Jaw relation and facebow transfer / Dental Crown and bridge courses

ORIENTATION JAW
RELATION AND
FACE BOW TRANSFER
www.indiandentalacademy.com
INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY
Leader in continuing Dental Education

CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• JAW RELATION
• ORIENTATION JAW RELATION
• HINGE AXIS
• CLINICAL USE OF THE TERMINAL HINGE
AXIS
• CONTROVERSIES
• REVIEW OF LITERATURE
• EFFECTS OF ASYMMETRY OF AXIS POINTS
• LOCATION OF HINGE AXIS

• FACEBOW
• HISTORY OF THE FACE BOW
• PARTS OF THE FACE BOW
• TYPES OF THE FACE BOW
• ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR POINTS OF
REFERENCE
• FACE BOW TRANSFER
• FACIA TYPE FACEBOW
• EAR PIECE TYPE FACEBOW
• HANAU SPRING BOW

• HANAU TWIRL BOW
• QUICKMOUNT FACEBOW
• SLIDEMATIC FACEBOW
• SUMMARY
• CONCLUSION
• REFERENCES

INTRODUCTION
The missing teeth are restored by the CD,FPD,RPD to restore
function & esthetics .It is essential to develop proper occlusion
for maintaining health of supporting structures orofacial
musculature,TMJ. So there is a need for accurately locating the
hinge axis & recording & transferring the same on to the
articulator, to enable the accurate reproduction of occlusal
relationship on an articulator. This is achieved by Face bow
which records the position of jaws in relation to the condylar
mechanism & aids in transferring the same relation onto the
articulator. www.indiandentalacademy.com

JAW RELATION
• It is defined as “Any relation of the mandible to
the maxilla”
• Types: 1. Orientation jaw relation
2. Vertical jaw relation
3. Horizontal jaw relation

ORIENTATION JAW RELATION
• The orientation relations are those that orient the
mandible to the cranium in such a way that, when
the mandible is kept in its most posterior position,
the mandible can rotate in the sagittal plane
around an imaginary transverse axis passing
through or near the condyle.
• Orientation jaw relations Ist
• Angulation of maxilla

HINGE AXIS
• The hinge axis is defined as an imaginary line passing
through the two mandibular condyles & around which the
mandible may rotate without translatory movement.- GPT
Terminal hinge axis
• When the condyles are in their most superior position in
the articular fossa and the mouth is purely rotated open ,
the axis around which movement occurs is called as
Terminal hinge axis.
• Maximum range of terminal hinge rotation- about 12˚
• Inter incisal opening: 18-25 mm

CLINICAL USE OF THE TERMINAL HINGE AXIS
• The location of the transverse hinge axis serves only to
orientate the maxilla and to record the static starting point
for functional mandibular movements.It does not record
centric relation or condylar movements.
• Allows the transfer of the opening axis of jaws to the
articulator so that occlusion would be on the same arc of
closure as in the patients mouth
• The hinge axis recording is required to check the accuracy
of two centric records.
• Helps in proper positioning of the casts in relation to
intercondylar shaft.
• Vertical dimension of occlusion can be altered on the
articulator

CONTROVERSIES
There has been a considerable debate about whether:
• A hinge axis exists
• hinge axis can be accurately located
• There is only one hinge axis
• It is clinically useful to locate the axis
• An arbitrary point can be satisfactorily substituted for a
kinematic axis

REVIEW OF LITERATURE
 Study conducted by L. E. Kurth & I. K. Feinstein in
1951.
With the aid of an articulator & working model , they
demonstrated that more than one point may serve as hinge
axis. So they concluded that infinite no.of points exist
which may serve as hinge points. It is unlikely to locate
the hinge axis accurately .

 Robert G Schollhorn in 1957
He recorded the arbitrary center & true hinge axis in 70
dental students.
He concluded that arbitrary axis of rotation which is 13mm
ant. to the posterior margin of the tragus on tragal
canthus line lies close to an average determined axis.
In 95% of subjects Kinematic center lies within 5mm
radius , which is considered to be within normal limits.
So determining kinematic center is not necessary.

 Study was conducted by Richard l . Christiansen in the
year 1959.
He mounted the maxillary casts arbitrarily & with face
bow records & studied the errors in occlusion.
He concluded that it is advantageous to simulate on the
articulator the anatomic relationships of residual ridges to
the condyles for more harmoniously occluding complete
dentures.

