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A brief coverage of all IIM, including major junk of #Polymyositis, #Dermatomyositis #InclusionBodyMyositis and other IIM's.
Includes classification, characteristic features of all and specific features of each of them with diagnosing and approach to management.
NB: This presentation is equipped with animations, which might not work on slideshare
Introduction to the histology and pathology of the nervous system. Brief overview of most common brain cancers and histological changes of neurons and glial cells
MBBS 2nd Year Pathology - Neoplasia : IntroductionNida Us Sahr
Chapter 7 (Neoplasia) from Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease (9th Edition) for MBBS 2nd Year.
After going through this presentation, it will be easy to understand Neoplasia from Robbins.
A brief coverage of all IIM, including major junk of #Polymyositis, #Dermatomyositis #InclusionBodyMyositis and other IIM's.
Includes classification, characteristic features of all and specific features of each of them with diagnosing and approach to management.
NB: This presentation is equipped with animations, which might not work on slideshare
Introduction to the histology and pathology of the nervous system. Brief overview of most common brain cancers and histological changes of neurons and glial cells
MBBS 2nd Year Pathology - Neoplasia : IntroductionNida Us Sahr
Chapter 7 (Neoplasia) from Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease (9th Edition) for MBBS 2nd Year.
After going through this presentation, it will be easy to understand Neoplasia from Robbins.
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive disorder that causes brain cells to waste away (degenerate) and die. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia — a continuous decline in thinking, behavioral and social skills that disrupts a person's ability to function independently.
Symptoms: Amnesia; Dementia
Diseases or conditions caused: Dementia
Pathophysiology
Pathology
BPharm 2nd Semester
MPharm
Therapeutics
MBBS
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurologic disorder that causes atrophy of brain cells, leading it to cell death. it is degenerative and progressive illness. Increase in age with sedentary lifestyle and lack of brain storming activities are indirectly leading to mental disorders with cognitive disruptions like dementia and lading up into Alzheimer's, which makes life miserable of client due to dependency. It is essential to keep the elderly active physiologically as well as psychologically. Statistical data of several studies shows the rise in the cases of Alzheimer's disease, which is the highlighting point of concern. Due to increased digitalization and decreased socialization among the human species throughout globe is leading to increased in risk of getting cognitive deficits.
This was a lecture in the course "Significant Medical Conditions in Seniors" presented at Peer Learning in Chapel Hill, NC, USA in 2016 by Michael C. Joseph, MD, MPH.
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive condition, which means the symptoms develop gradually over many years and eventually become more severe. It affects multiple brain functions.
The first sign of Alzheimer's disease is usually minor memory problems.
For example, this could be forgetting about recent conversations or events, and forgetting the names of places and objects.
As the condition develops, memory problems become more severe and further symptoms can develop, such as:
confusion, disorientation and getting lost in familiar places
difficulty planning or making decisions
problems with speech and language
problems moving around without assistance or performing self-care tasks
personality changes, such as becoming aggressive, demanding and suspicious of others
hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that are not there) and delusions (believing things that are untrue)
low mood or anxiety
Alzheimer's disease is a degenerative
brain disorder of unknown etiology which
is the most common form of dementia, that
usually starts in late middle age or in old
age, results in progressive memory loss,
impaired thinking, disorientation, and
changes in personality and mood. There is
degeneration of brain neurons especially in
the cerebral cortex and presence of
neurofibrillary tangles and plaques
containing beta-amyloid cells
The disease was first described
by Dr. Alois Alzheimer, a German
physician, in 1906. Alzheimer had a
patient named Auguste D, in her
fifties who suffered from what
seemed to be a mental illness. But
when she died in 1906, an autopsy
revealed dense deposits, now called
neuritic plaques, outside and around
the nerve cells in her brain. Inside
the cells were twisted strands of
fiber, or neurofibrillary tangles.
Since Dr. Alois Alzheimer's was the
first person who discovered the
disease, AD was named after him.
Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder with severe dementia. Due to the accumulation of Beta-Amyloid proteins acetyl-choline producing neurons are getting degenerated. Alzheimer's disease is one of the most devastating brain disorders of elderly humans. It is an under-treated and under-recognized disease that is becoming a major public health problem.
