This document provides information about orientation jaw relations and the terminal hinge axis. It defines orientation jaw relations as the relationship between the maxilla and cranium in the anteroposterior, lateral, and vertical planes. It discusses how the terminal hinge axis is the axis around which pure rotation occurs when the mouth is opened widely and the condyles are in their most superior position. The document also reviews the history of debates around the hinge axis and different studies that have been conducted on the topic.
Jaw relation and facebow transfer / Dental Crown and bridge coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
I will discuss various reference points for face bow.....
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describes different types of surveyors along with the history, advancements, parts of surveyor, brief on surveying procedure of each, surveying tools, difference between ney and jelenko surveyor, broken arm surveyor, spring loaded surveyor, william suveyor.
if you want me to make ppt on a particular topic please let me know on the comment section of my youtube channel
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https://youtu.be/fv3_tWZPJIU
https://youtu.be/GeZIbCwqKYU
Description of Biomechanics of occlusion, Effect of anatomical determinants, Ideal occlusion, Evolution of occlusion, Concepts of Occlusion in FPD such as Group function occlusion, canine guided occlusion, Occlusal contacts, Occlusal Interferences, Patient"s adaptability, Pathogenic occlusion and Philosophies of full mouth rehabilitation. Added references for further readings.
In prosthodontics, replacing the missing, without affecting the other components of the masticatory system has two main reference the maximum intercupation and the centric relation.
In this lecture discussion of centric relation as reference is exposed.
This presentation aims to shed light on the various aspects of the mandibular movement in the TMJ which is like a hinge axis. the presentation contains brief history, the various schools of thought regarding the validity and accuracy of locating the hinge axis. it talks about the various types of facebows and the various anterior and posterior points for reference employed by the arbitrary facebows.
Jaw relation and facebow transfer / Dental Crown and bridge coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
I will discuss various reference points for face bow.....
Thanks for watching......
If you like to watch my youtube channel..
please click for my channel....... Dr Aaryas Vlogs
https://youtu.be/myAENzQlHjE
describes different types of surveyors along with the history, advancements, parts of surveyor, brief on surveying procedure of each, surveying tools, difference between ney and jelenko surveyor, broken arm surveyor, spring loaded surveyor, william suveyor.
if you want me to make ppt on a particular topic please let me know on the comment section of my youtube channel
https://youtu.be/REMKSUty0cE
https://youtu.be/REMKSUty0cE
https://youtu.be/fv3_tWZPJIU
https://youtu.be/GeZIbCwqKYU
Description of Biomechanics of occlusion, Effect of anatomical determinants, Ideal occlusion, Evolution of occlusion, Concepts of Occlusion in FPD such as Group function occlusion, canine guided occlusion, Occlusal contacts, Occlusal Interferences, Patient"s adaptability, Pathogenic occlusion and Philosophies of full mouth rehabilitation. Added references for further readings.
In prosthodontics, replacing the missing, without affecting the other components of the masticatory system has two main reference the maximum intercupation and the centric relation.
In this lecture discussion of centric relation as reference is exposed.
This presentation aims to shed light on the various aspects of the mandibular movement in the TMJ which is like a hinge axis. the presentation contains brief history, the various schools of thought regarding the validity and accuracy of locating the hinge axis. it talks about the various types of facebows and the various anterior and posterior points for reference employed by the arbitrary facebows.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Face bow /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting
training center with best faculty and flexible training programs
for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental
practice,Offers certified courses in Dental
implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic
Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting
training center with best faculty and flexible training programs
for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental
practice,Offers certified courses in Dental
implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic
Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
THE EVOLUTION OF THE FACEBOW
CLASSIFICATION OF FACEBOW
ANTERIOR REFERENCE POINT
POSTERIOR REFERENCE POINT
PARTS OF FACEBOW
ADVANTAGES
WHAT IF FACEBOW IS NOT USED
CONCLUSION
DEFINITION OF FACEBOW
A caliper like instrument used to record the spatial relationship of the maxillary arch to some anatomic reference point or points and then transfer this relationship to an articulator; it orients the dental cast in the same relationship to the opening axis of the articulator; customarily the anatomic references are the mandibular transverse horizontal axis and one other selected anterior reference point. (GPT 9)
HISTORY OF FACEBOW
HISTORY OF FACEBOW
A.D. Gritman gave the statement : the implement devised by Prof. Snow as a bow of metal that reaches around the face. The face-bow is also a convenient instrument for supporting the casts while they are being attached to the articulator” : hence the term “FACEBOW”
According to Prothero , Thomas L.Gilmer was the first to suggest the principle of a face bow in a paper presented at a meeting of the Illinois State Dental Society in 1882.
Richmond S. Hayes (1880): introduced the first example of functional facebow like device intended for locating the position of casts correctly in the articulator.
George B. Snow (1899): is credited for the development of modern traditional facebow.
THE EVOLUTION OF THE FACEBOW
BONWILL – 1860
The distance between the centre of the CONDYLE and the MEDIAN INCISAL POINT OF THE LOWER TEETH - 10cm.