 Study conducted by T. D Foster in 1959.
He stated that permanent study casts would be of more value if they
are mounted in correct relationship to the FH plane particularly in
facial deformity involving the jaws.
 Study was conducted by Arne Lauritzen & George H. Bodner in
1961.
They marked true hinge axis & arbitrary hinge axis by 3 methods
.They concluded that in 67% of cases the true hinge axis was 5 to
13 mm away from the arbitrarily located hinge axis points.

 Study was conducted by Vincent R. Trappazzan , Jhon
B.Lazzari in 1961.
They conducted the study on 14 subjects .
They concluded that in 57.2% of the subjects, more than
one hinge axis point was located on either one or both
sides. 42.8% of the subjects showed single hinge axis
point on left & right side of the face.

 Study was conducted by Lauritzen & Wolford in
1961.
An experimental instrument was designed to determine
how accurately the centers of 15, 10, 5 degree arc of
movement could be located consistently. The result
indicated that 10 degree range of movement is sufficient
for hinge axis location . The attainable accuracy by an
experienced operator in locating the the center of10 degree
arc is within 0.2mm.

Study was conducted by Arthur F. Aull in 1963.
• He concluded that the horizontal axis is a hypothetical
line.
• Terminal hinge position is most posterior position.
• Arbitrary location fails to satisfy the requirements.
• Do not support the split axis theory.
• No evidence found to believe that there is more than one
hinge location.

 Study was conducted by Vincent R. Trapazzano &John
B. Lazzari in 1967.
• They concluded that the patient should be relaxed & two
operators are required for location.
• Because of the presence of multiple hinge axis points,
increasing or decreasing of the vertical dimension on the
articulator needs new interocclusal record.

 Study was conducted by Edwin R. Thorp , Dale E.
Smith, & Jack I. Nicholls in 1978.
• They compared 3 arbitrarily located axis to the true hinge
axis locations. they concluded 57% of the arbitrary
locations were within 6mm of the true hinge axis.
• The results revealed very small difference in accuracy
between hinge axis face bow,Hanau –132 SM face bow&
Whip mix face bow.

 Study was conducted by Keki R. Kotwal in 1979.
• He made the casts of the dental arches of the skull & made
interocclusal records, mounted the casts with & without face bow
on to the Whip Mix articulator . He concluded that face bow
transfer allows more accurate arc of closure on the articulator when
the inter occlusal records are removed .

 Study was conducted by F.M. WALKER in 1980.
• He concluded that arbitrary hinge axis location does not
exist. Arbitrary axis locations recommended in the
literature will create 6mm or more error .The true axis
located inferior to tragus canthus line.

 Study was conducted by Mahmoud Khanics Abdel
razek in1981
• He located the arbitrary hinge axis by 5 methods in 120
dentulous patients & compared with true hinge axis
location . He concluded that none of the methods was
ideal, Dawson`s palpatory method is acceptable .

 Study was conducted by Jhon H. Pitchford in 1991.
• He concluded that a compromised esthetic result can be
produced by an ant. Reference point not in harmony with
design of articulator. Minor variation of the face bow ,
position of orbitale pointer & indicator will allow an
average value transfer of the esthetic reference position to
an articulator

 Study was conducted by William W. Nagy, Thomas J. Smithly &
Carl G. Wirth in 2002.
• More than 96% of the predetermined points were within 2mm of the
kinematic axis, 67% were within 1mm no significant difference
between right & left side. They concluded that predetermined axis
point was well within 5mm clinical norms for estimated location of
transverse horizontal mandibular axis for the population studied.

 Study was conducted by Virgillo Ferrario, Chairello Sforza,
Graziano Serrao & Johannes H. Schmitz in 2002
• They assessed reliability of the postural face bow by comparing
the values with those obtained by computerized non invasive
instrument. They concluded that postural face bow reliably
reproduced the spatial orientation of the occlusal plane relative to
the true horizontal plane.

