The document introduces human factors and discusses the interaction between humans, tasks, equipment, and the environment. It covers the four key elements of human factors as liveware (the person), hardware (physical equipment), software (non-physical aspects like procedures), and environment. The document discusses how errors can occur at the interfaces between these elements when there is a mismatch. Specifically, it examines safety incidents from failures in liveware-liveware and liveware-hardware interactions.
Human Factors Training: There's nothing that can't go wrong. This simple insight forms the foundation of human factors training for pilots. In special courses, pilots are prepared for any possible emergency situation and action strategies. Crews learn to analyze and evaluate their own behavior and that of those around them more effectively. Training leads to more efficient work processes, a functioning error management culture, and increased safety. This is a general prsentation and human factors management in aviation training.
Human Factors affecting performance in Aviation. Covers the factors which affect human performance, the causes and consequences, and how to combat factors. Also covers how factors propagate into accidents,
Introduction to Human Factors Training for Safety Critical Organisations. Human Factors training was originally developed in the aviation industry to enhance safety and reliability in complex environments.
Human Factors Training: There's nothing that can't go wrong. This simple insight forms the foundation of human factors training for pilots. In special courses, pilots are prepared for any possible emergency situation and action strategies. Crews learn to analyze and evaluate their own behavior and that of those around them more effectively. Training leads to more efficient work processes, a functioning error management culture, and increased safety. This is a general prsentation and human factors management in aviation training.
Human Factors affecting performance in Aviation. Covers the factors which affect human performance, the causes and consequences, and how to combat factors. Also covers how factors propagate into accidents,
Introduction to Human Factors Training for Safety Critical Organisations. Human Factors training was originally developed in the aviation industry to enhance safety and reliability in complex environments.
FAA HUMAN FACTOR IN AVIATION MAINTENANCE HF MROAmnat Sk
This manual is in response to the industry’s requests for a simple and manageable list of actions to implement a Maintenance Human Factors (MHF) program. A panel of experts selected the following six topics for such a program to be successful:
Event Investigation
Documentation
Human Factors Training
Shift/Task Turnover
Fatigue Management
Sustaining & Justifying an HF Program
For each of the six topics that contribute to the success of any MHF program, this manual offers the following:
Why is the topic important?
How do you implement it?
How do you know it is working?
Key references
Like any good operator’s manual, this document tells you what to do without excessive description of why you should do it. This manual recognizes you already know the importance of Human Factors. For detailed information, see the “Key References” at the end of each topic.
The selected six topics are critical because they are based on operational data and practical experience from the US and other countries. Transport Canada (TC), United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority (UK CAA), and the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) regulations contributed to this manual. The steps are derived from a panel of ten industry and government contributors who have worked in aviation maintenance for an average of twenty-five years and in MHF for fifteen years. The contributors characterized these six topics and related steps as “information they wish they had known 15 years ago.”
These straightforward suggestions provide the key components for implementing a successful MHF program that will benefit your company, business partners, external customers, and the entire industry. Information is presented in summary bullets as follows:
These are six topics, from many, that a MHF program may consider.
Topics are not necessarily in order of importance, except that the data obtained from Event Investigation (Section 1) provide the foundation for many Human Factors activities.
You may implement any or all of the topics, however, they should be coordinated.
Your MHF activity should be based on the identified requirements and resources of your organization.
You are encouraged to supplement this Operator's Manual with additional references.
This document satisfies the industry request for a short and straightforward list of important actions.
In 1994, the University of Texas Human Research Project and Delta Airline developed the Line Operations Safety Audit (LOSA) program. With time, the LOSA program evolved into what is now known as Threat and Error Management (TEM).
The TEM framework is an applied concept which emerged from the observations and surveys of actual flight operations. It considers the various issues that a flight crew may encounter as a result of internal and external factors.
This model explores the contributing factors of the threat to aviation safety and, in turn, allows for the unearthing of ways to mitigate them and maintain proper safety margins. Now recognized and adopted across continents, the TEM framework aims to educate flight personnel on managing threats and errors before they degenerate into serious incidents or accidents. It is important to note that TEM is also applicable to maintenance operations, cabin crew, and air traffic control.
Human Factors (HF) covers a variety of issues that relate primarily to the individual and workforce, their behavior and attributes. Human error is still poorly understood by many stakeholders and so the risk assessments of operations or process often fall short in their capture of potential failures. There is little consideration of human factors in the engineering design of equipment, operating systems and the overall process, procedures and specific work tasks. Operational human factor issues are often treated on an ad-hoc basis in response to individual situations rather than as part of an overarching and comprehensive safety management strategy. The role that human factors play in the rate of incidents, equipment failure and hydrocarbon releases is poorly understood and underdeveloped.