BALKWILL – 1866
The angle formed by the occlusal plane of the teeth and the line passing through the condyle to the incisal line of the lower teeth - 22 – 30 degrees
He could also determine approximately the distance from each condyles and ‘the front of the gums.
THE ARTICULATING CALIPER
Richmond S. Hayes - 1889
Did not enable a fixed transfer or three dimensional orientation of the cast to the articulator.
With discs C, placed on the cheeks over the condyles and the point of rod D pressed into the wax occlusion rim, this one relationship was used to determine the position of cast in the articulator.
FACIAL CLINOMETER
WILLAM E. WALKER – 1896.
Was used only for measurement of the condylar inclination.
First instrument deviced to determine the individual relationship and movements of the mandible for the purpose of constructing mechanisms for imitating these movements.
GYSI CONDYLE PATH REGISTER
GYSI – Towards the end of the 19Th Century
With the condylar graphic tracing device and incisor point marker Gysi was capable of tracing the gothic arch as well as the condyle paths on both vertical and horizontal plane.
THE PLANE OF ORIENTATION
A horizontal plane established on the face of the patient by one anterior reference point and two posterior reference points from which measurements of the posterior anatomic determinants of occlusion and mandibular motions are made. (GPT-9)
Two points
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IMPORTANCE OF VERTICAL JAW RELATION
METHODS OF DETERMINING VERTICAL JAW RELATION
EFFECT OF INCREASED VERTICAL DIMENSION
EFFECT OF DECREASED VERTICAL DIMENSION
PHYSIOLOGIC REST POSITION
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training
center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
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Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
2. Guided by-
Dr. Dilip Dhamankar
Dr. Sashi Purna
Dr. Brajesh Dammani
Dr. Ashwin Aidasani
Dr. Abhay Narayane
Presented by-
Dr. Pratik Hodar
2nd yr post graduate student
2Orientation Relation
4. JAW RELATION
DEFINITION -
• According to ‘Glossary of Prosthodontics 8’,
Maxillo mandibular relations / Jaw relations are defined as- any
spatial relationship of the maxilla to the mandible ; any one of
the infinite relations of the mandible to the maxilla.
Orientation Relation 4
7. • Maxilla is a fixed entity.
• When the teeth of both jaws come in
contact, maxilla becomes related to
the mandible so that entire
craniomaxillary complex is articulated
with a moving bone, which is the
mandible.
Orientation Relation 7
8. Need for orientation
• The maxillary is positioned uniquely to the
lower jaw position varies for every person.
• And even its relation to the TMJ also vary
in all persons.
Orientation Relation 8
10. • The opening movement to bring the jaw
from occlusal to rest position is almost a
pure hinge movement.
• Here the mandible moves on an arc of a
circle with a definite radius from the
temporomandibular joint. This path of the
condyle is determined by the curvature of
the condylar head and the curvature of
glenoid fossa.
LAWRENCEA. WEINBERG, THE TRANSVERSE HINGEAXIS: REAL OR IMAGINARY,JPD 1959
Orientation Relation 10
11. LAWRENCEA. WEINBERG, THE TRANSVERSE HINGEAXIS: REAL OR IMAGINARY,JPD 1959
Orientation Relation 11
12. • Radius is not constant
• It has to be determined for every
individual patient, i.e., the relation of
maxilla to the opening and closing axis has
to be determined.LAWRENCEA. WEINBERG, THE TRANSVERSE HINGEAXIS: REAL OR IMAGINARY,JPD 1959
Orientation Relation 12
13. Orientation Jaw Relation
• They are those that orient the
mandible to the cranium in such a way
that, when the mandible is kept in its
most posterior unstrained position,
the mandible can rotate in a sagittal
plane around an imaginary transverse
axis passing through or near the
condyles. GPT -8
• The axis can be located when the
mandible is in its most posterior
unstrained position by means of aOrientation Relation 13
14. The relationship of the maxilla to the
cranium in three planes viz:
anteroposterior, lateral and vertical is
called the orientation jaw relation.
Orientation Relation 14
15. According to Boucher
This is a relationship between the
jaws and the axis of movement, not
an anatomic relationship between jaws
and TMJ, except to the extent that
the axis of movement might happen to
be near TMJ.
Orientation Relation 15
16. Mandibular movements
Translatory movements Hinge movements
1. Forward or protrusive movement
2. Direct lateral side shift
3. Translatory movement during wide
mouth opening
1. Transverse axis
2. Vertical axis
3. Sagittal axis
Orientation Relation 16
17. Hinge axis
• GPT defines hinge axis as an
imaginary line passing through the
two mandibular condyles around which
the mandible rotates without
translatory movement.
• Gnathological society defines it as
imaginary line connecting the centerOrientation Relation 17
18. Orientation Relation 18
Hinge axis : An imaginary line through the two mandibular condyles
can rotate without translation (HEARTWELL)
19. Terminal hinge axis
• When the condyles are in their most
superior position in the articular fossa
and the mouth is purely rotated open
, the axis around which movement
occurs is called as Terminal hinge
axis.