Teaching Clinical Pathology of Disorders of RBC covered using a clinical case of Anemia. Pathology lecture and tutorials are delivered through short video clips covering parts of topic. this is the first part with overview of whole topic and clinical case. Each powerpoint is screen recorded using camtasia studio and saved as MP4 video.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
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Evaluation of antidepressant activity of clitoris ternatea in animals
Pathology of CNS degenerations
1. “ Each individual creature on this beautiful planet is here to fulfill a particular role. We are all born with a divine fire in us. Our efforts should be to give wings to this fire and fill the world with the glow of its goodness. - Wings of Fire : An Autobiography of Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam (1999)
8. Brocas area (1878) consists primarily of cingulate and parahippocampal gyri.
9. Hippocampus: where short-term memories are converted to long-term memories Thalamus : receives sensory and limbic information and sends to cerebral cortex Hypothalamus : monitors and controls internal clock & other activities. Limbic system : controls emotions and instinctive behavior (includes the hippocampus and parts of the cortex) Functional Neuro Anatomy Slide 8
10. Dendritic tree - vs - Intelligence Rat CA1 pyramidal cell labeled with EGFP (Two photon laser scanning microscopy) Synaptic bouton in rat CA1 stratum radiatum (Electron microscopy)
11. What is Success? "To laugh often and much; to win the respect of intelligent people and the affection of children. To leave the world a better place. To know even one life has breathed easier because you have lived… that is success..! -- Ralph Waldo Emerson
12. Pathology of C.N.S. Degenerative Disorders Dr. Venaktesh M. Shashidhar A/Prof. & Head of Pathology James Cook University
22. Alzheimer’s - Amyloid Angiopathy Cerebrum stained with polyclonal antibody against βA4 peptide showing amyloid deposits in plaques in brain substance (arrow A) and in blood vessel walls (arrow Amyloid core Dystrophic neurites
23.
24. Neurofibrillary Tangles in AD: C: Neurofibrillary tangles (arrowheads) are present within the neurons (H & E). D: Silver stain showing a neurofibrillary tangle within the neuronal cytoplasm
25. Alzheimer’s - Amyloid Angiopathy Congo Red stain & Polarised Microscopy showing apple green” birefringence
26. Neuron degeneration- granulovcuolar. Several neurons display granulovacuolar degeneration of the cytoplasm. B. A neuron (center) contains an eosinophilic Hirano body (arrow).
32. Cerebral atrophy in Alzheimer's: Severe cortical atrophy, narrow gyri, wider sulci. White matter loss leading to dilated ventricles (compensatory hydrocephalus). Hippocampus Atrophy
33.
34.
35.
36. Neurofibrillary Tangles in AD: Plaque around Blood Vessels. Neurofibrillary Tangles -Intracellular A β Protein Amyloid tau protein – Microtubule.
51. Parkinson’s: The pigmented neurones in the substantia nigra within the midbrain degenerate and die off in Parkinson's disease, giving a pale appearance in comparison to an age-matched normal control. Normal Parkinson’s
68. Wernicke's encephalopathy: Recurrent petechial hemorrhages in the hypothalamus, mamillary bodies with atrophy. Wernicke’s Sy: Altered Thermal regulation & consciousness, ophthalmoplegia, nystagmus. Korsokoff Psychosis: Loss of recent memory compensated by confabulation.
69. Korsakoff's disease: Note: Shrunken, bodies brown mammillary bodies indicating chronic stage or Korsakoff's disease. Central pontine myelinolysis. Demyelination of the center of the basis pontis. Cause is unknown but is usually in chronic alcoholics and is often associated with rapid over-correction of hyponatremia. Alcoholic cerebellar atrophy. Shrunken folia and widened fissures of the anterior, superior vermis of the cerebellum. Another change which may be found in chronic alcoholics.
70.
71. Pathology of CNS degenerations: Intracytoplasmic α-Synuclein Lewy bodies Parkinson disease Intracytoplasmic tau Glial inclusions Multiple system atrophy Intracytoplasmic tau Neurofibrillary tangles Frontotemporal dementias (Pics disease) Intracytoplasmic α-Synuclein Lewy bodies Dementia with Lewy bodies Intracytoplasmic Neurofilament subunits/super-oxide dismutase (SOD-1) Spheroids Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Extracellular Intracytoplasmic β-Amyloid tau Senile plaques & Neurofibrillary tangles Alzheimer disease Location Components Lesion Disease
103. Brain Activity: PET Scan (language skills) Hearing Words Speaking Words Seeing Words Thinking about Words Different mental activities take place in different parts of the brain. Positron emission tomography (PET) scans can measure this activity. Chemicals tagged with a tracer “light up” activated regions shown in red and yellow. Slide 13