What is the meningitis?

1. MENINGITIS
PREPARED BY DAVE UTSAV
3rd YEAR B.SC. NURSING

2. MENINGES
 THREE LAYERS OF MEMBRANE KNOWS AS
MENINGES PROTECT THE BRAIN AND SPINAL
CORD.
 INNER LAYER IS THE PIA MATER.
 MIDDLE LAYER IS THE ARACHONOID MATER
THIS LAYER WEB LIKE STRUCTURE FILLD
 OUTER LAYER IS THE DURA MATER
 MENINGES IS PROVIDE PROTECTION AND
COVER BRAIN & SPINAL CORD

3. MENINGITIS
 MENINGITIS IS AN INFLAMMATION OF THE
BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD MEMBRANES
TYPICALLY CAUSED BY AN INFECTION.
 MENINGITIS IS INFLAMATION OF THE
PROTECTIVE MEMBRANES COVERING THE
BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD, KNOWN AS THE
MENINGES.
 SWELLING AND INFLAMATION IN BRAIN,
PATIENT HAVE HEADACHE.
 BACTERAIL MENINGITIS IS MORE COMMON
IN INFANT, UNDER 1 YEAR OF AGE & PEOPLE
AGES 16-21.

4. TYPES OF MENINGITIS
 THERE ARE FOUR TYPES OF MENINGITIS
 1) BACTERIAL MENINGITIS
- Bacterial meningitis is an inflammatory response to
bacterial infection of the pia-arachnoid and CSF of the
subarachnoid space.
or
- a condition that results in inflammation of the protective
membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord due to a
bacterial cause
1. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
2. streptococcus pneumonia
3. Haemophilus influenza
4. Streptococcus agalactiaes [group B streptococcus]
5. Neisseria meningitidis [ meningococcus ]

5. 2).VIRAL MENINGITIS
 infection of the meninges, which is a thin lining
over the brain and spinal cord.
 viral meningitis is most common in children and
babies bcz the immune system of younger people
are as well built.
1. Herpes virus
2. Herpes simplex virus
3. Hiv
4. Mumps virus
5. West nile virus
6. Other also can cause viral meningitis.

6. 3). FUNGAL MENINGITIS
 Fungal infection can spread through the blood to
the central nervous system, which made up or
evolve of the spinal cord and brain. When this
occurs, it may cause fungal meningitis, which is an
inflammation of the protective membrane
surrounding the central nervous system.
 Fungal meningitis isn’t contagious from person to
person.
 It’s life threatening if not treated with an antifungal
medication.
 It is less common than the other two infection
 it is rare in healthy people but it is more likely in
person who have impaired immune system.

7. COUNTINE..
1. Cryptococcus
2. Histoplasma
3. Blastomyces
4. Coccidioides
5. Candida{ most common in fungal meningitis}
6. Low immune system

8. 4).NON-INFECTION MENINGITIS
 Non infectious meningitis is possible when the fluid
contanis excess white blood cell (indicting
inflammation) and does not contain any bacteria that
could be the cause
 then other tests are done to identify infectious
organisms other than bacteria such as viruses and fungi
in the cerebrospinal fluid
 No spread person to person contact
1. Nonstroidal anti-inflammatory drugs {NSAIDs}
2. Certain antibiotics
3. Head injury
4. Head surgery
5. Low immune system
6. Cancer

9. ETIOLOGY &
 Bacterial infection
 Viral infection
 Fungal infection
 inflammatory diseases
 E. coli in neonates
 Pneumococcus in children
 Meningococcus in adult

10. RISK FACTOR
 Sinusitis
 Cancer
 immunocompromised state
 Otitis
 paramaningeal infection
 head trauma
 age extremes
 splenectomy
 alcoholism
 neuro surgical procedure
 Infections ( systmic, ex. respiratory)

11. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF MENINGITIS
Due to etiology/risk factor
Bacteria enters blood stream/trauma
Enters the mucosal surface
Breakdown of normal barriers
Crosses the blood brain barrier
Proliferates in the CSF
Inflammation of the meninges
Increase in ICP

12. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
 Sudden high fever
 Headache
 Confusion
 Drowsiness
 Irritation
 Photophobia
 Nausea and vomiting
 Neck stiffness
 Consciousness
 Coma in sever cases
 Petechial rashes

13. COMLICATION
 Hearing loss
 Memory difficulty
 Learning disabilities
 Brain damage
 Seizures
 Kidney failure
 Shock
 Death

14. DIAGNOSTIC TEST
 P. E.
 H. C.
 CT – scan
 X – ray
 CSF culture examination
 Gram staining
 Blood culture test ( for Bacterial, viral, fungal )

15. MANAGEMENT
1. Medical management
a. Pharmacological management
- antibiotic ( ampicillin, penicillin, amoxycillin )
- some time corticosteroids (dexamethasone)
- antiviral ( tenofovir )
- antifungal ( fluconazole )
- antipyratics ( acetaminophen )

16. B. NON PHARMACOLOGY
- Maintain of fluid electrolyte balance
- Vitamin supplementation
- Head end elevation 30-45 degree
- Emotional support
- Information for continuation of care at home,
follow up
- Rehabilitation