Orientation Relation 19
20. • Hinge axis is a horizontal axis around
which the condyles rotate during
opening and closing movement up to a
range of
• Posselt (1952) 19-25 mm
• Ulrich (1896) about 20mm
• Campion (1905)10-20 mm
• Fischer (1935)20mm and
Orientation Relation 20
21. • Pure rotation of condyles takes place
in the first 10-15 degree arc of
mandibular opening and closing or
during the initial mouth opening of
20-25 mm.
• Later the condyles and disc translates
along slopes of articular fossa. This
movement is a combination of rotation
and translation.Orientation Relation 21
23. • Graphic records of mandibular
movements and radiographic
investigations of the TMJ have
repeatedly shown that this assumption
is well founded, and that in normal
subjects and for small opening
movements the horizontal axis of
rotation does in fact pass through the
condyles.
Orientation Relation 23
24. • It is true that in wider opening
movements – the axis becomes
progressively displaced downwards.
This is of anatomic interest rather
than prosthetic interest.
• In restorative and prosthetic
treatment we are concerned with
relations between teeth only when
they are in occlusion or at most
slightly separated.
Orientation Relation 24
25. Clinical Use Of Terminal Hinge
Axis
• The location of the transverse hinge axis
serves only to orientate the maxilla and to
record the static starting point for
functional mandibular movements. It does
not record centric relation or condylar
movements.
• Allows the transfer of the opening axis of
jaws to the articulator so that occlusion
would be on the same arc of closure as inOrientation Relation 25
26. • The hinge axis recording is required
to check the accuracy of two centric
records.
• Helps in proper positioning of the
casts in relation to inter condylar
shaft.
• Vertical dimension of occlusion can be
altered on the articulator.
Orientation Relation 26
27. Like centric relation ,hinge axis is
• Stable
• Learnable
• Recordable
• Reproducible and
• Repeatable
Therefore it is used as an important
reference in mounting casts in the
articulator, so that the opening axis of the
articulator coincides with the terminal hinge
axis of the patient.
Orientation Relation 27
28. History of hinge axis
• Grays Anatomy – flinge like action
• Snow – developed face bow
• Mc Collum, Sheart & others – 1921 –
discovered the positive method of locating
this axis.
• Sloane – 1952 – demonstrated mandibular
axis as biomechanical fact
• Sincher – variable wide range is possible.
Orientation Relation 28
29. • Brekke – Single transverse axis of rotation theory.
• Oage – 1951 – existence of 2 naturally
independent non collinear axes.
• Tropazzono & Lazzari –
Multiple hnge axis
relation of the patient during recording THA
Increase or decrease in the VD on the articulator is
contraindicated unless a new intraocclusal record is
made on the patient at the desired VDO
Orientation Relation 29
30. • Alill – 1963 – only one hinge axis
• Lucia – depends on Co & CR
Orientation Relation 30
31. Controversy
There has been a considerable debate
about whether:
• A hinge axis exists
• Hinge axis can be accurately located
• One or more hinge axis
• Is it clinically useful to locate the
axis
• An arbitrary point can be
satisfactorily substituted for a
kinematic axis
Orientation Relation 31
33. Study conducted by L. E.
Kurth & I. K. Feinstein (1951)
With the aid of an articulator &
working model , they demonstrated that
more than one point may serve as hinge
axis.
They concluded that infinite number of
points exist which may serve as hinge
points. It is unlikely to locate the
hinge axis accurately .Kurth & Feinstein The hinge axis of the mandible J.P.D: 1951:327
Orientation Relation 33
34. Study conducted by Robert G
Scholl Horn (1957)
He recorded the arbitrary center & true
hinge axis in 70 dental students.
He concluded that arbitrary axis of rotation
which is 13mm ant. to the posterior margin
of the tragus on tragal canthus line lies
close to an average determined axis.
In 95% of subjects Kinematic center lies
within 5mm radius , which is considered to
be within normal limits.
So determining kinematic center is not
necessary.R.G. Schallhorn .A study of the arbitrary center &the kinematic center of rotation for face bow
Orientation Relation 34
35. Study was conducted by
Richard L Christiansen (1959)
He mounted the maxillary casts arbitrarily
& with face bow records & studied the
errors in occlusion.
He concluded that it is advantageous to
simulate on the articulator the anatomic
relationships of residual ridges to the
condyles for more harmoniously occluding
Richard L. Christiansen . Rationale of face bow is maxillary east mounting
Orientation Relation 35
36. Study conducted by T. D
Foster in 1959
He stated that permanent study casts
would be of more value if they are
mounted in correct relationship to the
FH plane particularly in facial
deformity involving the jaws.
T.D.Foster The use of face bow is making permanent study casts J.D.P : 195
Orientation Relation 36
37. Study was conducted by Arne
Lauritzen & George H. Bodner in
1961.
They marked true hinge axis &
arbitrary hinge axis by 3 methods
.They concluded that in 67% of
cases the true hinge axis was 5 to 13
mm away from the arbitrarily located
hinge axis points.