HISTORY OF THE HINGE AXIS
• Gray recognized that mandible moves by rotations,
forward & lateral movements of the condyle in the
glenoid fossa.
• Balkwell of England in 1824 called attention to the sliding
action
• Bonwill assumed that forward motion of joint was on a
straight line in forward direction. After 40 yrs Walker
proved that the motion was forward & downward.
• Bennett of England unaware of Balkwell`s proposals
showed that condyles in all individuals make a side shift
motion to a greater or lesser extent in the lateral
movements called as Bennett movement.

• Snow in 1899 recognized the importance of hinge axis &
he constructed the face bow.
• Camplon in 1905 concluded that the dental casts should be
mounted onto the articulator in such away that the
rotational axis of articulator coincides with opening axis
of mandible.
• In 1921 Dr. B.B. McCollum,along with Dr. Robert Harlan
located the first actual kinematic axis.

CONCEPTS REGARDING HINGE AXIS
• Sloane stated that
The hinge axis is not a theoretical assumption , but
definitely demonstrable biomechanical factor.
• Sicher stated that
The terminal hinge position is the most retruded
position of the mandible, the centric position .

• The proponents of Gnathology State that there is one
transverse hinge axis & it can be accurately located.
• The proponents of transographics claim that
Transograph is the only instrument that can duplicate it.
• Others claim that Better to use articulator like Hanau, that
utilizes a Face-bow mounting &an average of several
readings for excursive movements.

FOUR MAIN SCHOOLS OF THOUGHTS
• Group 1 ---Absolute location of hinge axis.
There is a definite transverse axis & should
be located accurately.
• Group 2 ---Arbitrary location of hinge axis
Believe that arbitrary location of hinge axis is reliable,
even though accurate location is valuable.
Craddock & Symmons stated that – The search for
the axis is troublesome , more of academic interest as
it will never be found more than few mms distant
from the true center of the condylar rotations .
.www.indiandentalacademy.com

• Group 3 --Non believers in transverse hinge axis
location.
It is impossible to locate hinge axis with accuracy. More
theoretical than practical.
• Group 4 --Split axis rotation
Believe that the condyles rotate independent of each other.
The proponents of Transographic theory.
Page first suggested & Frank supported this.

COLINEAR –NONCOLINEAR CONTROVERSY
• SPLIT TRANSVERSE HINGE AXIS:
PAGE
FRANK
CHARLES A.BREKKE
(JPD9, 936, 1959
HINGE AXIS, HINGE AXES)

OPOSING POINTS
• In normal opening and closing movements, the motion
follows a coordinated rotational pattern.Any coordinated
rotational pattern must have an axis of rotation.
• Movement in one direction in a plane can have only one
axis of rotation.Two axial centers of rotation for the same
plane and direction of motion is a self contradictory
statement
• Lack of perfect spherically shaped condyle-
-condylar anatomy is not the only factor in mandibular
movements.
( JPD 9,775-787, 1959 )

EFFECTS OF ASYMMETRY OF AXIS POINTS:
• Anatomic asymmetry of the contralateral points will result
in certain distortions when that axis is transferred to an
articulator where the mechanical axis produces symmetry.
• SUPEROINFERIOR
• ANTEROPOSTERIOR

LOCATION OF HINGE
AXIS

ARBITRARY METHOD OF LOCATING HINGE AXIS
• The arbitrary method is an accepted technique for locating
the mandibular hinge axis. Although many studies have
compared various arbitrary hinge axis points with
kinematic location, there is no consensus as to which
arbitrary point most closely and consistently lies on or near
the kinematic axis.

• DENAR -
12mm anterior to posterior border of tragus
and 5mm inferior to line extending from the
superior border of tragus to OCE.
• TSN-
12mm anterior to center of EAM on Frankfort
plane.
• LAURITZEN AND BODNER-
12mm anterior to center of EAM and 2mm
inferior to porion-canthus line.
• WHIPMIX-
According to the design of their ear-bow in
anteroposterior direction at anterior wall of
EAM and in superior-inferior direction
approximately at level of most prominent point
of posterior border of tragus.

