The document summarizes the main parts of speech in English grammar. It discusses the categories words fall into, including open classes like nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs that are continually expanding, and closed classes like articles, prepositions and conjunctions that are static. It provides examples and rules for using the different parts of speech, with a focus on articles and their uses.

1. Prepared by
PRAKASH S. CHAUHAN
Parts of Speech
I.L.T
B.Ed
College

2. Parts of Speech is know as Elements of Grammar.
a category to which a word is assigned in accordance with its syntactic functions. In
English the main parts of speech are noun, pronoun, adjective, determiner, verb, adverb
preposition, conjunction, and interjection.
Meaning of Parts of Speech ?

3. What are Closed and Open Classes
Words come in two verities functional words, and lexical words. The difference
is with their meaning (purely grammatical vs. Lexical and Referential) and with what
you can do out of them. you can invent a new lexical word, but then you have no
power on functional words. Functional words generally evolve from lexical words
through a process called Grammaticalization.
1. Open Class Item or Lexical Word ( Content Based Words )
2. Close Class Item ( Function Based words )

4. TABLE OF PARTS OF SPEECH
GROUPS OF PARTS OF SPEECH OR WORD CLASSES
4 OPEN SYSTEM CLASSES 8 CLOSED SYSTEM CLASSES
Pronouns
Noun Articles
Verbs Demonstratives
Adjectives Prepositions
Adverbs Conjunctions
Interjections
Object
Determiners

5. What we mean by Open Class ?
A word that conveys information in a text or speech act is also known as a lexical word.
Content words includes Noun, Lexical verbs, Adjectives and Adverb belong to open
classes of words that is new members are readily added.
Open category contains those parts of speech which remain open to new additions and
which in any language tend to be quite large and open ended. It means an unlimited
number of new words can be created and added to these classes.
The words in the open category are usually further divided into simple and complex
words. Simple words contain just one morpheme (house, walk, slow, green)

6. What we mean by Close Class ?
Closed Class words or Function words are limited in numbers and act as markers or gui
des to the structure of a sentence. Function words in English include conjunctions, artic
les, demonstratives, pronouns, model verbs, determiners, prepositions. It is an importan
t feature of the word and it functions grammatically to adjoin words and phrases as see
n in the combination of noun phrases the woman and the man. The role of articles is to
single nouns. Preposition mark special relationship between persons, objects, and locati
on. Conjunctions are connectors that link actors or object and identify relationship bet
ween clauses in the sentence. Open and closed class words occupy certain slots in sente
nces and set up a frame for interpreting the interrelationship between actors, actions, an
d objects. Closed classes are not added to the language very often. They are tend to evo
lve gradually from lexical in a process called grammaticalization.

7. Articles
A, An, and The are called as articles.
Articles divided into two parts 1. Indefinite Articles 2. Definite Articles
A and An are Indefinite Articles because they do not point or refer to any particular person or thing.
Where as The is called Definite Articles because it refers to some particular place, thing or person.
Rules to use Articles :
1. Article A and AN are used before a Common noun in the singular number only.
2. Article THE is used before both the singular and plural nouns only.
• A Dog is faithful Animal.
• He has bought an Orange.
• The book which is bought by you yesterday has been lost.
• If a singular Common Noun is used in its widest sense, not a single Article is used.
• F.E : Man is Mortal.

8. USE OF “ A” AND “AN” :
(A.) A is used……
1. Before a word beginning with the consonant sound like…..
A Girl, A box, A university, A Utensil etc.
2. Before a Common Noun in the singular number to generalize it like…..
A horse is a faithful Animal.
(B.) An is used……..
Words beginning with a vowels like ( a, e, i, o, u ) or a vowel sounds….
An Hour, an Honest man, An Heir, An M.L.A, An M.P, an M.A
Exceptions like : A University, A European, A One Rupee Note
Articles

9. Articles
Use of THE :
The definite Article the is used….
1. To point out person or thing known or already referred to…..
The man in the……….was sentenced to death.
2. To refer to things of which only one exists…….
The sun, the moon, the stars, the earth, the mars, the Taj, The Lamborghini, The Oberoi,
The Lalit, The leelavati etc.
3. Before the Name of the rivers, oceans, baby, gulfs, seas, mountains, countries, provinces, sh
ips, trains etc.
The India, The Himalaya, The Indian Express, The Hindu, The Times of India, The Taj
Mahal, The Elizabethan, The Victoria etc.
4. Before Singular Noun indicating a class…..
The cow is a gentle animal.

10. 4. Before the names of well-known or sacred books, newspapers and magazines…..
The gita, the bible, the quran, the USA Today, The Economic Times, The Illustrated
Weekly
5. Before adjectives of Superlative Degree…..
This is the best picture of Leonardo-da-Vinci I have ever seen before in my life.
6. Before Adjective used as noun…….
The rich should help the poor
7. Before a common noun used as abstract noun…..
He felt the devil within him.
The evil in him made him his captive.
8. Before the names of nations and communities
The Hindus, The Muslims, The American, The Persian, The Spanish, The Vikings
9. Before proper noun used as common nouns
he was the prophet of his dosco.
10. Before a proper noun when it is used as an adjective.
The late jiya khan, the beautiful actress.
Articles

11. Articles
Before the nouns of directions preceded by prepositions…..
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
The rules to be followed for omission of the article are as under……..
‘The’ is omitted……
1. Before material, proper and abstract nouns…
Proper Noun : Delhi, India, Asoka, Mount Everest, Mahatma Gandhi Road, Sunday,
Gold
Abstract Noun : Honesty, Tranquility, Wisdom etc.
2. Before the names of titles…..
Emperor Asoka, Alexander the Great, Saint Joseph, Saint Stephen, Porus
3. Omission of the before Industry, when House is used without any description word
‘the’ is omitted.
He went to House
But I am going to the Bride’s House
A mud hut was the only House he had ever known.

12. Thanking You !
Prakash
S.
Chauhan
Thanking You !
By
PRAKASH
S.
CHAUHAN