Lauritzen & Wolford Hinge axis location on an experimental basis J.P.D 196
Orientation Relation 37
38. Study was conducted by Vincent R.
Trappazzan , Jhon B.Lazzari in
1961.
They conducted the study on 14
subjects .
They concluded that in 57.2% of the
subjects, more than one hinge axis
point was located on either one or
both sides.
42.8% of the subjects showed single
hinge axis point on left & right sideVincent R. Trapazzano & John B. Lazzari A study of Hinge axis
Orientation Relation 38
39. Study was conducted by Arthur
F. Aull in 1963.
• He concluded that the horizontal axis
is a hypothetical line.
• Terminal hinge position is most
posterior position.
• Arbitrary location fails to satisfy the
requirements.
• Do not support the split axis theory.
• No evidence found to believe that
there is more than one hinge location.
Arthur F. Aull A study of transverse axisOrientation Relation 39
40. Study was conducted by Vincent R.
Trapazzano & John B. Lazzari in
1967.
• They concluded that the patient
should be relaxed & two operators are
required for location.
• Because of the presence of multiple
hinge axis points, increasing or
decreasing of the vertical dimension
on the articulator needs new inter
occlusal record.
Orientation Relation 40
41. Study was conducted by Virgillo
Ferrario, Chairello Sforza,
Graziano Serrao & Johannes H.
Schmitz in 2002
• They assessed reliability of the face bow
by comparing the values with those
obtained by computerized non invasive
instrument.
• They concluded that face bow reliably
reproduced the spatial orientation of the
occlusal plane relative to the true
Virgillo Ferrario, et al Three dimensional assessment of the reliability of a
postural face bow transfer J.P.D.2002:87:210.Orientation Relation 41
42. Four main schools of thought
regarding Hinge axis
Orientation Relation 42
43. Group 1
Absolute location of hinge axis
McCollum(1939)
There is a definite transverse
axis & should be located accurately.
Orientation Relation 43
44. • With the use of face-bow the articulator axis can be related
to the maxillary cast in the same way as the anatomic axis is
related to human maxilla.
• In doing so the path of closure of mandible and the
articulator will be the same
• This helps in placement of cusps in a way that it does not
collide during border movements
• The hinge axis is a component of every masticatory
movement. This entity cannot be disregarded
• The hinge axis relationships between the articulator and
the jaw must be the same. Otherwise the mechanical
reproduction of jaw motions on the articulator is
impossible.
Orientation Relation 44
45. Group 2
Arbitrary location of hinge axis
• Craddock & Simmons(1952)
• Believe that arbitrary location of hinge
axis is reliable, even though accurate
location is valuable.
Craddock & Symons stated that – The
search for the axis is troublesome ,
more of academic interest as it will
never be found more than few
millimeters distant from the true center
of the condylar rotations .
Orientation Relation 45
46. Group 3
Non believers in transverse hinge axis
location.
• Beck(1959)
• It is impossible to locate hinge axis
with accuracy.
• More theoretical than practical.
• Cannot be reproduced by an
articulator simulating one axis
therefore, an arbitrary axis
is just as good.
Orientation Relation 46
47. Group 4 Split axis rotation
• Slavens(1961)
• Believe that the condyles rotate
independent of each other.
This group believes there are two axis
of rotation (one in each condyle) and
they parallel each other.
LAWRENCE A.
WEINBERG JPD 9, 936, 1959
Orientation Relation 47
49. Face bow
The face bow is a caliper like device
that is used to record the relationship
of the jaws to the temporomandibular
joints or the opening axis of the jaws
and to orient the casts in the same
relationship to the opening axis of the
articulator.
Boucher 11th edition
Orientation Relation 49
50. Face bow is a caliper like device
used to record the relationship of
maxilla to the temporomandibular
joint.
Heartwell
Orientation Relation 50
51. Caliper like instrument used to record
the spatial relationship of the
maxillary arch to some anatomic
reference point or points and then
transfer this relationship to an
articulator; it orients the dental cast
in the same relationship to the
opening axis of the articulator.
GPT-8
Orientation Relation 51
53. Bonwill, (1860) determined the distance
from the center of each condyle to the
median incisal point and the lower teeth as
10cm. He used this standard for mounting
his casts in the articulator.
• V
Disadvantage
He did not mention at what level below
the condylar mechanism the occlusal planeOrientation Relation 53
Brandrup WognsenThe Face-bow. ITS Signlflcance: AND Application j. Pros. Dent. 1953
54. • Balkwill (1866) demonstrated an
apparatus with which he could measure the
angle formed by the occlusal plane of the
teeth and a plane passing through the lines
extending from the condyles to the incisal
line of the lower teeth. This angle varied
from 22-30°.
• Disadvantage- 3D orientation was not
possible. Orientation Relation 54
Brandrup WognsenThe Face-bow. ITS Signlflcance: AND Application j. Pros. Dent. 1953
55. • Hayes (1880) introduced first example
of functional face bow like device
intended for locating the position of the
casts correctly in the articulator. He
named the device as articulating
caliper
Orientation Relation 55
Brandrup WognsenThe Face-bow. ITS Signlflcance: AND Application j. Pros. Dent. 1953
56. • According to Prothero , Thomas L.