• PROTHERO-
On line from superior margin of EAM to OCE
intersecting with line 13 anterior to anterior edge
of EAM according to Richey condyle marker
• BRANDRUP-WOGNSEN-
12mm anterior to most prominent point of
posterior border of tragus on line from it to OCE.
• BEYRON-
13mm anterior to posterior margin of tragus on line
from the center of tragus to OCE.
• GYSI-
13mm anterior to anterior margin of EAM on line
from superior margin of EAM to OCE.www.indiandentalacademy.com

• BERGSTORM-
10mm anterior to center of spherical insert of his
face-bow and 7mm below Frankfort plane.
• DAWSON PALPATORY METHOD
From a position behind the patient , place the
fingertip over the joint area and ask the patient to
open wide.As the condyle translates forward, the
fingertip will drop into a depression where the
condyle was.Mark the centre of this depression
with marking pencil.Accuracy can be achieved
within a general range of 1-3 mm error.
• EXTERNAL AUDITORY MEATUS
used with ear piece type of facebow.The location
of rods on the articulator approximately
compensate for the distance the meatuses are
posterior to transverse opening axis of the
mandible.

Study was conducted by Heinz O. Beck in 1959
He concluded that 83% of Bergstrom,53% of Beyron,
17% of Gysi points were within 5mm of the Kinematic
axis.
Study was conducted by Walker in 1980
He concluded that arbitrary location of hinge axis does not
exist& wide dispersion from true hinge axis point will
create large errors & poor accuracy.

KINEMATIC METHOD OF LOCATING HINGE AXIS
Posselt stated that maximum separation of incisal edges
in hinge motion to vary from 15 to 20mm or 10 to 13
degree opening & closing arc available for hinge axis
location
In terminal hinge position the mouth opening is 12.5mm.
Kurth & Feinstein located the hinge axis within 2mm of
area for 10 degree arc of opening.
Borgh & posselt located within 1mm of area for 15 degree
& 1.5mm for 10 degree of opening arc.

Fabrication of the clutch–
Attach clutch tray to lower teeth.
Assemble the hinge axis locator.
Attach the side arms to the cross bar in mounting column.
Attach the assembled hinge axis locator to the Stem of the clutch
tray.
Mark approximate center of condyle on the subject`s face.
Adjust the hinge axis locator.
Place the graph paper .
Location of the hinge axis points.

OTHER METHODS OF RECORDING HINGE AXIS
• Pantograph– two face bows, one holds six recording
tables attached to the mandible & other with 6 styluses
attached to the maxillae.
• Transograph.
• Stereograph
• Computerized Axiograph

FACEBOW

DEFINITION
The face bow is a caliper like device that is used to record
the relationship of jaws to the opening axis of jaws and to
orient the cast in this same relationship to the opening axis
of articulator.- GPT

HISTORY OF THE FACE BOW
• In 1860 Bonwill concluded that the distance from the center of
the condyle to the median incisal point of the lower teeth is 10
cm.
• In 1866 Balkwill demonstrated an apparatus to measure the
angle formed by the occlusal plane of lower teeth & the plane
passing through the condyles & incisal plane of lower teeth.

In 1880 Hayes
constructed an
apparatus called
Caliper with median
incisal point localized
in relation to the two
condyles.

In 1890 Walker invented
Clinometer used to obtain
the relative position of the
lower cast in relation to
the condylar mechanism

At about a turn of a
century Gysi constructed
an instrument for
registering the condylar
path & used as face bow
also.

Snow 1899 constructed
simple instrument which
has become prototype
for all the face bows
constructed in present
days.

PARTS OF THE FACE BOW
-U shaped frame
-Condylar rods
-Ear pieces
-Bite fork
-Locking device
-Orbital pointer

TYPES OF THE FACE BOW
• Arbitrary type –Facia type
--Ear piece type.
• Kinematic type of face bow.
• ARBITRARY TYPE OF FACE BOW
In this type the axis is located by using
anatomical land marks. Condyle rods of the face bow are
placed over the arbitrarily marked centers of hinge axis.
• Facia type of face bow --The approximate points on the
skin over the TMJ region are used as posterior points of
reference &the condyle rods of the face bow are placed
over it.

• Ear piece type of face bow –the ear pieces of the face bow are
placed into external auditory meatus.
• KINEMATIC TYPE OF THE FACE BOW
Locates the opening axis physiologically with exceptional
accuracy.

