Alzheimer's disease is a progressive disorder that causes brain cells to waste away (degenerate) and die. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia — a continuous decline in thinking, behavioral and social skills that disrupts a person's ability to function independently.
Symptoms: Amnesia; Dementia
Diseases or conditions caused: Dementia
Pathophysiology
Pathology
BPharm 2nd Semester
MPharm
Therapeutics
MBBS
Definition
Statistics of AD
A brief introduction
Signs and symptoms of AD
NMDA receptors
Classification
Causes
Risk Factors
Pathophysiology
AD… The great unknown
Treatment Options
Future Trends
Definition
Statistics of AD
A brief introduction
Signs and symptoms of AD
NMDA receptors
Classification
Causes
Risk Factors
Pathophysiology
AD… The great unknown
Treatment Options
Future Trends
Pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer's disease
Introduction
History
Risk factors
Pathophysiology
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Non pharmacological treatment
Drugs used in treatment of Alzheimer`s
Recent advances
Screening methods
Summary
References
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive, degenerative disorder that attacks the brain's nerve cells, resulting in loss of memory, imagination and speaking skills, and behavioural changes. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia, or loss of intellectual function, among people aged 65 and older.
What is Alzheimer's disease? pathophysiology of disease, treatment of disease. If there is any update regarding the information provided, your comments are welcomed
Alzheimer's is a progressive disease, where dementia symptoms gradually worsen over a number of years. In its early stages, memory loss is mild, but with late-stage Alzheimer's, individuals lose the ability to carry on a conversation and respond to their environment.
Alzheimer's disease is a causes a progressive loss of brain cells leading to memory loss. In this slide we will learn about its causes,symptoms, pathophysiology, treatment, medication and risk factors.
the feathers of the disease and It is histology
For downloading the presentation, more presentations , infographics and blogs visit :
studyscienceblog.wordpress.com
Pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer's disease
Introduction
History
Risk factors
Pathophysiology
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Non pharmacological treatment
Drugs used in treatment of Alzheimer`s
Recent advances
Screening methods
Summary
References
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive, degenerative disorder that attacks the brain's nerve cells, resulting in loss of memory, imagination and speaking skills, and behavioural changes. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia, or loss of intellectual function, among people aged 65 and older.
What is Alzheimer's disease? pathophysiology of disease, treatment of disease. If there is any update regarding the information provided, your comments are welcomed
Alzheimer's is a progressive disease, where dementia symptoms gradually worsen over a number of years. In its early stages, memory loss is mild, but with late-stage Alzheimer's, individuals lose the ability to carry on a conversation and respond to their environment.
Alzheimer's disease is a causes a progressive loss of brain cells leading to memory loss. In this slide we will learn about its causes,symptoms, pathophysiology, treatment, medication and risk factors.
the feathers of the disease and It is histology
For downloading the presentation, more presentations , infographics and blogs visit :
studyscienceblog.wordpress.com
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive condition, which means the symptoms develop gradually over many years and eventually become more severe. It affects multiple brain functions.
The first sign of Alzheimer's disease is usually minor memory problems.
For example, this could be forgetting about recent conversations or events, and forgetting the names of places and objects.
As the condition develops, memory problems become more severe and further symptoms can develop, such as:
confusion, disorientation and getting lost in familiar places
difficulty planning or making decisions
problems with speech and language
problems moving around without assistance or performing self-care tasks
personality changes, such as becoming aggressive, demanding and suspicious of others
hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that are not there) and delusions (believing things that are untrue)
low mood or anxiety
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurologic disorder that causes atrophy of brain cells, leading it to cell death. it is degenerative and progressive illness. Increase in age with sedentary lifestyle and lack of brain storming activities are indirectly leading to mental disorders with cognitive disruptions like dementia and lading up into Alzheimer's, which makes life miserable of client due to dependency. It is essential to keep the elderly active physiologically as well as psychologically. Statistical data of several studies shows the rise in the cases of Alzheimer's disease, which is the highlighting point of concern. Due to increased digitalization and decreased socialization among the human species throughout globe is leading to increased in risk of getting cognitive deficits.
Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder with severe dementia. Due to the accumulation of Beta-Amyloid proteins acetyl-choline producing neurons are getting degenerated. Alzheimer's disease is one of the most devastating brain disorders of elderly humans. It is an under-treated and under-recognized disease that is becoming a major public health problem.
A presentation about Alzheimer's disease, it's definition, it's etiology, its mechanism of development as well as actual treatment and developing treatments.
