The document discusses the facebow, an instrument that records the spatial relationship of the maxillary arch to anatomical reference points for dental casts. It highlights various anterior and posterior reference points used to establish mounting planes and comparability in dental studies. The importance of these reference points for accurate visualization and orientation within articulators is emphasized.

1. REFERENCE POINTS FOR FACEBOW
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2. facebow fas bo: an instrument used to record the spatial
relationship of the maxillary arch to some anatomic reference
point or points and then transfer this relationship to an
articulator; it orients the dental cast in the same relationship to
the opening axis of the articulator; customarily the anatomic
references are the mandibular transverse horizontal axis and one
other selected anterior reference point (GPT 9)
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3. Anterior
reference points
Posterior
reference points
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4. Anterior reference points
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6. ADVANTAGES OF ANTERIOR REFERENCE POINT
• Determineswhichplaneintheheadwillbecometheplaneofreference.
• Determinesthelevelatwhichthecastsaremounted.
• Establishabaselineforcomparativestudiesbetweenpatient.
• Canvisualizeanteriorteeth&occlusioninthearticulatorinsame
frameofreference.
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7. 1. Nasion(A)Usedwithquickmountfacebow(Whipmix)
2. Orbitale(B)LocatedbyHanaufacebowwithhelpoforbital
pointer.(Faciatype,earpiecetype)
3. Orbitaleminus7mm(C)ThisplanerepresentsFrankfort
plane
4. Alaofnose(D)ThisplanerepresentsCampersplane
5. 43mmsuperiortolowerborder ofupperlip
(Denarreferenceplanelocator–Denar/Slidematicfacebow
usesthisreferencepoint)
ANTERIORREFERENCEPOINTS
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8. ORBITALE
•Lowest Point on the infraorbital
rim, palpated through tissue and skin.
•One orbitale and two posterior points
determine the Axis-Orbital plane.
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9. ORBITALE MINUS 7MM
•The F-H plane passes through both porion and orbitale point.
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10. NASION MINUS 23MM
• Sicher
• Deepest part of the midline depression just
belowthe level of the eyebrow.
• The nasion guide is designed to be used with
whipmixarticulator, which fits in the
depression.
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11. NG- Nasion guide
Cb- facebow cross bar
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12. ALAE OF THE NOSE
• The tentative occlusal plane should be parallel to horizontal plane.
• This can be achieved in 2 ways-
The line from the alae of the nose to centre of the auditory meatus - Camper’s line.
1. Pointer on right or left alae
2. Occlusal rim parallel to camper‘s line ,transfer
with face bow .
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13. 43 mm superior to lower border of upper lip
Denarreferenceplanelocator
Denar/Slidematicfacebowusesthis
referencepoint
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14. POSTERIOR REFERENCE POINTS
A) Bergstrom point
B) Beyron point
C) Gysi point
D) Snow point
E) Denar’s point
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15. BERGSTROM POINT
10mm anterior to the center of the spherical insert for the external auditory
meatus and 7mm below the Frankfort horizontal plane.
Bergstrom point is found to be most frequently
closest to the hinge axis
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16. BEYRON POINT
13mm anterior to the posterior margin of the tragus of the ear on a line
from the center of tragus extending to the corner of the eye.
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17. GYSI POINT
• 13mm in front of the most upper part of the external
auditory meatus on a line passing to the outer
canthus of the eye.
most common point used today.
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24. Thanks for watching…………………
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