The document discusses perception as a process through which individuals interpret information from their environment, highlighting its importance in organizational behavior. It details various factors influencing perception, including situational, target, and perceiver-related elements, as well as perceptual barriers like selective perception, halo effect, and stereotyping. The content underscores how personal experiences, attitudes, and social contexts shape individual perceptions and behaviors within organizational settings.

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2. Presentation
PERCEPTION
Group Members
1. Bilal Mehmood (41582)
2. Mir. Zahid (41965)
3. Rashid Zafar (40864)
4. Khalid Shah (42584)
5. M. Tahir (41102)
Organizational Behavior 16 - 08 – 2021 BS Civil Engg, 8th Sem
Topic :
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3.  REFERENCES
 PERCEPTUAL
BARRIERS
 INFLUENCING
FACTORS
 INTRODUCTION
 CONTENTS
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4.  What do you perceive from the following image?
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5. • Perception: is a process by which people regard, analyze, retrieve and react to any
kind of information from the environment.
• For some of us, a particular thing is right where as for some it is totally wrong. It is all
because how you take things, what is your point of view, in a nut shell, how you
Perceive them.
• Perception in Organizational Behavior :
It is a process that takes place between the situation and the behavior and is most
relevant to the study of organizational behavior. E:g
• How Individuals view Others.
• How the person will behave within the organization.
 INTRODUCTION
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6. 1. Factors in
Situation
2. Factors in
Target
3. Factors in
Perceiver
 FACTORS AFFECTING PERCEPTION
• Following factors operate to shape and sometimes distort perception.
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7. 1. Factors in Situation
Factors in the situation are outside the person and environment or situational in nature.
a) Time: It also affects the way we perceive the things. e.g. The way we perceive the phone
call in day time and at mid-night.
b) Work Setting: Co-operative, hospitable, friendly team spirit having group of
management are positive.
c) Social Setting: Each society has its own norms, values , ethics and culture. Anything that
deviates from social norms can be easily noticed. E:g In rural areas ,wearing of pants are
easily noticed.
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8. 2. Factors in Target
Target can also affect or influence our perception.
a) Appearance: Physically attractive people are readily perceived. Positive feelings and
responses are received while physically unattractive are usually negatively responded.
b) Size: Bigger targets are more noticeable than smaller ones.
c) Motion: Objects in motion are readily perceived.
d) Sound : Louder sounds are more easily perceived than low pitch sound.
e) Novelty : New, unique and distinct characteristics are easily perceived as they attract our
attention easily.
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9. 3. Factors in Perceiver
People are unique in nature and differ with each other in terms of perceptual activity.
a) Attitudes : It is the sum total belief & way of looking at things.
b) Motives: It refers to internal state that is goal directed. Motives and needs highly influence
emotion.
c) Interest: People give more attention to things that interest them.
d) Experience: It influences the way people perceive the world and shapes our attention,
behavior, interest and belief system from past experience.
e) Expectations: It is the estimation of the perceiver.
f) Emotions: It is the strong feeling towards someone or something. e.g. If a person is angry
then minor things may irritate him or her
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10. 2. HALO EFFECT
1. SELECTIVE PERCEPTION
4. PROJECTION
3. CONTRAST EFFECT
5. STEREO-TYPING
 PERCEPTUAL BARRIERS
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11. 1) SELECTIVE PERCEPTION:
• This means a person sees, feels or hears what he wants to and skips other information
which are inconsistent to his view.
• It is a broad term to identify the behavior all people exhibit as we all tend to “see things”
based on our personal frame of reference.
• Example:
Take two people who witness a single event and ask them about what happened.
They will most likely share different versions of the same incident
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12. 2) HALO EFFECT:
It is the process of generalizing from a comprehensive analysis to a single attribute or trait
which affects the performance appraisal of employees in a company.
• Under the halo effect, the person is perceived on the basis of one trait.
• Example:
In the classroom, teachers are prone to the halo effect when evaluating their students.
For example, a teacher might assume that a well-behaved student is also bright and
motivated before they have objectively evaluated the student's capacity in these areas.
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13. 3) CONTRAST EFFECT :
A contrast effect is the evaluation of a person's characteristics that are affected by
comparisons with other people recently encountered that rank higher or lower on the same
characteristics.
• Example:
Looking at the image below, the grey square on the right appears to be lighter, when
they are in fact the same shade of grey.
• Why does it appear to be lighter?
• Because it’s being compared to a square with a lighter background.
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14. 4) PROJECTION:
It is a psychological defense mechanism which makes a person compare his negative traits
with other people and conclude that they are better off than others.
• It is easy to judge others if we assume they are similar to us. This tendency to attribute one's
own characteristics to other people is called projection.
• Projection can distort perceptions made about others. People who engage in projection tend
to perceive others.
• Example:
A man constantly talks throughout dinner, but he blames the other person for wanting
attention and being a bad listener when he is interrupted
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15. 5) STEREO-TYPING:
It is the effect caused by forming a certain belief about a certain group of people and
generalizing that notion to encounters with each member of that category, irrespective of
their personal characteristics, because of their affiliation with a certain group.
• In organizations, It may affect the interview process since, we frequently hear comments
that represent stereo types based on gender, age, nationality etc.
• Examples:
• All Arabs and Muslims are terrorists
• All Blacks are good at sports.
• Women aren't as smart as a man.
• Guys are messy and unclean
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16. • Perception: Definition, Importance, Factors, Perceptual Process, Errors
(iedunote.com)
 REFERENCES
• What is Perception? | Introduction to Psychology (lumenlearning.com)
• Factors Influencing & Affecting Perception - Harappa Education
• factors influencing perception (perception process) - about factors influencing
perception (perception process) in tutorial (12852) | wisdom jobs india
• Factors Influencing & Affecting Perception - Harappa Education
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