Part of Lecture series on EEE-413, Electrical Drives (DC Drives) delivered by me to students of VIII Semester B.E. (Electrical), Session 2018-19.
Z. H. College of Engg. & Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh.
Missing materials will be uploaded shortly.
Please comment and feel free to ask anything related. Thanks!
Part of Lecture series on EEE-413, Electrical Drives (DC Drives) delivered by me to students of VIII Semester B.E. (Electrical), Session 2018-19.
Z. H. College of Engg. & Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh.
Missing materials will be uploaded shortly.
Please comment and feel free to ask anything related. Thanks!
Speed control in 3 phase induction motorKakul Gupta
Speed control in induction motors is required for efficient operation
Various methods of speed control through semiconductor devices:
1. Stator voltage control
2. Stator frequency control
3. Stator voltage control
4. Stator current control
5. Static Rotor Resistance Control
6. Slip Energy Recovery Control
Nowadays, it is very important to maintain voltage level. Controlling of that voltage is also important. This Presentation contains methods of voltage control.
Design and Analysis of DC-DC Bidirectional Converter for Vehicle to Grid Appl...PranayJagtap5
Aim of the Project:
The project aims to design and analysis of bidirectional dc-dc converter for vehicle-to-grid application in Electric Vehicles. The proposed converter can boost the voltage of an energy-storage system (e.g. from battery management system in EV) to a high-voltage AC bus for a particular load demand, during peak load conditions. When the high-voltage AC bus has excess energy, during low load conditions, this energy-storage module can be charged by the AC bus via inverter & bidirectional dc-dc converter.
Problem Statement:
A DC-DC converter is essential for exchanging energy between a storage device and the rest of the system and vise-versa. Such a converter should be able to handle bidirectional power flow capability in all the operating modes with flexible control. Thus, design and analysis of bidirectional DC-DC converters is an important aspect.
Bidirectional DC-DC Converter:
Bidirectional DC-to-DC converter allows power flow in both forward and reverses direction. The bidirectional converter is also called two quadrant converter or four-quadrant converters (if both voltage and current can change direction). It is used as a key device for interfacing the storage device between source and load in renewable energy systems for continuous flow of power because the output of the renewable energy system fluctuates due to changing weather conditions.
There are two modes in a bidirectional converter that is the buck converter and the boost converter. In the buck mode, auxiliary storage is located on the high voltage side whereas, in boost mode, it is situated on the low voltage side.
Introduction to Electric Vehicle & Vehicle-to-Grid(V2G):
Electric Vehicle is an automobile that operates on two or more electric motors powered by a battery pack or combined system of the battery pack and IC engine. There are four types of EVs, as each of them has advantages and disadvantages, they all save fuel and emit fewer GHG than other conventional IC engines. They can also recharge their batteries by the process of regenerative braking, where the electric motor in the EV assists in slowing down the EV and simultaneously recovers portion energy and feeds it to the batteries.
Four types of EVs are as follows:
(1) Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)
(2) Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV)
(3) Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)
(4) Range Extended Electric Vehicle (REEV)
V2G technology can be defined as a system capable enough to control bi-directional flow of electric energy between a vehicle and the electrical grid. The integration of electric vehicles into the power grid is called the vehicle-to-grid system. As conventional converters are unidirectional, they only work in G2V (Grid-to-Vehicle) mode. In V2G technology the grid is feed by the energy stored in the vehicle battery through the bidirectional converter, where power from the vehicle battery is stepped-up by the BDC.
This ppt provides a brief overview on thyristors commonly known as SCRs. V- I characteristics curve, triggering methods, protection methods, series and parallel operations of SCRs, applications are discussed in this slide.
Electric Drives and Controls Unit 1 IntroductionDr.Raja R
Electric Drives and Controls
Unit 1 Introduction
Block Diagram of Electric Drive
Power Source
Power Modulator
Load
Control Unit
Sensing Unit
Motor
Classification of Electrical Drives
Advantages of Electrical Drives
Disadvantages of Electrical Drive
Applications of Electrical Drives
Inverter is a device which convert a DC input supply voltage into symmetric AC voltage of desired magnitude and frequency at the output side. It is also know as DC-AC converter.
Ideal and practical inverter have sinusoidal and no-sinusoidal waveforms at output respectively.