POSTERIOR POINTS OF REFERENCE
• Points which locate the hinge axis

ANTERIOR POINTS OF REFERENCE
• The selection of anterior point of reference determines
which plane in the prosthesis will become the plane of
reference.
• The objective of the natural appearance in the form &the
position of the teeth is achieved by mounting the
maxillary cast relative to the FH plane.
• The objective of the natural appearance in the occlusal
plane is achieved by mounting the cast relative to the
Camper`s plane.
• To establish a standard line for comparison between the
patients & for the same patient at different periods of time,

• Orbitale—

-lowest point on the infraorbital rim
-along with the two posterior points forms Axis –Orbitale plane.
-Relating the maxillae to this plane will slightly lower the
maxillary cast anteriorly from the position that would be
established if the Frankfort horizontal plane were used.
- Practically, the axis-orbital plane is used because of the ease of
locating the marking and because the concept is easy to teach
and understand.

Orbitale minus 7mm

• FH plane passes through porion and orbitale.
• Because porion is a skull landmark-, Sicher recommends
using the midpoint of the upper border of the external
auditory meatus as the posterior cranial landmark on a
patient
• This landmark on an average lies 7 mm superior to the
horizontal axis
• the anterior point of reference marked 7mm below
orbitale on the patient or position the orbital pointer 7mm
above orbital indicator of the articulator.
• Hence,FH plane becomes the horizontal plane of reference.

Nasion minus 23mm.

• According to Sicher, another skull landmark, the Nasion
can be approximately located in the head as the deepest
part of the midline depression just below the level of
eyebrows.
• The Nasion guide, or positioner, of the Quick-mount face-
bow, which is designed to be used with the Whip-Mix
articulator, fits into this depression.
• Crossbar is located 23 mm below the mid point of Nasion
positioner.
• When the facebow is positioned anteriorly by nasion
guide, the crossbar will be in approximate region of
orbitale.
• So, crossbar is the actual anterior reference point locator
• Hence it also employs an approximate axis-orbitale plane.

Incisal edge plus articulator midpoint to
articulator axis-horizontal plane distance.
• Guichet has emphasized that a logical position for the casts
in the articulator would be one, which would position the
plane of the occlusion near the mid horizontal plane of the
articulator.
• The high or low positions of casts may result in inaccurate
occlusal relationships due to dimensional changes in the
artificial stone or plaster used for cast-mounting purpose.
• Doesnot relate the FH plane or the axis-orbital plane
parallel to the horizontal plane

Alae of the nose:
• A part of many complete denture techniques is to make the
tentative or the actual occlusal plane parallel with the
horizontal plane.
• A line from the ala of the nose to the center of the auditory
meatus describes the Camper's line.
• Augsburger concluded, in a review that the occlusal plane
parallels this line with minor variations in different facial
forms.

FACE BOW TRANSFER
• Facebows that can be utilized with Hanau articulator
Facia
Ear piece
Twirlbow
Spring bow
Kinematic
• Facebows that can be utilized with Whipmix articulator
Quick mount ear piece
Kinematic
• Facebows that can be utilized with Denar articulator
Facia
Ear piece
Slidematic
Kinematic www.indiandentalacademy.com

PROCEDURE FOR FACIA TYPE FACEBOW
• Seating the patient.
• Mark the Arbitrary axis or true hinge axis point.
• Mark the anterior point of reference.
• Contour the maxillary occlusal rim.
• Reduce the mandibular occlusal rim to allow adequate
interocclusal distance for the bite fork & attached wax.

• Softened wax is rolled into horse shoe shape & attached to
the bite fork.
• Attach the occlusion rim to the bite fork.
• In dentulous patients the maxillary teeth indentations are
recorded .
• Place the bite fork along with the occlusion rim into the
mouth & ask the patient to close which will help to
stabilize maxillary record base.
• Secure the stem of the bite fork into the clamp of the face
bow.
• Adjust the condyle rods onto the arbitrary axis points.
• Adjust the width of the condyle rods equidistant
bilaterally.
• Place the orbitale pointer over the mark.

MOUNTING ON TO THE ARTICULATOR
• The condylar rods of the face bow
are inserted over the condylar
shaft & centered .
• Raise or lower the face bow to
adjust low lip line of the
occlusion rim in level with
groove marked on incisal pin.
• Adjust the orbital pointer pin to
the orbital indicator.
• Support with cast support.
• Place the maxillary cast.
• Close the articulator to lock the
incisal pin.
• Mount the upper cast.www.indiandentalacademy.com

EAR PIECE TYPE OF FACE BOW
• Preparation of the bite
fork .
• The facial reference point
is marked
• The bite fork is inserted
into the mouth.
• The stem of the bite fork
secured into the clamp of
the face bow.
• Ear pieces are inserted
into external auditory
meatus , tighten the
screws.