Human Factors in a Safety Management System - Breaking the ChainSAMTRAC International
A safety management system (SMS) goes beyond the health and safety concerns usually associated with the mining or building and construction disciplines. Ever thought about the aerospace and defence industries? Werner Schierschmidt's presentation includes understanding the human factors and cultural growth that need to occur within any industry wanting to implement a successful SMS.
Welcome to the SMS Fundamentals presentation.
The core processes, elements and components that comprise a functional and robust Safety Management System will be explained.
These lessons will provide you a general understanding of the principles of a Safety Management System (SMS). Also it will provide you an understanding of the components, elements, and core processes that comprise a functional SMS.
Each organization must determine their safety needs and scale their SMS to meet those needs.
Aeronautical Decision Making And Risk Management For PilotsMySkyMom
This presentation relies heavily on the FAA\'s Risk Management Handbook, which can be found at http://www.faa.gov It covers factors related to ADM, statistics, best practices, and related case studies.
The second component of an SMS, is Safety Risk Management. We’ve already seen the five major elements of SRM, let’s see how they work in detail.
The objective of an SMS is to provide a structured management system to enable us to make decisions on controlling risk in our operations.
Once hazards are identified and their related risks analyzed, an organization can focus its resources on eliminating or mitigating those hazards that pose the greatest risk.
This is what SRM helps us to do.
FAA HUMAN FACTOR IN AVIATION MAINTENANCE HF MROAmnat Sk
This manual is in response to the industry’s requests for a simple and manageable list of actions to implement a Maintenance Human Factors (MHF) program. A panel of experts selected the following six topics for such a program to be successful:
Event Investigation
Documentation
Human Factors Training
Shift/Task Turnover
Fatigue Management
Sustaining & Justifying an HF Program
For each of the six topics that contribute to the success of any MHF program, this manual offers the following:
Why is the topic important?
How do you implement it?
How do you know it is working?
Key references
Like any good operator’s manual, this document tells you what to do without excessive description of why you should do it. This manual recognizes you already know the importance of Human Factors. For detailed information, see the “Key References” at the end of each topic.
The selected six topics are critical because they are based on operational data and practical experience from the US and other countries. Transport Canada (TC), United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority (UK CAA), and the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) regulations contributed to this manual. The steps are derived from a panel of ten industry and government contributors who have worked in aviation maintenance for an average of twenty-five years and in MHF for fifteen years. The contributors characterized these six topics and related steps as “information they wish they had known 15 years ago.”
These straightforward suggestions provide the key components for implementing a successful MHF program that will benefit your company, business partners, external customers, and the entire industry. Information is presented in summary bullets as follows:
These are six topics, from many, that a MHF program may consider.
Topics are not necessarily in order of importance, except that the data obtained from Event Investigation (Section 1) provide the foundation for many Human Factors activities.
You may implement any or all of the topics, however, they should be coordinated.
Your MHF activity should be based on the identified requirements and resources of your organization.
You are encouraged to supplement this Operator's Manual with additional references.
This document satisfies the industry request for a short and straightforward list of important actions.
In 1994, the University of Texas Human Research Project and Delta Airline developed the Line Operations Safety Audit (LOSA) program. With time, the LOSA program evolved into what is now known as Threat and Error Management (TEM).
The TEM framework is an applied concept which emerged from the observations and surveys of actual flight operations. It considers the various issues that a flight crew may encounter as a result of internal and external factors.
This model explores the contributing factors of the threat to aviation safety and, in turn, allows for the unearthing of ways to mitigate them and maintain proper safety margins. Now recognized and adopted across continents, the TEM framework aims to educate flight personnel on managing threats and errors before they degenerate into serious incidents or accidents. It is important to note that TEM is also applicable to maintenance operations, cabin crew, and air traffic control.
Human Factors (HF) covers a variety of issues that relate primarily to the individual and workforce, their behavior and attributes. Human error is still poorly understood by many stakeholders and so the risk assessments of operations or process often fall short in their capture of potential failures. There is little consideration of human factors in the engineering design of equipment, operating systems and the overall process, procedures and specific work tasks. Operational human factor issues are often treated on an ad-hoc basis in response to individual situations rather than as part of an overarching and comprehensive safety management strategy. The role that human factors play in the rate of incidents, equipment failure and hydrocarbon releases is poorly understood and underdeveloped.
Human Factors in a Safety Management System - Breaking the ChainSAMTRAC International
A safety management system (SMS) goes beyond the health and safety concerns usually associated with the mining or building and construction disciplines. Ever thought about the aerospace and defence industries? Werner Schierschmidt's presentation includes understanding the human factors and cultural growth that need to occur within any industry wanting to implement a successful SMS.