Gilmer was the first to suggest the
principle of a face bow in a paper
presented at a meeting of the Illinois
State Dental Society in 1882.
Orientation Relation 56
Brandrup WognsenThe Face-bow. ITS Signlflcance: AND Application j. Pros. Dent. 1953
57. • Walker (1890) invented the clinometer
a new type of instrument used for
determining position of the lower cast
in relation to the condylar mechanism,
better than with all the previous
apparatus.
Disadvantage
Bulky exceedingly complicated
apparatus & measured only inclinationOrientation Relation 57
Brandrup WognsenThe Face-bow. ITS Signlflcance: AND Application j. Pros. Dent. 1953
58. • In 1894 George K Bagby fabricated
a device that determined the distance
from the midline of the anterior
occlusal rims to one of the condyles.
Orientation Relation 58
Brandrup WognsenThe Face-bow. ITS Signlflcance: AND Application j. Pros. Dent. 1953
59. Gysi (1895) constructed an instrument for
registering the condyle path.
Orientation Relation 59
Brandrup WognsenThe Face-bow. ITS Signlflcance: AND Application j. Pros. Dent. 1953
60. • George B. Snow (1899)
Invented a device which became
prototype for modern face bow.
Orientation Relation 60
• The Snow facebow, 1924, the first instrument used by B. B.
McCollum to locate the “hinge axis.”
61. Since the introduction of Snow's
apparatus, no fundamental changes
have been made in the face bow
design.
Snow determined the position of
the casts in the articulator not
only in regard to distance of the
mid incisal point from the condyles
but also the other points of the
occlusal plane were given theOrientation Relation 61
Brandrup WognsenThe Face-bow. ITS Signlflcance: AND Application j. Pros. Dent. 1953
62. • The term, “face bow,” probably evolved
from a statement by A.D. Grit man, who
described the “implement devised by
Prof. Snow. . .as a bow of metal (that)
reaches around the face. . .”
• It first appeared in the literature in a
description for its use by Grit man and
Snow in the American Textbook of
Prosthetic Dentistry (edition 2),
1900. Orientation Relation 62
63. Dalbey (1914)
Introduced the use of ear type of
face bow but it was not use until
late 60's the ear type did gain
popularity.
Orientation Relation 63
Brandrup WognsenThe Face-bow. ITS Signlflcance: AND Application j. Pros. Dent. 1953
64. Uses of face bow
Face bow record is used….
• Balanced occlusion in CD
• Class I & II cases
– Open anterior bite or end to end
relationship
– Single restoration on II molar not for
premolar and I molar
– Segmental restoration
– Anterior restoration – primary guidance
factor in excursive movement
– Restoration of entire quadrant
• Diagnostic purposes and Treatment planningOrientation Relation 64
65. Articulators that do not offer
possibility to use facebows are more
like model holders
Orientation Relation 65
66. Parts of face bow
• U-shaped frame
• Condylar rods or earpiece.
• Bite fork
• Locking device
• Third reference point.
Orientation Relation 66
67. U-shaped frame
It forms the main frame of the face
bow.
All other components are attached to
this frame.
It extends from the region of TMJ on
one side to the other side without
contacting the face.
Orientation Relation 67
68. Condylar Rods
Two small metallic rods on either side
of the free end of the U shaped
frame that contact the skin over the
TMJ.
They are used to locate the hinge
axis and transfer it to the
articulator.
Some face bows have ear piece that
fit into the external auditory meatusOrientation Relation 68
69. Bite fork
“U” shaped plate, which is attached to the
occlusal rims, while recording the orientation
relation. It is attached to the frame with the
help of a rod called the stem.
Orientation Relation 69
70. Locking device.
This part of the face bow helps to
fix the bite fork to the U-shaped
frame firmly after recording the
orientation jaw relation.
Orientation Relation 70
71. Third reference point
It is used to orient the face bow
assembly to a anatomical reference
point on the face along with the two
condylar reference points. It varies in
the different face bows, example
orbital pointer-orbitale, Nose piece –
Nasion etc.
Orientation Relation 71
73. Arbitrary face bow Kinematic face bow
Use of arbitrary measurements to
locate hinge axis
Locates the hinge axis physiologically
with exceptional accuracy
Bite fork is attached to maxillary
occlusal rims
Bite fork is attached to mandibular
arch.
Does not require elaborate
equipment's
Require specific equipment's
Easy and quick Require skill and time consuming
Practically more acceptable Advantages being more theoretical
Only determine the orientation of
maxilla
Determine orientation relation and
centric relation together.
No attachments to mandible so
exceptionally stable record base not
required
Require stable record bases
Orientation Relation 73
74. Arbitrary Face bow
• The hinge axis is approximately located in
this type of face bow.
• It is commonly used for complete denture
construction.
