Meningitis is an inflammatory process of the leptomeninges within the subarachnoid space. It can be infective or non-infective, with infective meningitis caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or other microbes. Infective meningitis is broadly divided into acute pyogenic (usually bacterial), aseptic (usually viral), and chronic (usually tuberculous, spirochetal, or fungal) subtypes. Common causes include E. coli, group B streptococci, S. pneumoniae, N. meningitidis, H. influenzae type b, M. tuberculosis, herpes simplex virus, HIV, and C. neoform

1. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
MENINGITIS
Nem Kumar Jain
MS (Pharm.) Pharmacology & Toxicology
Assistant Professor, School of Pharmacy
ITM University Gwalior

2. MENINGITIS
• Meningitis is an inflammatory process involving the leptomeninges within the
subarachnoid space.
• Meningitis:
• Non-Infective Meningitis: chemical, irritants, non-microbial debris, cancer,
autoiimune disorder (lupus), neurosurgery, adverse effects to drugs (intrathecal
injection)
• Infective Meningitis: Bacteria, virus, fungal infection
• if the infection spreads into the underlying brain, it is termed Meningo-
encephalitis.
Two inner layers
Leptomeninges

3. INFECTIVE MENINGITIS: ETIOLOGY AND TYPES
• Infectious meningitis can be broadly divided into
• Acute pyogenic (usually bacterial),
• Aseptic (usually viral), and
• Chronic (usually tuberculous, spirochetal, or fungal) subtypes.
1. Bacterial Meningitis:
Escherichia coli, group B streptococci , staphylococcus aureus(Infants)
Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae type b (young adults)
Streptococcus pneumoniae, Listeria monocytogenes (older adults)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Chronic Meningitis)
2. Viral Meningitis: herpes simplex virus, HIV, measles, west nile virus, Coxsackie virus
3. Fungal meningitis: Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida albicans
4. Spirochetal meningitis: Neurosyphilis (Trepanema palidum)
5. Ricketssia meningitis compex: Rocky mountain spotted fever (Rickettsia rickettsii)

5. MENINGITIS

6. MENINGITIS
• Diagnosis:
• CSF sample by lumbar puncture
• Microscopic examination

7. • Acute onset : headache, neck stiffness, photophobia, fever and vomiting
• on complication or chronic : hemorrhagic skin rash, development of seizures,
focal cerebral signs and cranial nerve palsies, coma and death
MENINGITIS