Alzheimer's disease is a degenerative
brain disorder of unknown etiology which
is the most common form of dementia, that
usually starts in late middle age or in old
age, results in progressive memory loss,
impaired thinking, disorientation, and
changes in personality and mood. There is
degeneration of brain neurons especially in
the cerebral cortex and presence of
neurofibrillary tangles and plaques
containing beta-amyloid cells
The disease was first described
by Dr. Alois Alzheimer, a German
physician, in 1906. Alzheimer had a
patient named Auguste D, in her
fifties who suffered from what
seemed to be a mental illness. But
when she died in 1906, an autopsy
revealed dense deposits, now called
neuritic plaques, outside and around
the nerve cells in her brain. Inside
the cells were twisted strands of
fiber, or neurofibrillary tangles.
Since Dr. Alois Alzheimer's was the
first person who discovered the
disease, AD was named after him.
A presentation about Alzheimer's disease, it's definition, it's etiology, its mechanism of development as well as actual treatment and developing treatments.
What is Alzheimer's disease? pathophysiology of disease, treatment of disease. If there is any update regarding the information provided, your comments are welcomed
A presentation about Alzheimer's disease, it's definition, it's etiology, its mechanism of development as well as actual treatment and developing treatments.
What is Alzheimer's disease? pathophysiology of disease, treatment of disease. If there is any update regarding the information provided, your comments are welcomed
Definition
Statistics of AD
A brief introduction
Signs and symptoms of AD
NMDA receptors
Classification
Causes
Risk Factors
Pathophysiology
AD… The great unknown
Treatment Options
Future Trends
Pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer's disease
Introduction
History
Risk factors
Pathophysiology
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Non pharmacological treatment
Drugs used in treatment of Alzheimer`s
Recent advances
Screening methods
Summary
References
Alzheimer's is a type of dementia that affects memory, thinking and behavior, Symptoms eventually grow severe enough to interfere with daily tasks. Subscribe to E-News to learn how you can help those affected by Alzheimer's. Understanding Alzheimer's and dementia.
Alzheimer's disease is thought to be caused by the abnormal build-up of proteins in and around brain cells.
Alzheimer's is a progressive disease, where dementia symptoms gradually worsen over a number of years. In its early stages, memory loss is mild, but with late-stage Alzheimer's, individuals lose the ability to carry on a conversation and respond to their environment.
Definition
Statistics of AD
A brief introduction
Signs and symptoms of AD
NMDA receptors
Classification
Causes
Risk Factors
Pathophysiology
AD… The great unknown
Treatment Options
Future Trends
Pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer's disease
Introduction
History
Risk factors
Pathophysiology
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Non pharmacological treatment
Drugs used in treatment of Alzheimer`s
Recent advances
Screening methods
Summary
References
Alzheimer's is a type of dementia that affects memory, thinking and behavior, Symptoms eventually grow severe enough to interfere with daily tasks. Subscribe to E-News to learn how you can help those affected by Alzheimer's. Understanding Alzheimer's and dementia.
Alzheimer's disease is thought to be caused by the abnormal build-up of proteins in and around brain cells.
Alzheimer's is a progressive disease, where dementia symptoms gradually worsen over a number of years. In its early stages, memory loss is mild, but with late-stage Alzheimer's, individuals lose the ability to carry on a conversation and respond to their environment.
Alzheimer's disease is a causes a progressive loss of brain cells leading to memory loss. In this slide we will learn about its causes,symptoms, pathophysiology, treatment, medication and risk factors.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
7. Alzheimer's disease is a degenerative brain disorder of unknown etiology
which is the most common form of dementia, that usually starts in late
middle age or in old age, results in progressive memory loss, impaired
thinking, disorientation, and changes in personality and mood. There is
degeneration of brain neurons especially in the cerebral cortex and
presence of neurofibrillary tangles and plaques containing beta-amyloid
cells Origin of Alzheimer's
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementing illness,
and the prevalence of AD increases with each decade of life
8. AD affects multiple areas of cognition and is
characterized by a gradual onset with a slow,
progressive decline.
