandrabhan Singh Tomar and Ravindra Randa
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These components will suffer much higher stresses (stress increases at the square of
RPM) at the increased RPM necessary to get sufficient torque when running on LPG.
Mechanical breakdown may result in far less time, whilst increased wear and reduced
component life are certain. Given the low overall savings achieved (to date) and the
cost of the adaption (often equal to that of an injected Petrol engine conversion)
many miles would have to be covered before any real savings are realised whilst
reliability has been reduced. This does not seem to be an economically viable
alternative.
7. One more benefit of using LPG is that Diesel engine becomes quieter and more
responsive when using the LPG / Diesel mix. The classic Diesel 'Knock' can be
greatly reduced. The main reason for increased smoothness and reduced noise
(vibration) is that the LPG element begins its combustion before the Diesel fuel does,
a result of 'detonation' due to the compression ratio being so high. The engine may
also get up to its optimum temperature more quickly, whilst harmful emissions like
Particulates and Carbon Monoxide can be reduced. These all appear to be benefits but
a new set of problems arises when LPG is used to increase performance of an engine
that wasn't designed to rev to the new, higher levels. As a result of this apparent
improvement in performance, one of the best attributes of the Diesel engine (relative
longevity and reliability) is dramatically reduced by the Diesel / LPG adaption.
8. Thus as a conclusion, the fumigation method used in this experiment does not appear
to be an attractive or useful alternative for the average diesel engine. The economic
benefits are not supportive in favor of the mixing of LPG with diesel. On a purely
running cost reduction basis adapting the conversion technology for average diesel
engine does not appear to be a viable option.
8. SCOPE OF FUTURE WORK
Although there are many problems encountered in running a diesel engine in dual fuel
mode with LPG, several researches are going on all over the world to eliminate these
problems. LPG is quite cheaper than Diesel and if total energy of its can be utilized to
run the diesel engine without harming its reliability and longevity, it would be a great
boon. To improve the performance of a dual fuel engine, a turbocharger to provide
more air (or oxygen) for the combustion, must be installed. It will help in complete
combustion of fuel and will reduce exhaust gas temperature thus improving the engine
life. Apart from that, precise electronic control system must be installed to watch the
combustion patterns and needs in combustion chambers and for providing best ratio of
diesel and LPG. A good exhaust gas recirculation system monitored electronically
must be employed to engine to utilize any unburned HC. Some advance additives and
catalyst might be added to fuel for smoother and efficient combustion. The concept of
present work might be employed with some modifications and with other fuels such
as CNG and Natural gas.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors wish to acknowledge the support rendered by University Institute of
Technology, Bhopal in preparation of this Manuscript.
REFERENCES
[1] http://americandieselsystems.com/diesel-reduction-technology.php
[2] http://depts.washington.edu/vehfire/fuels/detailedresults.html
[3] http://www.elgas.com.au/blog/453-the-science-a-properties-of-lpg
[4] https://iocl.com/Products/LPGSpecifications.pdf