• This type of face bows generally locate
the true Hinge axis within a range of 5
mm.
Orientation Relation 74
75. • Uses arbitrary or approximate points
on the face as the posterior points
and condylar rods are positioned on
these point.
• As the located hinge axis is
arbitrary, occlusal discrepancies
produced in the dentures should be
corrected by minor occlusal
adjustments during insertion.Orientation Relation 75
76. Fascia type
• The fascia type of face bow
utilizes approximate points on
the skin over the
temporomandibular region as
the posterior reference points.
• These points are located by
measuring from certain
anatomical landmarks on the
face.
Orientation Relation 76
77. Disadvantage
As the face bow is placed on the
skin which is movable there is a
tendency for the condylar rods to
displace .
Also requires an assistant to hold
the face bow in place.
Orientation Relation 77
78. Ear piece type
• It uses the external auditory meatus
as an arbitrary reference point which
is aligned with ear pieces similar to
those on a stethoscope.
• Accurate relationship for most
diagnostic and restorative procedures.
Orientation Relation 78
79. Advantage
• Simple to use.
• Do not require measurements on face
• As accurate as other face bows.
• It provides an average anatomic
dimension between the external
auditory meatus and horizontal axis of
mandible
Orientation Relation 79
80. Disadvantage
• Regardless of which arbitrary position
is chosen an error of 0.2 mm from
the axis can be expected.
• When coupled with the use of a thick
inter occlusal record made at an
increased vertical dimension. This
factor can lead to considerable
inaccuracy .
Orientation Relation 80
81. Spring bow (Hanau’s face bow)
• It is an earpiece face bow made of
spring steel and simply springs open
and close to various head widths.
• Most commonly used face bow.
• This instrument is designed to orient
the occlusal plane to the Frankfort
horizontal plane by means for a third
point of referenceOrientation Relation 81
82. Advantages :
• The one piece design of bow
eliminates the moving parts and
maintenance problems encountered
with other models.
• Easy and efficient to use.
• Sterilazable parts.
• Direct/indirect mounting capability.
Disadvantage : Orientation Relation 82
83. Twirl bow
• It is an earpiece type of face bow
• Allows the maxillary arch to be
transferred to the articulator without
physically attaching the face-bow to
the articulator
• Relates the maxillary arch to FH
plane
Orientation Relation 83
84. Slidematic face bow
• Type of ear piece Face bow.
• Used with Denar articulator.
• It has an electronic device that gives
reading denoting one half of the inter
condylar distance.
Orientation Relation 84
85. Whip mix face bow
• Ear piece type of face bow
• It has a built in hinge axis locator.
• Automatically locates the hinge axis
when the ear pieces are placed in the
external auditory meatus
• Has a nasion relator assembly with a
plastic nose piece
Orientation Relation 85
86. KINEMATIC FACE BOW:
ACTUAL VALUE/ HINGE AXIS
• It is used to determine and locate the
exact hinge axis points.
• Hinge axis of the mandible can be
determined by a clutch i.e., a
segmented impression tray like device
attached onto the mandibular teeth
with a suitable rigid material such as
impression plaster.
Orientation Relation 86
87. Indication :
• When it is critical to precisely
reproduce the exact opening and
closing movement of the patient to
the articulator.
Draw backs :
• Extensive chair side.
• Expensive
• Rarely indicated for routine
articulators with prosthodontic
procedures.
Orientation Relation 87
88. INDICATIONS FOR FACE BOW TRANSFER:
• For diagnostic mounting & treatment planning.
• Balanced occlusion in eccentric position is desired
• A definite cusp fossa or cusp tip to marginal ridge relationship
is desired
• When cusp form teeth are used
• Interocclusal records are used for verification of jaw positions
• The occlusal vertical dimensions is subjected to change
• The alterations of tooth occlusal surfaces is planned
• Gnathological studies & treatment.
89. SITUATIONS WHEN FACE BOW TRANSFER IS
NOT NEEDED
• When monoplane teeth are arranged on a plane in occlusal
balance .
• No alterations of the occluding surfaces of the teeth that would
require changes in the vertical dimension originally recorded.
• No interocclusal records that would be at a different vertical
dimension from that in the original inter occlusal record .
• When articulators that are not designed to accept a face bow
transfer are used in the denture procedures .
90. ADVANTAGES OF USING A FACEBOW:
• Reduce errors in occlusion.
• Permits more accurate programming of articulator.
• Face bow supports the cast while mounting on the articulator.
• Registers the horizontal relationship of the cast quite
accurately and thus assists in correctly locating the incisal
plane.
• Patient’s condition is simulated.
• The arc of closure is registered.
RICHARD L. CHRISTIANSEN. RATIONALE OF THE FACE-BOW IN MAXILLARY CAST MOUNTING J. Pros. Den. 1959
91. The Plane of orientation
• The maxillary cast in the articulator is
the baseline from which all occlusal
relationships start.
• Therefore it should be positioned in
space by identifying three points
• Two points are located posterior to the
maxillae and one point located anterior
to it.