Welcome to the SMS Fundamentals presentation.
The core processes, elements and components that comprise a functional and robust Safety Management System will be explained.
These lessons will provide you a general understanding of the principles of a Safety Management System (SMS). Also it will provide you an understanding of the components, elements, and core processes that comprise a functional SMS.
Each organization must determine their safety needs and scale their SMS to meet those needs.
Aeronautical Decision Making And Risk Management For PilotsMySkyMom
This presentation relies heavily on the FAA\'s Risk Management Handbook, which can be found at http://www.faa.gov It covers factors related to ADM, statistics, best practices, and related case studies.
The second component of an SMS, is Safety Risk Management. We’ve already seen the five major elements of SRM, let’s see how they work in detail.
The objective of an SMS is to provide a structured management system to enable us to make decisions on controlling risk in our operations.
Once hazards are identified and their related risks analyzed, an organization can focus its resources on eliminating or mitigating those hazards that pose the greatest risk.
This is what SRM helps us to do.
This is a presentation on testing of safety critical control systems updated with DO178C and DO331 parts. I have added a few slides on ISO 26262 comparing it with DO178. I have added a dormant error which was found after 12 years in a a flight control system. I have now added a section on formal methods.
An insight into the fascinating field of Model Based testing of Safety Critical Control Systems
An insight into the mistakes we make – again and again
A set of Best Practices in this field gleaned from the use of this type of testing on Aircraft Programs in India
Outline
• Safety Critical Control Systems – Brief Overview
• What are the mistakes we normally make? – a look at
the errors made in the various programs since 1988
• DO178B, DO178C and DO331 standard overview. How
are other standards related.
• What are these Models? – a look at how they function
– Algorithms for implementing them
• How do we test these blocks? – a block by block
approach
• What are functional coverage metrics
• Formal Methods in Flight Controls – An experimental approach
• Best Practices
Depending on the nature of the task, the level of safety management training required will vary from general safety familiarization to expert level for safety specialists, for example:
a) Corporate safety training for all staff,
b) Training aimed at management’s safety responsibilities,
c) Training for operational personnel (such as pilots, maintenance engineers, dispatchers / FOO’s and personnel with apron or ramp duties), and
d) Training for aviation safety specialists (such as the Safety Management System and Flight Data Analysts).
The scope of SMS training must be appropriate to each individual’s roles and responsibilities within the operation. Training should follow a building-block approach. As part of the ICAO requirements, an operator must provide training to its operational personnel (including cabin crew), managers and supervisors, senior managers, and the accountable executive for the SMS.
Training should address the specific role that cabin crew members play in the operation. This includes, but is not limited to training with regards to:
a) Unit 1 SMS fundamentals and overview of the operator’s SMS;
b) Unit 2 Safety policy;
c) Unit 3 Hazard identification and reporting; and
d) Unit 4 Safety Communication.
e) Unit 5 Review of Company Safety Management
f) Unit 6 Review of Safety Reporting
The base content comes from many sources but all aligned to the ICAO syllabus requirements, and created for an international operational airline.
If you are a startup airline, or looking to align courses with your specific operational standards, please take a look and check out
pghclearningsolutions@gmail.com leave a message and I will contact you where we can discuss your requirements, send you examples and if required, download my editable masters which you can customize to meet your own specific operational training requirements.
1. An Introduction to Human Factors Kabul Afghanistan International Airport Fire Department Interaction between humans, the task, the equipment and the environment 1
2. Aim To give an introduction into what Human Factors are and what can affect them. Kabul Afghanistan International Airport Fire Department 2
3. Objectives At the end of this presentation you will be aware of: The need for Human Factors What are Human Factors Understanding Human Factors The errors that can occur with the interaction of the interfaces. Kabul Afghanistan International Airport Fire Department 3
5. Need for Human Factors? Human factors when understood can greatly benefit the person in a system. These benefits include: • Effectiveness of the system • Safety • Efficiency • Well-being of crew members. Kabul Afghanistan International Airport Fire Department 5
7. 4 key elements in understanding Human Factors Liveware – the person, you and I Hardware – physical, e.g. your chair Software – non-physical, e.g. SOP Environment – situation in which the L-H-S system interact. Kabul Afghanistan International Airport Fire Department 7 What are Human Factors?
8. 8 Human Factors Model Kabul Afghanistan International Airport Fire Department
9. Liveware – the person, you and I In centre of the model is the person - L The critical and most flexible component in the model. We are subject to variation in performance Edges of the blocks H-S-E are ragged Blocks in model must be carefully matched if breakdown is to be avoided. Kabul Afghanistan International Airport Fire Department 9 What are Human Factors?