If the input dc is a voltage source, the inverter is called a Voltage Source Inverter (VSI). One can similarly think of a Current Source Inverter (CSI), where the input to the circuit is a current source. The VSI circuit has direct control over ‘output (ac) voltage’ whereas the CSI directly controls ‘output (ac) current.
Inverter is a device which convert a DC input supply voltage into symmetric AC voltage of desired magnitude and frequency at the output side. It is also know as DC-AC converter.
Ideal and practical inverter have sinusoidal and no-sinusoidal waveforms at output respectively.
If the input dc is a voltage source, the inverter is called a Voltage Source Inverter (VSI). One can similarly think of a Current Source Inverter (CSI), where the input to the circuit is a current source. The VSI circuit has direct control over ‘output (ac) voltage’ whereas the CSI directly controls ‘output (ac) current.
Automatic load sharing of transformer using microcontrollerPrakhar Anand
1. ABSTRACT:-
The transformer is a static device, which converts power from one level to another level.
The main aim is to protect the transformer under overload condition by load sharing.
Due to overload on transformer, the efficiency drops and windings get overheated and may get burnt.
Thus by sharing load on transformer, the transformer is protected. This will be done by connecting another transformer in parallel through a micro-controller.
The micro controller compares the load on the first transformer with a reference value. When the load exceeds the reference value, the second transformer will share the extra load.
Therefore, the two transformer work efficiently and damage is prevented. Main modules used here are sensing unit, control unit and micro-control.
A GSM modem is also used to inform the control station about switching.
The advantages of the project are transformer protection, uninterrupted power supply, and short circuit protection.
2. OBJECTIVE:-
To design & fabrication of a hardware which will monitor the performance of the load sharing process by taking power consumed by the load into consideration.
3. INTRODUCTION:-
Transformer is the vital component in the electric power transmission and distribution system.
The problems of overloading, voltage variation and heating effects are very common. It takes a lot of time for its repair and also involves lot of expenditure.
This work is all about protecting the transformer under overload condition. Due to overload the efficiency drops and the secondary winding gets overheated or it may be burnt.
So, by reducing the extra load, the transformer can be protected. This can be done by operating another transformer in parallel with main transformer through microcontroller and change over relay.
The microcontroller compares the load on the first transformer with a reference value. When the load exceeds the reference value, the slave transformer will automatically be connected in parallel with first transformer and share the extra load.
Therefore, a number of transformers work efficiently under overload condition and the damage can be prevented.
In this work, the slave transformers share the load of master transformer in the case of over load and over temperature conditions.
A sensor circuit containing microcontroller, current transformer etc. is designed to log the data from master transformer and if it is found to be in overload condition, immediately the slave transformer will be connected in the parallel to the master transformer and the load is shared.
Speed control in 3 phase induction motorKakul Gupta
Speed control in induction motors is required for efficient operation
Various methods of speed control through semiconductor devices:
1. Stator voltage control
2. Stator frequency control
3. Stator voltage control
4. Stator current control
5. Static Rotor Resistance Control
6. Slip Energy Recovery Control
Nowadays, it is very important to maintain voltage level. Controlling of that voltage is also important. This Presentation contains methods of voltage control.
Design and Analysis of DC-DC Bidirectional Converter for Vehicle to Grid Appl...PranayJagtap5
Aim of the Project:
The project aims to design and analysis of bidirectional dc-dc converter for vehicle-to-grid application in Electric Vehicles. The proposed converter can boost the voltage of an energy-storage system (e.g. from battery management system in EV) to a high-voltage AC bus for a particular load demand, during peak load conditions. When the high-voltage AC bus has excess energy, during low load conditions, this energy-storage module can be charged by the AC bus via inverter & bidirectional dc-dc converter.
Problem Statement:
A DC-DC converter is essential for exchanging energy between a storage device and the rest of the system and vise-versa. Such a converter should be able to handle bidirectional power flow capability in all the operating modes with flexible control. Thus, design and analysis of bidirectional DC-DC converters is an important aspect.
Bidirectional DC-DC Converter:
Bidirectional DC-to-DC converter allows power flow in both forward and reverses direction. The bidirectional converter is also called two quadrant converter or four-quadrant converters (if both voltage and current can change direction). It is used as a key device for interfacing the storage device between source and load in renewable energy systems for continuous flow of power because the output of the renewable energy system fluctuates due to changing weather conditions.