The etiology of AD is unknown, and current
pharmacotherapy neither cures nor arrests the
pathophysiology.
Survival following AD onset is estimated to be 3 to
20 years, with an average of 8 years after the onset
of symptoms
9. The disease was first described by Dr. Alois Alzheimer, a German physician, in
1906. Alzheimer had a patient named Auguste D, in her fifties who suffered from
what seemed to be a mental illness. But when she died in 1906, an autopsy
revealed dense deposits, now called neuritic plaques, outside and around the
nerve cells in her brain. Inside the cells were twisted strands of fiber, or
neurofibrillary tangles. Since Dr. Alois Alzheimer's was the first person who
discovered the disease, AD was named after him
10. Alzheimer’s disease is a chronic, irreversible
disease that affects the cells of the brain and
causes impairment of intellectual functioning.
Alzheimer's disease is a brain disorder which
gradually destroys the ability to reason, remember,
imagine, and learn.
11. AD is the most common cause of dementia. AD unassociated with any other
pathology accounts for 50% to 60% of cases of late life cognitive dysfunction.
• Approximately 4.5 million Americans have AD. By the year 2050, 1 in 5
people will be older than age 65 years, and the number of AD patients is
projected to be 13.2 million. Most cases present in persons older than age 65
years, but approximately 5% of cases occur in persons younger than age 65
years. Onset can be as early as age 40 years, resulting in the arbitrary age
classifications of early onset (ages 40 to 64 years) and late-onset (ages 65
years and older).
•
12. About 3 percent of men and women ages 65 to 74 have AD,
and nearly half of those age 85 and older may have the
disease.
About 3,60,000 new cases of Alzheimer’s are diagnosed
each year
Increasing age is the greatest risk factor for AD. The
prevalence of AD increases exponentially with age,
affecting approximately 7% of individuals ages 65 to 74
years, 53% of those ages 75 to 84, and 40% of persons ages
85 years and older.
13.
14.
15. The exact etiology of AD is unknown; however, several
genetic and environmental causes have been explored as
potential causes of AD
However, several factors are thought to be implicated in
this disease.
17. Cigarette smoking.
Certain Infections.
Metals, industrial or other toxins.
Use of cholesterol lowering drugs (statin).
18. Oxidized LDL receptor 1 and Angiotensin 1-
converting enzyme, are tied to the way the brain
cells bind to Apolipoprotein4 (APOE4) and reduce
buildup of harmful proteins, known as plaques, in
the brain, respectively.
19. a) Down's syndrome.
b) Family History.
c) Chronic high BP.
d) Head injuries.
e) Gender.
f) Smoking and Drinking
20. Alzheimer's disease attacks nerves and brain cells
as well as neurotransmitters.
The destruction of these parts causes clumps of
protein to form around the brain's cells. These
clumps are known as 'plaques' and 'bundles'. The
presence of the 'plaques' and 'bundles' start to
destroy more connections between the brain cells,
which makes the condition worse.
21. The signature lesions in AD are neuritic plaques and
neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) located in the cortical areas and
medial temporal lobe structures of the brain.
Along with these lesions, degeneration of neurons and synapses,
as well as cortical atrophy, occurs. Plaques and NFTs may also be
present in other diseases, even in normal aging, but there is a
much higher concentration of plaques and NFTs in patients with
AD.
Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain these
changes in the brain, including βAP aggregation and deposition
leading to the formation of plaques; hyperphosphorylation of tau
protein leading to NFT development, inflammatory processes;
dysfunction of the neurovasculature; oxidative stress; and
mitochondrial dysfunction
22.
23.
24.
25. In its original form, the amyloid cascade
hypothesis proposed that altered APP processing
drove βAP production, βAP gave rise to plaques,
plaques induced neurodegeneration, and this
neuronal loss resulted in the clinical dementia
syndrome typical of AD.
26. Plaques are made up of small peptides 39-43 aminoacids
in length called amyloid beta
Amyloid beta is a fragment derived from the larger
amyloid precursor protein- atrans membrane protein with
several functions by the action of y subunit of secretase
enzyme
27.