10. Physical size and shape Physical needs Input characteristics Information processing Output characteristics Environmental tolerances Kabul Afghanistan International Airport Fire Department 10 6. Characteristics of Liveware
14. Data for these decisions are available from anthropometry and biomechanics.11
15. 2. Physical needs People’s requirements for essential items: Food Water Oxygen Depending on physiology and biology. Kabul Afghanistan International Airport Fire Department 12
16. 3. Input characteristics We have sensory system for collecting information Enables us to respond to external events and to carry out a required task All senses are subject to degradation Sources of sensory knowledge are Physiology Sensory psychology Biology Kabul Afghanistan International Airport Fire Department 13
17. 4. Information processing Human capabilities have severe limitations. Failure to account for human limitations can lead to poor system design. Short and long-term memory are involved, as well as motivation and stress. Psychology is the source of background knowledge here. Kabul Afghanistan International Airport Fire Department 14
18.
19.
20. Liveware – Hardware: This interface is the one most commonly considered when speaking of human-machine systems Liveware – Software: This covers humans and the non-physical aspects of the system such as SOP’s Kabul Afghanistan International Airport Fire Department 17 Liveware interaction
26. Fire crews function as groups, group influences play a role in performance. Kabul Afghanistan International Airport Fire Department 18 Liveware interaction
27. Safety Illustration of incident due to Liveware-Liveware failing A Fire fighter awaiting “water on” is injured by the discharge from a monitor. Failures can include: The interaction of the pump operator and the pump controls, and their apparent unclear labelling. Command being given being outweighed by the pump operator being preoccupied with establishing side line supply to operative. Kabul Afghanistan International Airport Fire Department 19
28. Efficiency Efficiency is also radically influenced by the application of, or the lack of, Human Factors The following paragraphs are intended as an overview of particular applications of Human Factors knowledge which relate to efficiency. Kabul Afghanistan International Airport Fire Department 20
29. Well-being of Crew Members Some factors influencing the mental & physical well-being of Crew members include : Fatigue Sleep deprivation or disturbance Temperature Noise Stress Workstation design Kabul Afghanistan International Airport Fire Department 21
30. Control of Human Error Some factors affecting Human Error: Carelessness Negligence or poor judgement Poorly designed equipment or may result from A normal reaction of a person to a particular situation The latter kind of error is likely to be repeated and its occurrence can be anticipated. Kabul Afghanistan International Airport Fire Department 22
31. Errors at Model Interface Each of the interfaces in the SHEL model has a potential of error where there is a mismatch between its components. Kabul Afghanistan International Airport Fire Department 23
32. Information Processing Before a person can react to information, it must first be sensed; there is potential for error here because the sensory systems function within a narrow range. After conclusions have been formed about the meaning of a message, decision-making begins. Many factors may lead to erroneous decisions: Kabul Afghanistan International Airport Fire Department 24
33. Example of poor Information Processing Because of the high cost of aviation gasoline, a private Jet pilot once wrote to his aviation administration and asked if he could mix kerosene in his aircraft fuel. He received the following reply: Kabul Afghanistan International Airport Fire Department 25
34. ”Regrettably decision involves uncertainties. Kerosene utilization consequences questionable, with respect to metalloferrous components and power production.” The Jet pilot did not process the information he had just received efficiently and replied: ”Thanks. This will sure cut my fuel bill.” He then received this urgent, and far clearer, communication from his aviation administration office: Kabul Afghanistan International Airport Fire Department 26
35. ”DON’T USE KEROSENE. IT COULD KILL THE ENGINE – AND YOU TOO!” Kabul Afghanistan International Airport Fire Department 27
39. Thank you and look forward Kabul Afghanistan International Airport Fire Department 31
Editor's Notes
Many books and theories have been written on human factors, it is a subject that is very complex and one that a person can spend many hours studying. However in this session, we shall only look at an overview of the subject.
It is helpful to use a model to aid in the understanding of HumanFactors, as this allows a gradual approach to comprehension. One practical diagram to illustrate this conceptual model uses blocks to represent the different components of Human Factors. The model can then be built up one block at a time, with a pictorial impression being given of the need for matching the components.
2 x bulletsOnce information is processed, messages are sent to the muscles to initiate the desired response, whether it be a physical control movement or the initiation of some form of communication. Acceptable control forces and direction of movement have to be known, and biomechanics, physiology and psychology provide such knowledge.
Kerosene is not designed to be burnt in Jet engines, however, the reply he received from his aviation administration office was more complex than was required to deliver the vital information for the Jet pilot to process.
Information processing is only as good as the actual content of the information you receive.Think about what information you supply to others, and indeed about what information others supply you.
Any Questions
Thank everyone and look forward to future understanding and improvements in working with Human Factors.