• The earpieces of the face bow
are inserted over the pins on
condylar housing & centered.
• Raise or lower the face bow
to adjust low lip line of the
occlusion rim in level with
groove marked on incisal pin.
• Adjust the orbital pointer pin
to the orbital indicator.
• Support with cast support.
• Place the maxillary cast.
• Close the articulator to lock
the incisal pin.
• Mount the upper cast.

HANAU SPRING BOW
• ear piece type of facebow
• Used with Hanau articulator
• Reference points-
posterior-Porion, the superior border of external auditory
meatus
anterior -Infra orbital notch
• Plane of reference-Frankfort horizontal plane

• Parts-
-Bite fork with stem
-Spring bow

Transfer clamp assembly

Anterior elevator
Accessories
Hanau cast support-Allen wrench Mounting plateform

PROCEDURE
1. BITE FORK PREPARATION
Dentulous

Edentulous patient

2. Bow preparation

3. PATIENT APPLICATION

• Direct mounting
• Indirect mounting

Direct mounting

Indirect mounting

• ADVANTAGES
-ease and efficiency of use
-sterlizable parts
-one piece low maintainance design
-adaptability to other articulators
-direct and indirect mounting capability
-lower cost
• DISADVANTAGE
-inability to measure intercondylar distance

Hanau Twirl bow
• It is an earpiece type of facebow
• Allows the maxillary arch to be transferred to the
articulator without physically attaching the face-bow to the
articulator
• Relates the maxillary arch to FH plane
• A horizontal orbital pointer is attached to the right temple
arm
• The twirl thumb wheel allows the operator to open and
close the ear pieces simultaneously and equidistantly
• The relationship is recorded by a transfer rod, which is
attached to the bitefork perpendicular to the FH plane.
• A mounting guide is utilized to mount the transfer rod and
attached bitefork to the articulator
• Advantages- ease of manipulation
mounting without facebowwww.indiandentalacademy.com

QUICK MOUNT FACEBOW
• It is an earpiece type of facebow
• Used with whipmix articulator
posterior : external auditory meatus
anterior : nasion
• Plane of reference-axis-orbital plane
• Made up of specially contoured ear pieces on the condylar
ends of the bow
• Consists of a scale that can measure intercondylar distance
• Parts-Bow with plastic ear pieces
Crossbar
Facebow toggle assembly
Nasion relator assembly with plastic nose piece

QUICK MOUNT FACEBOW TRANSFER

SLIDEMATIC FACEBOW
• Type of ear piece facebow
• Used with denar articulator
posterior: external auditory meatus
anterior: 43mm above incisal edge of right central incisor
in dentulous patient or 43mm above the lower
border of upper lip in edentulous patient
• Reference plane: anterior reference point is selected so that
occlusal plane will be positioned in the
middle of articulator

Parts
• Earplug
• Anterior reference pointer
• Intercondylar distance scale
• Finger lockscrew
• Center lock wheel
• Reference plane locator and marker

TRANSFER JIG ASSEMBLY
BITEFORK
ARTICULATOR
INDEX
VERTICAL
SHAFT
CLAMP #2
CLAMP #1
FINGER
SCREWS

PROCEDURE

SIGNIFICANCE OF FACE BOW
• Transverse hinge axis can be located with the aid of face bow.
• Records the position of maxilla in three planes with reference to
two points glenoid fossa.
• To relate the maxillary casts to the transverse axis of the
articulator.
• Mandibular hinge axis coincided & related to the maxillary by
centric relation record.
• The path of closure will be similar.
• It aids in securing the anteroposterior cast position in relation to
the condyles of the mandible.
• It registers the horizontal relationship of the casts accurately so
assists in incisal plane location.www.indiandentalacademy.com

• Helps in restoring vertical height in the articulator.
• Failure to use face bow can lead to error in occlusion of
denture.
• Face bow transfer allows more accurate arc of closure on the
articulator when the intetocclusal records are used.
• Arbitrary mounting of the cast -
• -Lateral deviation of mounting causes occlusal interferences
on rt. or lt. lateral working occlusion.
• -Vertical deviation affects the labial inclination .
• Anteroposterior position affects the cuspal angulation required
for balance in protrusive occlusion varies.www.indiandentalacademy.com