Similar to Pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (20)
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stockrebeccabio
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stock
Telegram: bmksupplier
signal: +85264872720
threema: TUD4A6YC
You can contact me on Telegram or Threema
Communicate promptly and reply
Free of customs clearance, Double Clearance 100% pass delivery to USA, Canada, Spain, Germany, Netherland, Poland, Italy, Sweden, UK, Czech Republic, Australia, Mexico, Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan.Door to door service
Hot Selling Organic intermediates
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
1. Maharshi Dayanand
University
Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences
Assignment of:
Pathophysiology
On topic:
Pathophysiology of Alzheimer's
Disease
विद्यया विन्दतॆऽमृतम ्
Submitted By:
Deepanshu Goyal
B.Pharm 2nd Sem
Submitted To:
Dr. Vineet Mittal
Dept. of Pharmaceutical
Sciences
M.D.U. Rohtak
2. o Alzheimer's Disease or Alzheimer or just AD is An irreversible,
progressive cerebral disease of lowly know etiology that slowly
destroys intellectual and cognitive functions and hence the
ability to reason, remember, learn and imagine. This disease
lasts at least six months
o Alzheimer is the most common cause of Dementia, which is not a
disease itself, but a symptom. AD leads to a state of confusion,
loss or poor memory, decreased learning ability, mood and
emotional instability, personality changes and premature death.
o It affects many parts of Brain, but Neocortex, Amygdala and
hippocampus are most affected and severe dysfunction may
lead to Aphasia.
o The first case was studied and described by a German
Psychiatrist and Neuropathologist – Dr. Alois Alzheimer in 1906.
Introduction
Healthy
Neuron
Diseased
Neuron
Disintegrating
Microtubules
β Amyloid
Plaques
Tau Proteins
Microtubules
Axon
3. Epidemiology and
Statistics
A bit more prevalent in Females with 65% of the
cases
On average, a person with Alzheimer's lives four
to eight years after diagnosis, but can live as
long as 20 years.
Generally it affects more to the people aged
more than 65 and around half of the cases being
in patients above the age 85.
Currently around 4.5 Million people have AD and
predictions claim 1 in every 85 people will be
suffering from AD globally in 2050.
Most of the cases are sporadic while 5-10% are
Familial.
4. Features Of
Alzheimer’s
Disease
Clinical o General Body weakness
o Bed ridden
o Memory Loss of recent events that
progresses to Dementia
o Loss of methodology of tasks and
motor skills of Familiar tasks
o Loss of Lingual ability i.e. ability to
converse.
o Mood and Personality Disturbances
o Disorientation to time and place
o More prone to infections, most
common being Rhinitis, Pneumonia
o Sleeplessness
o Anxiety
o Depression
5. Normal
Brain
Advanced
A.D. Brain
Macroscopic Examination of Brain shows:
1. Destruction of Neurons and
their connections
2. Neuritic-Amyloid Plaques
3. Neurofibrillary Tangles
4. Inflammation
5. Atherosclerosis of Brain
Arteries
6. Cortical Atrophy
7. Ridges of Brain called Gyri
Shrinks
8. Grooves of Brain called sulci
widens
9. Ventricular Enlargement
10. Shrinkage of Hippocampus
11. Pathologic changes In
Entorhinal Cortex
6. Stages of
Alzheimer’s
Disease
Mild
• Person may function
independently, drive, work
etc.
• Person feels of having
memory lapses
• Common Difficulties include
- Remembering word or
name
- Losing or Misplacing
objects
- Increased trouble in
Strategy, Planning etc.
• Can live well with proper
health maintenance
Moderate
• Longest Stage – Can last for
many years
• Require greater level of care
with the progression
• More Dementia symptoms
• Confusion with words, days
• Frustration and anger
• Change in sleep pattern
• Unexpected
Acts/delusions/suspicions
• Difficulty expressing
Thoughts
• Feeling moody or withdrawn
• Need assistance in
performing routine works
• Trouble controlling Bladder
Severe
• Severe Dementia symptoms
• Loss of ability to respond to
environment
• Inability to carry on a
conversation
• Expressing pain is difficult
• Round the clock assistance
required
• More vulnerable to infections
• Hospice care
The symptoms of Alzheimer's disease worsen over time with varying progression rate. Changes
in the brain related to Alzheimer's begin years before any signs of the disease. This time period,
which can last for years, is referred to as preclinical Alzheimer's disease.
It may be difficult to place a person with Alzheimer's in a specific stage as stages may overlap.
7. Pathophysiology of
Alzheimer’s Disease
Amyloid
β
Chopped at
here by β
secretase
Chopped at
here by α
secretase
Chopped at
here by ɣ
secretase
Cell membrane of Neuron
• In the Neuronal cell membrane, there is a protein
embedded called Amyloid Precursor Protein [APP] with
one end inside and other outside.
• Its function is related to growth and repair of Neuron,
but it gets used up/broken itself and recycled.
• It is chopped off by α, β and ɣ secretase enzymes with
the location of their splice can be seen in the image
beside.
• ɣ always works either with α that leads soluble products
or with β that leads insoluble product known as Amyloid
β, which is sticky, hence it makes clumps called β
Amyloid Plaques just outside the neuron.
• The clump when comes in synaptic cleft between two
neurons, disrupt the communication and signaling,
impairing the respective function, especially memory,
and can also initiate an immune response.
8. • These plaques may deposit in or around the brain’s blood vessels
causing Atherosclerosis or Amyloid Angiopathy respectively and later
on hemorrhage.
Cytoskeleton is a network of microtubules attached together with τ (tau)
proteins in the cell that acts like a pathway for internal transport, signaling
and structural support.. Without τ proteins, microtubules would detach
leading to disruption of Transport and signaling pathway.
