Human factors relates to CRM by studying the human-machine interface to reduce error and maximize safety and productivity. Some key points: - Human error has been found to contribute to over 70% of commercial airplane accidents. - The objectives of aviation human factors include identifying technical efforts to address significant human issues, understanding the human aspects to recognize mental/physical issues, and maintaining awareness of flight physiology. - The SHELL model examines the interactions between software, hardware, environment, and liveware (humans) and how mismatches can lead to errors. It is used to analyze human factors in complex systems like aviation.

1. Lesson3 How Human
Factors Relate to
C R M

2. Introduction to Human Factor

5. What is Human Factor ?

6. is the discipline that studies this “man-machine” interface.
Human factors applies “what we know about people, their
abilities, characteristics, and limitations to the design of
equipment they use, environments in which they function, and
jobs they perform.” Human factors specialists help reduce error
and maximize productivity, performance, and safety.
There is opportunity for human factors in all of this. Human
factors contributions allow us to be more productive, to be
more efficient and, perhaps most important, to stay safe.
Humans make errors and those errors have consequences.
Consider the aviation industry, where error rates have been
extensively studied. According to Boeing, “Human error has
been documented as a primary contributor to more than 70
percent of commercial airplane hull-loss accidents.”
Human Factor

7. Why must study Human
Factor?

8. According to International Civil Aviation Organization
(ICAO) :
AVIATION HUMAN FACTOR :
"Human Factors is about people in their working and living
environments, and it is about their relationship with
equipment, procedures, and the environment. Just as
importantly, it is about their relationships with other
people.... It’s two objectives can be seen as safety and
efficiency.”-(ICAO Circular 227)
Objectives of AVIATION HUMAN FACTOR :
- Identify the technical efforts necessary to address the
most operationally significant human issues (e.g.: flying
syndromes) in aviation and acquire necessary resources to
respond to these issues.
- Understand the human part and to recognize when the
body and/or mind is not in tune with the aircraft.
- Maintain and develop high level of awareness of
physiology of flight.

9. Human Performance
Human performance is defined as the human capabilities and limitations which
have an impact on the safety and efficiency of aeronautical operations.
Human performance training focuses on relationships between people and
equipment, systems, procedures and the environment as well as personal
relationships between individuals and groups. It encompasses the overall
performance of cabin crew members while they carry out their duties.
The goal of this training is to optimize human performance and manage human
error. It encompasses Human Factors principles, crew resource management and
the development and application of skills, such as decision-making. Human
performance training should be oriented towards solving practical problems in
the real world.

10. As humans, we instinctively look for simple
ways to carry out tasks and develop skills to
the extent that we don’t need to think about
what we do. We are also influenced in our
performance by those around us and can
learn good habits from the best.
This serves us well until we become blind to
potential errors in a situation. We need to be
more mindful around what causes these
errors, and mental health could be a very key
issue to consider.
At a simple level the approach around Human
Performance is about getting us all to stop and
think before we act – HIT THE PAUSE
BUTTON – but also to be curious about the
systems, culture, mental attitude, and ways of
working we have in place that can lead to
errors arising.

11. We all make mistakes (around seven per hour if we take the statistics from
Goldberg (The Blunder Book), and for good performance we need to be
aware that errors happen.
However, research has proven that 80% of human errors happen as a result
of latent failings and errors in our organizations (INPO database 2008). In
other words, on a certain day given certain conditions where a person is
prone to making an error there are often a string of weaknesses already in
the organization that can create conditions for that error to happen. Consider
supervision, design, procedures, culture, and mental attitude.
What a lot of organizations don’t consider enough of, is the mental health
and stress issues that employees might be faced with, and how this could
impact on them delivering good performance at work.