• The posterior points are referred to as
the posterior points of reference and
the anterior one is known as the anteriorOrientation Relation 91
92. The spatial plane formed by
joining the anterior and posterior
reference points is called plane of
orientation.
Orientation Relation 92
93. Prior to aligning the face bow on
the face, the posterior reference
points and the anterior reference
point must be located and marked.
Orientation Relation 93
94. Posterior reference points
The position of the terminal hinge
axis on either side of the face is
generally taken as the posterior
reference points.
Orientation Relation 94
95. Beyron point
13mm anterior to the posterior
margin of the tragus of the ear on a
line from the center of tragus
extending to the corner of the eye.
Orientation Relation 95
96. Bergstrom point:
10mm anterior to the center of the
spherical insert for the external
auditory meatus and 7mm below the
Frankfort horizontal plane.
Orientation Relation 96
97. Bergstrom point is found to be
most frequently closest to the
hinge axis.
Beyron point is the next most
accurate posterior point of
reference.
Orientation Relation 97
98. Gysi point
• 13mm in front of the most upper part
of the external auditory meatus on a
line passing to the outer canthus of
the eye.
• This method was proposed by Gysi,
Hanau, Snow and Gilmer and is the
most common point used today.
Orientation Relation 98
99. Other posterior reference
points
• 13 mm in front of anterior margin of
meatus : 40 % accuracy
• 13 mm from foot of tragus to canthus
with 33% accuracy
• Ear axis 75.5% accurate
Orientation Relation 99
100. Why Anterior Point of
Reference?
• Anterior point of the triangular spatial
plane determines which plane in the head
will become the plane of reference when
the prosthesis is being fabricated.
• When three points are used the position
can be repeated
• To visualize the anterior teeth and their
occlusion in the articulator in same frame
of reference that would be used whenOrientation Relation 100
101. Orbitale
• In the skull, orbitale is the lowest
point of the infra orbital rim.
• On a patient it can be palpated
through the overlying tissue and the
skin.
• One orbitale and the two posterior
points that determine the horizontal
axis of rotation will define the axis
orbital plane. Orientation Relation 101
103. Advantage
• It is easy to locate and mark .
• The concept is easy to teach and
understand.
Disadvantage
• Relating the maxillae to the axis orbital
plane will slightly lower the maxillary cast
anteriorly from the position that would
be established if the Frankfort horizontal
plane were used.Orientation Relation 103
104. Nasion minus 23mm
• Deepest part of the midline depression
just below the level of the eyebrows.
SICHER
• The nasion guide, or positioner, of the
face bow fits into this depression,
designed to be used with whip mix
articulator
• This guide can be moved in and out, but
not up and down, from its attachment.Orientation Relation 104
105. • The cross bar (u-shaped frame) is
located 23mm below the midpoint of
nasion pointer.
• When the face bow is positioned
anteriorly by the nasion guide, the cross
bar will be in the approximate region of
orbitale.
• The face bow cross bar and not the
nasion guide is the actual anterior
reference point locator
Orientation Relation 105
108. Ala of the nose
• The right or left ala is marked on
the patient and the anterior
reference pointer of the face-
bow is set.
• This method uses the Campers
Plane as the plane of orientation
Orientation Relation 108
110. Orbitale minus 7mm
This plane represents Frankfort
Horizontal plane
Orientation Relation 110
111. 43 mm superior from lower
border of upper lip
• This plane represents Denar reference
plane
• Denar face bow uses this reference
point
Orientation Relation 111
112. Face bow transfer
• Face bows that can be utilized with Hanau
articulator
Fascia
Ear piece
Twirl bow
Spring bow
Kinematic
• Face bows that can be utilized with Whip mix
articulator
Quick mount ear piece
Kinematic
• Face bows that can be utilized with Denar
articulator
Fascia
Ear piece Orientation Relation 112
123. Face bow assembly along with
bite fork is removed from the
mouth and positioned in the
articulator
Orientation Relation 123
124. How to take a face bow record
using arbitrary face bow
5 min Video
Orientation Relation 124
125. KINEMATIC METHOD OF
LOCATING HINGE AXIS
Fabrication of the clutch.
Attach clutch tray to lower teeth.
Assemble the hinge axis locator.
Attach the side arms to the cross bar in
mounting column.
Attach the assembled hinge axis locator to the
Stem of the clutch tray.
Mark approximate center of condyle on the
subject`s face.
Adjust the hinge axis locator.
Place the graph paper .
Location of the hinge axis points.
Orientation Relation 125
128. Virtual facebow technique
• Using a virtual procedure, the maxillary digital
cast is transferred to a virtual articulator by
means of reverse engineering devices.
• The following devices necessary to carry out this
protocol are avaible in many contemporary
practices:nan intraoral scanner, a digital camera,
and specific software.
• Results prove the viability of integrating different
tools and software and of completely integrating
this procedure into a dental digital workflow.
Orientation Relation 128
Eneko solaberrieta .Virtual facebow technique J Prost Dent 2015
137. OTHER METHODS OF RECORDING
HINGE AXIS
• Pantograph.