• β Amyloid Plaques may activate kinase which attach phosphate group
to τ proteins which help in transport and bridge between two
microtubules and this activation cause tangling of these proteins
called Neurofibrillary tangles along with disruption of cytoskeletal
and microtubular function and further towards Apoptosis.
• Too much of Apoptosis leads to Atrophy of the various regions of the
brain, shrinkage of Gyri and widening of sulci and ventricles.
Pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s Disease
(continued…)
9. Sporadic
Late Onset
Genetic and Environmental Risk
factors
Genetic Relation based on number and
type of Apolipoprotein E alleles are
inherited. All help in breakdown of
Plaques but differ in effectiveness
No obvious Inheritance
pattern
Familial
Early Onset
Maybe caused by several gene mutations
Down Syndrome: Extra Chromosome 21
which is responsible in formation of APP
Autosomal Dominant gene
that speeds up the
progression
Difference in Sporadic and Familial
Alzheimer Disease
This image shows the
Neurofibrillary Tangle
10. Various Factors…
Neurochemical
Factors
1. Acetylcholine
2. Somatostatin
3. Substance P
4. Norepinephrine
Genetic
Factors
1. Apolipoprotein 4
(APOe4) allele –
Larger content of
β Amyloid Plaque
2. Down’s Syndrome
Environmental
and Lifestyle
1. Certain Infections
that can cross blood
Brain barrier
2. Use of statins
3. Heavy Metal and
other Toxins
4. Gender – Women are
more likely
Risk Factors
1. Family History
2. Chronic
Hypertension
3. Smoking
4. Alcoholism
5. Age
6. Diabetes
7. Cardiovascular
Diseases
ApoE3
ApoE2
ApoE ApoE4
11. Etiological Factors
Changes in Nerve cell Proteins
Accumulation of neurofibrillary
Tangles and Plaques
Granulo-vascular Degeneration
Loss of Cholinergic Nerve Cells
Loss of Memory, Function and
Cognition
Layout Diagram for Alzheimer’s
Disease
12. Hypotheses
Impaired Proteostasis
and Axonal Transport
Impaired Presenilin
(a component of
secretase) Function
Ca2+ DysregulationSoluble oligomer
production
Amyloid Plaque
Formation
Age, Oxidative
stress, Amyloid
β/Presenilin
dysfunction
Lysosome Autophagy
Dysfunction
Amyloid β
Mutation
Aggregated
Hyperphosphor
ylated τ
proteins
Due to amyloid
β
overproduction
Neurodegeneration
Synaptic Dysfunction
Neurotoxicity
Synaptic toxicity
Neurotoxicity
14. Treatment
Pharmacological
• Acetylcholine esterase
inhibitors like Donepezil
prevent breakdown of
Acetylcholine, an important
chemical messenger
• NMDA receptor Antagonist
like Memantine to stop
overstimulation of NMDA
receptors by Glutamate
• Antidepressants
• Antipsychotics
• Anticonvulsants
Psychosocial
• Behavioral and Emotion
oriented approach
- Reminiscence therapy
- Validation Therapy
- Supportive Psychotherapy
- Sensory integration
- Stimulated presence therapy
• Cognition oriented approach
• Stimulation oriented approach
Caregiving
Since Alzheimer's has no cure
and it gradually renders people
incapable of tending for their
own needs…
Caregiving essentially is the
treatment and must be carefully
managed over the course of the
disease with provided Nursing
and Facilities to help the Patients
for his or her needs and keeping
them away from stress and
anxiety.
Sadly, but as of now there is no cure to Alzheimer’s Disease, but the following interventions can be underwent
to help the patient deal with the symptoms
15. Prognosis
With Alzheimer’s Disease, comes the increased
risk of Infections.
Along with this other problems related to age
such as Stroke, Cancer, Cardiovascular disease
etc. arise which may deteriorate the patient’s
physical and metal condition.
Prevention
Blockage of production of Amyloid in the brain as well as
breaking down of the β Amyloid once it is released from your
cell before its aggregation and development into insoluble
plaques. Research and Studies are under conduction to develop
an AD vaccine where immune responses may result in the
elimination of formation of Amyloid Plaques.
16. Bibliography:
The data was retrieved from various sources as follows:
• Kumar, Abbas et al – Pathologic Basis of Disease – Elsevier
Publishers – 9th edition – Pg. 1313 to 1317
• Grossman S, Carol MP – Porth’s Pathophysiology – Lippincott
Publishing – 9th Ed – Pg. 563 to 566
• www.nhs.co.uk – Alzheimer’s Disease Causes
• Kaushik M - Textbook of PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - PV publishers –
2017 – Pg. 268 to 270
• www.cdc.gov – What is Alzheimer’s Disease?
• www.wikipedia.org – Alzheimer’s Disease
• www.ajc.com – What you need top know about Alzheimer’s
Disease
• www.nia.nih.gov – Alzheimer’s Disease Fact Sheet
• www.medicalnewstoday.com – What to know about
Alzheimer’s Disease?