SUMMARY
• Three points in space determines the position of cast in the
articulator
• The FACEBOW records the position of maxilla in three
planes in relation to two points that is glenoid fossae &
also aids in mounting maxillary casts in same relation on
to articulator.
• Different types of facebows are used with different types
of articulators www.indiandentalacademy.com

CONCLUSION
• The use of face bow is indispensable for diagnosis,
treatment planning & treatment procedures.
• By using face bow the risk of occlusal errors are
minimized thereby enhancing the accuracy of occlusion of
new restoration or oral appliances upon insertion which
facilitates patient comfort and acceptance of the prosthesis.

REFERENCES
• Boucher’S Prosthodontic Rx for edentulous patient 10th
edition.
• Syllabus of complete dentures by Charles M. Heartwell 4th
edition
5th
edition.
• Essentials of complete Denture Prosthodontics by Sheldon
Winkler-2nd
edition.
• Fundamentals of fixed Prosthodontics by Schillingburg 3rd
edition.
• Management of Temporomandibular Disorders & Occlusion 5th
edition. Jeffrey .P.Okeson.
• Evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of occlusal Problems, Peter E
Dawson
• Prosthodontic Rx for edentulous patients by Zarb Bolender 12th
edition.
• Hobo|Eiji Ichida |Lily .T .Garcia-Osseointegration & occlusal
rehabilitation.

• The hinge axis of the mandible Kurth & Feinstein J.P.D:
1951:327
• Recording & Transferring the mandibular axis by Robert
B. Sloane J.P.D. 1952:173.
• Evaluation of face bow by Craddock & Symmons
J.P.D:1952:633.
• The face bow,it’s Significance & Application by Thure
Brandrup-Wognsen J.P.D.:1953:618.
• A study of the arbitrary center &the kinematic center of
rotation for face bow mounting by R.G. Schallhorn
J.P.D:1957.
• Hinge axis registration on articulators Borgh & Posselt
J.P.D 1958
• Rationale of face bow is maxillary east mounting by
Richard L. Christiansen J.P.D:1959:388.
• A clinical evaluation of the Arcon concept of articulator
Heinz O.Beck J.P.D 1959

• The use of face bow is making permanent study casts by
T.D.Foster J.D.P : 1959 :717
• Hinge axis location on an experimental basis Lauritzen &
Wolford J.P.D 1961:1059
• A study of Hinge axis determination Vincent R. Trapazzano &
John B. Lazzari.J.P.D:1961:858
• The accuracy of an ear face – bow by Walter .R.Teteruck,
Harry.C.Lundeen J.D.P : 1966:16:1039
• The anterior point of reference by Noel.D.Wilkie J.D.P
1979:41:5:488
• A study of transverse axis Arthur F. Aull J.P.D;1963:469
• The physiology of the terminal rotational position of the
condyles in the TMJ J.P.D: 1967:122
• The need to use an arbitrary face bow when remounting
complete dentures with Intercellular records by Keki.R.Kotwal
in J.D.P. 1979:224
• Discrepancies between arbitrary & true hinge axis by F.M.
Walker a J.D.P:1980:43:279.www.indiandentalacademy.com

• Studies on validity of terminal hinge axis C.C.Beard,
J.A.Clayton J.P.D: 1981:185
• Clinical evaluation of methods used in locating the
mandibular hinge axis by Mahmoud Khamics Abdel Razek
J.P.D: 1981:369
• The hinge axis evaluation of current arbitrary
determination methods & proposal for new recording
method J.P.D :1989
• Re-evaluation of axis-orbital plane & the use of orbitale in
a face bow transfer record by Jhon H.Pitchford
J.P.D.:1991:66:347.
• Three dimensional assessment of the reliability of a
postural face bow transfer by Virgillo Ferrario,Chairello
Sforza,Graziano Serrao,& Johannes H. schmitz
J.P.D.2002:87:210.
• Accuracy of predetermined transverse horizontal
mandibular axis point. William W.Nagy, Thomas
J.Smithy,Carl G.Wirth J.P.d :2002:387

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