12. Human Factors
Human
Performance
Human Errors
Human
Limitations
Human
Limitations
Human Errors
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13. SHELL
Model
AVIATION HUMAN FACTOR : AHF 2203
Most of aircraft accident were because of
human error. Aircraft mechanical failures greatly
decrease and rarely happen due to high and
modern technology used in aviation.
The SHELL Model is defined as “the
relationship of human factors and the aviation
environment” (Reinhart, 1996).In the model the
match mismatch of the block(interface) is just as
important as characteristics of the blocks
themselves. A mismatch can be a source of
human error. Liveware becomes a component
as well as the central figure upon which each
component will have an effect; thus, we can talk
about the “human-machine” interaction (pilot
moves a control), for example, while keeping in
mind that there are other interactions
(turbulence caused by weather).

14. •Software - the rules, procedures, written documents etc., which are part of
the standard operating procedures.
•Hardware - the Air Traffic Control suites, their configuration, controls and
surfaces, displays and functional systems.
•Environment - the situation in which the L-H-S system must function, the
social and economic climate as well as the natural environment.
•Liveware - the human beings - the controller with other controllers, flight
crews, engineers and maintenance personnel, management and administration
people - within in the system.
According to the SHELL Model, a mismatch between the Liveware and other four
components contributes to human error. Thus, these interactions must be
assessed and considered in all sectors of the aviation system.
SHELL MODEL

15. ICAO SHELL Model, as described in ICAO Doc 9859, Safety Management Manual,
is a conceptual tool used to analyse the interaction of multiple system components. It
also refers to a framework proposed in ICAO Circular 216-AN31.
The concept (the name being derived from the initial letters of its components,
Software, Hardware, Environment, Liveware) was first developed by Edwards in 1972,
with a modified diagram to illustrate the model developed by Hawkins in 1975.
One practical diagram to illustrate this conceptual model uses blocks to represent the
different components of Human Factors. This building block diagram does not cover
the interfaces which are outside Human Factors (hardware-hardware; hardware-
environment; software-hardware) and is only intended as a basic aid to
understanding Human Factors:

16. SHELL Model

17. •Software;
rules,
regulations,
laws, orders,
standard operating
procedures, etc.

18. •Hardware;
building,
vehicles,
equipments,
materials, technology and
tools.

19. •Environment
•The surroundings
of Context of
interaction such as
temperature, weather, light, noise etc.

20. •Liveware;
People involved
with the system such as
team work, work groups

22. Human Error

24. Errors are (in)actions,
which fail to achieve
their intended
outcomes.
Violations are
intentional (in)actions,
which violate known

25. Human Error
is commonly defined as a failure of a planned action to achieve a desired
outcome. ... Plans can be adequate or inadequate, and actions (behavior)
can be intentional or unintentional.
Human error refers to something having been done that was "not intended
by the actor; not desired by a set of rules or an external observer; or that led
the task or system outside its acceptable limits".
Human error has been cited as a primary cause contributing factor in
disasters and accidents in industries as diverse as nuclear power (e.g.,
the Three Mile Island accident), aviation (see pilot error), space exploration
(e.g., the Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster and Space Shuttle Columbia
disaster), and medicine (medical error). Prevention of human error is
generally seen as a major contributor to reliability and safety of (complex)
systems. Human error is one of the many contributing causes of risk events.

26. Human Errors Basis
1.Anyone can and will make mistakes
2.Origins of error can be different.
3.Consequences of similar errors
can also be different

27. Human Errors Basis
The origins of errors can be
fundamentally different.
Ohh!!

28. Human Errors Basis
Anyone can and will make

29. Human Errors Basis
Consequences of similar errors can also be

30. Unintentional
- Plan is correct
- Attention failure
SLIPS
- Routine
- Situational
- Exceptional
LAPSES
Intentional MISTAKES
VIOLATIONS
- Plan is correct
- Memory failure
- Plan is incorrect
- Rule / Knowledge-based

32. “ Human errors
can be minimized,
but they cannot be
eliminated “

33. LAPSES
VIOLATIONS