28.
29.
30. Tau protein provides structural support to microtubules, the cell’s
transportation and skeletal support system.
When tau filaments undergo abnormal phosphorylation at a specific
site, they cannot bind effectively to microtubules, and the microtubules
collapse.
Without an intact system of microtubules, the cell cannot function
properly and eventually dies.
The density of the NFTs correlates well with the severity of the
dementia, because they are a hallmark of neuronal death
31.
32.
33. GENERAL : The patient may have vague memory
complaints initially, or the patient’s significant other
may report that the patient is “forgetful.”
Cognitive decline is gradual over the course of illness.
Behavioral disturbances may be present in moderate
stages.
Loss of daily function is common in advanced stages.
36. Cognitive
■ Memory loss (poor recall and
losing items)
■ Aphasia (circumlocution and
anomia)
■ Apraxia
■ Agnosia
■ Disorientation (impaired
perception of time and unable to
recognize familiar people)
■ Impaired executive function
Noncognitive
Depression, psychotic symptoms
(hallucinations and delusions)
Behavioral disturbances
(physical and verbal aggression,
motor hyperactivity,
uncooperativeness, wandering,
repetitive
mannerisms and activities, and
combativeness)
Functional
Inability to care for self
(dressing, bathing, toileting, and
eating)
38. ■ Rule out vitamin B12 and folate deficiency
■ Rule out hypothyroidism with thyroid function
tests
■ Blood cell counts, serum electrolytes, liver
function tests
39. A family member often first brings memory complaints to the attention
of a primary care clinician.
• At present the only way to definitively diagnose AD is through direct
examination of brain tissue at autopsy or biopsy.
• Several criteria have been developed for the detection and diagnosis of
dementia, including the following;
• Mini Mental Status Examination (MMSE,)
40. • Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. Text
Revision (DSM-IV-TR) criteria. • The Agency for Healthcare Research
and Quality (AHRQ) Guidelines.
• TheAmerican Academy of Neurology Guidelines
• The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
(NINDS) criteria.
• The National Institute of Neurological Communicative Disorders
and
• Stroke (NINCDS).
• The Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Association
(ADRDA) Criteria.
41.
42. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors -prevent the breakdown of
acetylcholine, a chemical messenger important for learning
and memory
eg. Donepezil (Aricept)
Rivastigmine (Exelon)
Galantamine (Razadyne)
43. N-Methyl d-aspartate Receptor Antagonist (NMDA)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6375899/
• Eg:Memantine – blocks the NMDA receptor and inhibit
their overstimulation by glutamate (neurotransmitter)
• Antidepressents.
• Anxiolytics.
• Antipsychotics.
• Anticonvulsants
45. Since Alzheimer's has no cure and it gradually
renders people incapable of tending for their own
needs, caregiving essentially is the treatment and
must be carefully managed over the course of the
disease
46. • The early stages of Alzheimer's disease are difficult to
diagnose. A definitive diagnosis is usually made once
cognitive impairment compromises daily living activities,
although the person may still be living independently. He
will progress from mild cognitive problems, such as
memory loss through increasing stages of cognitive and
non-cognitive disturbances, eliminating any possibility of
independent living.
47. • Life expectancy of the population with the disease is
reduced. The mean life expectancy following diagnosis is
approximately seven years. Fewer than 3% of patients live
more than fourteen years. Disease features significantly
associated with reduced survival are an increased severity
of cognitive impairment, decreased functional level,
history of falls, and disturbances in the neurological
examination.
48. Other coincident diseases such as heart problems, diabetes
or history of alcohol abuse are also related with shortened
survival. While the earlier the age at onset the higher the
total survival years, life expectancy is particularly reduced
when compared to the healthy population among those
who are younger. Men have a less favourable survival
prognosis than women
49. The disease is the underlying cause of death in
70% of all cases.Pneumonia and dehydration are
the most frequent immediate causes of death,
while cancer is a less frequent cause of death than
in the general population.