There are two modes in a bidirectional converter that is the buck converter and the boost converter. In the buck mode, auxiliary storage is located on the high voltage side whereas, in boost mode, it is situated on the low voltage side.
Introduction to Electric Vehicle & Vehicle-to-Grid(V2G):
Electric Vehicle is an automobile that operates on two or more electric motors powered by a battery pack or combined system of the battery pack and IC engine. There are four types of EVs, as each of them has advantages and disadvantages, they all save fuel and emit fewer GHG than other conventional IC engines. They can also recharge their batteries by the process of regenerative braking, where the electric motor in the EV assists in slowing down the EV and simultaneously recovers portion energy and feeds it to the batteries.
Four types of EVs are as follows:
(1) Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)
(2) Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV)
(3) Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)
(4) Range Extended Electric Vehicle (REEV)
V2G technology can be defined as a system capable enough to control bi-directional flow of electric energy between a vehicle and the electrical grid. The integration of electric vehicles into the power grid is called the vehicle-to-grid system. As conventional converters are unidirectional, they only work in G2V (Grid-to-Vehicle) mode. In V2G technology the grid is feed by the energy stored in the vehicle battery through the bidirectional converter, where power from the vehicle battery is stepped-up by the BDC.
This ppt provides a brief overview on thyristors commonly known as SCRs. V- I characteristics curve, triggering methods, protection methods, series and parallel operations of SCRs, applications are discussed in this slide.
Electric Drives and Controls Unit 1 IntroductionDr.Raja R
Electric Drives and Controls
Unit 1 Introduction
Block Diagram of Electric Drive
Power Source
Power Modulator
Load
Control Unit
Sensing Unit
Motor
Classification of Electrical Drives
Advantages of Electrical Drives
Disadvantages of Electrical Drive
Applications of Electrical Drives
Inverter is a device which convert a DC input supply voltage into symmetric AC voltage of desired magnitude and frequency at the output side. It is also know as DC-AC converter.
Ideal and practical inverter have sinusoidal and no-sinusoidal waveforms at output respectively.
If the input dc is a voltage source, the inverter is called a Voltage Source Inverter (VSI). One can similarly think of a Current Source Inverter (CSI), where the input to the circuit is a current source. The VSI circuit has direct control over ‘output (ac) voltage’ whereas the CSI directly controls ‘output (ac) current.
Inverter is a device which convert a DC input supply voltage into symmetric AC voltage of desired magnitude and frequency at the output side. It is also know as DC-AC converter.
Ideal and practical inverter have sinusoidal and no-sinusoidal waveforms at output respectively.
If the input dc is a voltage source, the inverter is called a Voltage Source Inverter (VSI). One can similarly think of a Current Source Inverter (CSI), where the input to the circuit is a current source. The VSI circuit has direct control over ‘output (ac) voltage’ whereas the CSI directly controls ‘output (ac) current.
Automatic load sharing of transformer using microcontrollerPrakhar Anand
1. ABSTRACT:-
The transformer is a static device, which converts power from one level to another level.
The main aim is to protect the transformer under overload condition by load sharing.
Due to overload on transformer, the efficiency drops and windings get overheated and may get burnt.
Thus by sharing load on transformer, the transformer is protected. This will be done by connecting another transformer in parallel through a micro-controller.
The micro controller compares the load on the first transformer with a reference value. When the load exceeds the reference value, the second transformer will share the extra load.
Therefore, the two transformer work efficiently and damage is prevented. Main modules used here are sensing unit, control unit and micro-control.
A GSM modem is also used to inform the control station about switching.
The advantages of the project are transformer protection, uninterrupted power supply, and short circuit protection.
2. OBJECTIVE:-
To design & fabrication of a hardware which will monitor the performance of the load sharing process by taking power consumed by the load into consideration.
3. INTRODUCTION:-
Transformer is the vital component in the electric power transmission and distribution system.
The problems of overloading, voltage variation and heating effects are very common. It takes a lot of time for its repair and also involves lot of expenditure.
This work is all about protecting the transformer under overload condition. Due to overload the efficiency drops and the secondary winding gets overheated or it may be burnt.
So, by reducing the extra load, the transformer can be protected. This can be done by operating another transformer in parallel with main transformer through microcontroller and change over relay.