• Transograph.
• Stereograph.
• Computerized Axiograph
Orientation Relation 137
138. Orientation Relation 138
• PANTOGRAPH :
• Consists of two face bows, one fixed to the maxilla and the other
to the mandible.
• One holds the writing devices, the other recording tables.
• In practice six writing or records are made at three places on
each side of the head.
• One is an anterior for an arrow point tracing, one is near the
condyle to trace the horizontal movement path of a point near the
condyles, and last is usually perpendicular to the second, to
record the vertical movement path of a point near the condyle.
• There are presently three appliances available … designed by
GUICHET, GRANGER and third by STUART.
140. Orientation Relation 140
• TRANSOGRAPH :
• This was introduced in 1952
• Essentially a hinge axis face bow modified later to serve as an
articulator.
• The theory of Transographics was postulated BY Mc Collum and
Gnathological society in collaboration with Harry L Page and
Albinson.
• In this instrument the patient’s inter condylar axis ultimately
formed the inter condylar distance in the articulator.
• Transographics is based upon the split axis theory.
141. Orientation Relation 141
…TRANSOGRAPH
• The registering device becomes a part of the articulator in which
are incorporated the hinge axis, Bennett movement, and the
cranial plane for each individual patient. Thus the individual
functional movements of the mandible can be brought to bench
without the need of any transfer which eliminates discrepancies
common to most of the articulators.
• It has no mechanical connection between the two condylar
bearings as seen in a conventional articulator. The transograph
has its condylar bearings joined only by means of a maxillary and
mandibular arches.Thus each axial center is independent of the
other.
• The intercondylar distance is adjustable thereby the distance
between the rotating centers and the teeth are same in the
articulator as observed in the patients mouth.
144. Conclusion
• Failure to use the face bow leads to error
in occlusion.
• Hinge axis is a component of every
masticatory movement of the mandible and
therefore cannot be disregarded and this
hinge axis should be accurately captured
and transferred to the articulator. So it
becomes a fine representative of the
patient and biologically acceptable
restoration is possible.
• Whatever may be controversy reasoned by
in the use of face bow but it should formOrientation Relation 144
145. References
• Boucher’S Prosthodontic Rx for edentulous
patient 9th edition.
• Syllabus of complete dentures by Charles M.
Heartwell 4th edition 5th edition.
• Essentials of complete Denture
Prosthodontics by Sheldon Winkler-2nd
edition.
• Fundamentals of fixed Prosthodontics by
Schillingburg 3rd edition.
• Management of Temporomandibular
Disorders & Occlusion 5th edition. Jeffrey
.P.Okeson.
• Evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of
occlusal Problems, Peter E Dawson
• Prosthodontic Rx for edentulous patients by
Zarb Bolender 12th edition.
• Hobo|Eiji Ichida |Lily .T .Garcia-
Orientation Relation 145
146. The hinge axis of the mandible Kurth & Feinstein J.P.D:
1951:327
Recording & Transferring the mandibular axis by
Robert B. Sloane J.P.D. 1952:173.
Evaluation of face bow by Craddock & Symmons
J.P.D:1952:633.
The face bow,it’s Significance & Application by Thure
Brandrup-Wognsen J.P.D.:1953:618.
A study of the arbitrary center &the kinematic center of
rotation for face bow mounting by R.G. Schallhorn
J.P.D:1957.
Hinge axis registration on articulators Borgh & Posselt
J.P.D 1958
Rationale of face bow is maxillary east mounting by
Richard L. Christiansen J.P.D:1959:388.
A clinical evaluation of the Arcon concept of articulator
Heinz O.Beck J.P.D 1959
The use of face bow is making permanent study casts by
T.D.Foster J.D.P : 1959 :717
Hinge axis location on an experimental basis Lauritzen &Orientation Relation 146
147. The anterior point of reference by Noel.D.Wilkie J.D.P
1979:41:5:488
A study of transverse axis Arthur F. Aull J.P.D;1963:469
The physiology of the terminal rotational position of the condyles in
the TMJ J.P.D: 1967:122
The need to use an arbitrary face bow when remounting complete
dentures with Intercellular records by Keki.R.Kotwal in J.D.P.
1979:224
Discrepancies between arbitrary & true hinge axis by F.M. Walker a
J.D.P:1980:43:279.
Studies on validity of terminal hinge axis C.C.Beard, J.A.Clayton
J.P.D: 1981:185
Clinical evaluation of methods used in locating the mandibular hinge
axis by Mahmoud Khamics Abdel Razek J.P.D: 1981:369
The hinge axis evaluation of current arbitrary determination
methods & proposal for new recording method J.P.D :1989
Re-evaluation of axis-orbital plane & the use of orbitale in a face
bow transfer record by Jhon H.Pitchford J.P.D.:1991:66:347.
Three dimensional assessment of the reliability of a postural face
bow transfer by Virgillo Ferrario,Chairello Sforza,Graziano
Serrao,& Johannes H. schmitz J.P.D.2002:87:210.Orientation Relation 147