General inclusion: flight crew, passengers, munitions, cargo, scientific instruments or experiments, and other equipment aboard. General Discipline: Prevention of accidents and incidents Protection of aircraft occupants

1. PAYLOAD SAFETY & RELATED
HUMAN FACTORS OF COMMERCIAL
AIRCRAFTS
S.L.D.A.I. Wanigasooriya

2. What is Payload…..?
• Carrying capacity of an aircraft or a launching
vehicle
• Measures terms of weight
Commercial aircraft: only include revenue-
generating cargo and passengers
• General inclusion: flight crew, passengers,
munitions, cargo, scientific instruments or
experiments, and other equipment aboard.

3. Cabin Safety
General Discipline:
- Prevention of accidents and incidents
- Protection of aircraft occupants
Proactive role in safety management : Hazard identification and
safety risk management
Role of Cabin crew:
- Preventing escalation of incidents in the
cabin
- Identify and inform the flight crew members
of abnormal situations observed in the
aircraft
- Preventing illegal interference and managing
passenger involvements that could
compromise the safety and security of the
aircraft.

4. Cabin Safety
Cabin safety focuses on:
- Regulations relating to cabin
operations
- Operator’s procedures and
documentation
- Cabin crew training and
qualifications
- Human performance
- Design and manufacturing
- Equipment and furnishings on
board aircraft
- The operational environment

5. Cabin Safety : ICAO Annexes contain SARPs
Annex 6 Part I
Operation of Aircraft, Part I — International Commercial Air
Transport —Aeroplanes
- Operator’s procedures
- Passenger safety
- Carry-on baggage
- Minimum cabin crew requirements
- Assignment of cabin crew members’ emergency duties
- Cabin crew at emergency evacuation stations
- Protection of cabin crew during flight
- Cabin crew training programmes
- Equipment required on board aeroplanes
- Cabin crew members’ fatigue management
- Security-related procedures and security training programmes

6. Cabin Safety : ICAO Annexes contain SARPs
Annex 8
- Airworthiness of Aircraft Cabin design & manufacturing
- Systems design features
- Operating environment & Human Factors
- Crashworthiness & cabin safety
Annex 13
- Accident and Incident Investigation
Annex 18
- The Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air Establishment
of dangerous goods training for cabin crew members
- Technical Instructions for Safe Transport of DG by Air
Annex 19
- Safety Management Service providers’ safety management
systems

7. Human Factors related to Cabin Safety: Introduction
Definition: Human Factors is a
multidisciplinary field that
generates and compiles
information about human
capabilities and limitations, and
applies it to design, development,
and evaluation of equipment,
systems, facilities, procedures,
jobs, environments, staffing,
organizations, and personnel
management for safe, efficient,
and effective human performance

8. Human Factors : Aim and Objectives of Human Factors in aviation
Aim:
Improve aviation safety and operational
effectiveness while preserving the well-being of
the operation personal, through the integration
of human factors in aviation activities.
Objectives:
❖Recognize the positive and negative role of human performance in aviation
safety and operational effectiveness.
❖Encourage implementation of human factors principles in aviation activities.
❖Apply and incorporate human factors principles in safety analysis and safety
management and facilitate the use of appropriate methods and metrics.

9. Human Factors : Aim and Objectives of Human Factors in aviation
Objectives:
❖Educate and inform the aviation workforce,
including pilots, controllers, maintainers,
designers, ground-operators, managers, and
others about human factors and lessons
learnt in safety and operations.
❖Ensure appropriate action is taken when known human performance-related
risks are identified
❖Integrate the effective Human Performance into all aspects of aviation as a
coherent system
❖Support research to provide human factors
data for future aviation safety and
operational needs.

10. Human Factors : SHELL model of Human Factors
Originally introduced by Edward in 1972 as ‘SHEL
Model’
Extended by Hawkins In 1975, as ‘SHELL Model’, adding
another Liveware
SHELL Model:
- Centered around one person (Liveware)
- Integration between other four components
considered.
- Interactions as - human possibilities
- Mismatches as - human error
Defined as “ the relationship of human factors
and the aviation environment”.

11. Human Factors : SHELL model of Human Factors
Hardware: Physical elements of the aviation system ( e.g.: controls,
surfaces, displays, functional systems and seating), operator
equipment, tools, materials, buildings, vehicles, computers, conveyor
belts etc.)
Software:
Non-physical, intangible aspects of the aviation system
that govern how the aviation system operates and how
the information within the system is organized.
Environment:
Physical environment :climate, temperature, vibration
and noise and socio-political and economic factors

12. Human Factors : SHELL model of Human Factors
Center Liveware:
- Center human elements
- Can recognize as knowledge, attitudes, cultures and stress.
Liveware:
Human element or people in the aviation system (e.g.: cabin
crew, ground crew, management and administration
personnel)
considers human performance, capabilities and limitations
SHELL interfaces:
❑ L-H System (Liveware-Hardware)
❑ L-S System (Liveware-Software)
❑ L-E System (Liveware-Environment)
❑ L-L System (Liveware-Liveware)

13. Human Factors : Dirty Dozen
1. Lack of Communication
2. Complacency
3. Lack of Knowledge
4. Distraction
5. Lack of Teamwork
6. Fatigue
7. Lack of Resources
8. Pressure
9. Lack of Assertiveness
10. Stress
11. Lack of Awareness
12. Norm

14. Cargo Safety and Security: Dangerous Goods
Dangerous goods:
- Also known as Hazardous Materials
- Articles or substances which are capable of
posing a risk to health, safety, property or
the environment and which are shown in
the list of dangerous goods in the Technical
Instructions or which are classified
according to those Instruction

15. Thank You….