The microcontroller compares the load on the first transformer with a reference value. When the load exceeds the reference value, the slave transformer will automatically be connected in parallel with first transformer and share the extra load.
Therefore, a number of transformers work efficiently under overload condition and the damage can be prevented.
In this work, the slave transformers share the load of master transformer in the case of over load and over temperature conditions.
A sensor circuit containing microcontroller, current transformer etc. is designed to log the data from master transformer and if it is found to be in overload condition, immediately the slave transformer will be connected in the parallel to the master transformer and the load is shared.
High Gain Interleaved Cuk Converter with Phase Shifted PWMtheijes
DC-DC converters with ripple on input source current inject harmonics to the power system which in turn cause harmful to other connected devices. These converters with high efficiency and low input current ripple are essential in most common applications. Cuk converter provide reduction in the ripple of input and output current compared to other traditional converters which can be used for either step up or step down applications. Generally, a conventional cuk converter in continuous conduction mode brings in large current ripple on input side which in turn injects harmonics to the source. This undesirable input current ripple is mitigated by employing the interleaved cuk converter (ICC). Simulation results of ICC shows that the input ripple current has been reduced significantly from 7.5A to 1A compared to conventional cuk converter. The energy-transfer-capacitor in basic cuk converters is splitted into two capacitors. The rectifier diode is replaced by two diodes that form with the two capacitors a switched-capacitor circuit, which appears connected between the input and output inductances of the original converter. A hybrid circuit, presenting a higher DC voltage ratio than the classical Cuk circuit can be obtained. A high gain interleaved cuk converter is designed and simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK for 40V with an input of 20V.
Introduction
Working Principle
Step Down and Step Up Cycloconverter
Single phase to single phase cycloconverter
Mid-Point and Bridge type cycloconverter
Advantages and disadvantages
Applications
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
2. CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. Block Diagram
3. Principle of operation
4. Mode of operation
5. Four quadrant operation
6. Ideal Dual Converter
7. Typesof Dual converter
8. Applications of dualconverter
3. INTRODUCTION
• Itis an electronic converter or circuit which comprises of two
converters.
• Onewill perform asrectifier and the other will performasinverter.
• Therefore, we cansaythat double processes will occur at amoment.
• Here, twofull converters are arranged in anti-parallel pattern and
linked to the samedcload.
5. Principle OfOperation
• A.C input given to converter 1 for rectification.
• In this process positive cycle of input is given to first set of forward
biased thyristors which gives arectified D.Con positive cycle, aswell
negative cycle is given to set of reverse biased thyristors which givesa
D.Con negative cycle completing full wave rectified output canbe
given to load.
6. Modesof Operation of Dual Converter
• There are two functionalmodes:
1. Non-circulating current mode.
2. Circulating mode.
7. Non Circulating CurrentMode
• Oneconverter will perform at atime. Sothere is nocirculating
current between the converters.
• During the converter 1 operation, firing angle (α1) willbe 0<α1< 90o;
Vdcand Idc arepositive.
• During the converter 2 operation, firing angle (α2) willbe 0<α2< 90o;
Vdcand Idc arenegative.
8. Circulating Current Mode
• Twoconverters will be in the ONcondition at the sametime.So
circulating current ispresent.
• Thefiring angles are adjusted such that firing angle of converter 1(α1)
+firing angle of converter 2 (α2) =180o.
• Converter 1 performs asa controlled rectifier when firing angle be
0<α1< 90o and Converter 2 performs as an inverter when the firing
angle be 90o<α2< 180o. In this condition, Vdcand Idc arepositive.
10. Ideal DualConverter
• The term ‘ideal’ refers to the ripple free output voltage.
• For the purpose of unidirectional flow of DCcurrent, two diodes
(D1and D2) are incorporated between the converters.
• However, the direction of current canbe in any way.Theaverage
output voltage of the converter 1 is V01and converter 2 isV02.
• Tomake the output voltage of the two converters insamepolarity
and magnitude, the firing angles of the thyristors have to be
controlled.
12. • Average output voltage of Single-phase converter=
• Average output voltage of Three-phase converter=
• For converter 1, the averageoutput voltage,
• For converter 2, the averageoutput voltage,
• Output voltage,
16. Application of DualConverter
• Direction and Speedcontrol of DCmotors.
• Applicable wherever the reversible DCisrequired.
• Industrial variable speed DCdrives.