The document describes the charging system in automobiles, which maintains the battery charge essential for electrical energy supply, particularly to the ignition and lighting systems. Key components include the alternator, which produces current through electromagnetism, and the voltage regulator, which controls the rotor's current to manage voltage levels. It also mentions supporting parts like rectifiers, diodes, and a warning lamp that indicates charging system issues.

1. Parts of charging system in Automobiles
and its Working

2. In automobiles, charging system maintains the charge in the vehicle's
battery, which provides the main source of electrical energy when
engine is running. In an automobile, energy is supplied to the battery
by charging system from where it is distributed to the other parts like
ignition system, lighting system and other important systems. The
two main essential parts of charging system are alternator and
voltage regulator.

3. Parts
• Alternator
Alternator produces current by electromagnetism. The principle
behind is, when a strong magnet passes through a wire, that wire will
generate a small voltage. And if we multiply the wire to a number of
times, amount of current produced will be more. The main
components of an alternator are:

4. Parts
> Stator
Stator is a stationary part in the alternator which consists of 3 sets of wiring
having many loops on each that are evenly distributed to form three phase
system. The ends of the wires are connected to the rectifier assembly.
> Rotor
Rotor is a rotating part of alternator which is surrounded by the stator.
Rotor has a powerful magnet that passes close to wire loops of stator. When
the rotor rotates, the magnetic field in the rotor cuts the wire loops of stator
which result in an electric field generation in wire loops of stator. The
magnet in the rotor is not a permanent magnet but an electro-magnet
which enables the control of output from the alternator.

5. Parts
> Rectifiers
Rectifier is an electrical device which converts alternating current
(AC) into direct current (DC). The current produced in stator is an
AC, so a rectifier is used to convert AC current into DC current.
> Diodes
Diode is a semiconductor which allows current in only one direction.
In alternator diodes are used to carry the current from rectifier to the
battery of the automobile.

6. Parts
• Voltage regulator
A voltage regulator is used to control the field of current applied to
rotating rotor inside alternator. When there is no current applied to
the rotor, then there is no voltage produced in the alternator. When
voltage exceeds a maximum required level, the regulator will stop
voltage supply to rotor and alternator will stop working. Similarly,
when the voltage drops below the level required, regulator supplies
current to the rotor in alternator. Is some cases voltage regulator is
present inside the alternator.

7. Parts
• Warning lamp
It is a simple voltmeter or an ammeter which is mounted on dash
board of an automobile. This is used to warn the driver if something
is wrong with the charging system. When an automobile is running
and if there is a warning, then there might be a problem with the
alternator.

8. Working
The rotor of the alternator is driven by the belt drive from the crank
shaft of the automobile. Rotor is surrounded by stator which has
multiple number of wire loops. The electro-magnet of the rotor
produces a magnetic field and it is cut by the wire loops of the stator.
This results in an small electrical potential development in the stator
wires. The ends of the stator wires are joined to the rectifier which
convert produced AC to DC. From here the current is passed to the
diodes and then to the battery of the automobile. From battery
electrical energy is distributed to the required system of the
automobile.

9. Charging system provides the necessary electrical energy, while
starting an automobile. Ignition system and lighting system obtain
energy from the battery which is supplied by the charging system.

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