Hill and Mountain ecosystems comes under risk prone agriculture. Devastation in Uttarakhand compeled us to think over risk prone agriculture and develop managerial methods.
Agriculture is the largest employment sector and source of income in Eastern Uttar Pradesh, employing over 35 million people. However, agriculture is heavily dependent on climate and weather patterns, which have been changing significantly. Changes like increasing temperatures, unpredictable rainfall, and more frequent droughts and floods are negatively impacting agricultural production and livelihoods, resulting in issues like food insecurity and increased migration. Local communities have implemented various adaptive strategies to build resilience, such as adjusting cropping patterns, improving drainage, and establishing self-managed institutions. However, more support is needed to develop climate-resilient crops and technologies and enhance local adaptation efforts.
Insights of Agrarian anthropology Conference 2017Ruby Med Plus
This document provides the concept note and agenda for the international conference on "Agrarian Anthropology: Insights and Pathways" held in February 2017 at the University of Hyderabad. The concept note discusses how agriculture has transformed from subsistence to commercial crops under colonialism and green revolution, altering agrarian structures. Issues discussed include declining farmer numbers, impacts of globalization and technology, sustainability concerns, and farmer suicides. The inaugural ceremony and first session on continuity and change in agricultural practices are summarized. The conference aimed to apply anthropological perspectives to issues facing farmers and explore alternative agricultural approaches.
Applying the Principles of Sustainable FarmingElisaMendelsohn
This document discusses the principles of environmental, economic, and social sustainability as they relate to farming. It provides three key points:
1. Sustainable farming aims to meet environmental, economic, and social objectives simultaneously through a whole-systems approach that mimics natural ecosystems. This is contrasted with conventional industrial agriculture.
2. The key principles of environmental sustainability for farms include imitating natural ecosystem processes like energy flows, water and mineral cycles, and biodiversity. Practices like diversification, minimal tillage, and groundcover management help farms function like natural ecosystems.
3. Economic and social sustainability depend on selecting profitable enterprises, comprehensive financial planning, proactive marketing, risk management, and making decisions that benefit
Uttar Pradesh relies heavily on agriculture, with the sector accounting for 34.8% of the state's income and employing 66% of the workforce. However, climate change is threatening agriculture in Uttar Pradesh through changing rainfall patterns, increased flooding and dry spells. This is impacting production levels and food security while also increasing migration. To build resilience, the state is promoting adaptive capacities using both indigenous knowledge and scientific approaches, including crop management techniques, community efforts, and self-managed institutions to help farmers adapt. Policy efforts focus on developing climate-resilient crop varieties and synergizing traditional and scientific knowledge.
The economics of ecosystems and biodiversity for agriculture and foodCIFOR-ICRAF
Presentation by Alexander Mueller at the Global Landscapes Forum 2015, in Paris, France alongside COP21. For more information go to: www.landscapes.org.
1) Farming is the worship of the five elements of nature - earth, ether, air, water and fire. The crops produced through worship become prasad (offerings), which are distributed and not sold.
2) When the farmer becomes a worshiper, the crops will become prasad. Consumers will become devotees. Then the farmer's house will become a golden temple, and there will be no poverty.
3) Natueco farming is a nature-friendly way of sustainable agriculture that aims to meet human needs while enhancing agro-ecology through balanced resource networks and biodiversity.
Sustainable agriculture and its effectiveness - Capstone research project MatthewBelanger10
This research paper was for the Environmental Studies 400 capstone class at Central Michigan University. In this paper, I strive to understand why industrial agriculture is so unsustainable, what is being done to reach a more sustainable system, and whether or not these strives in sustainability are effective. This research project allowed me to develop my interest in the agriculture industry and learn more about this field. Coupled with a presentation to faculty members and students of the Environmental Studies program, this project allowed me to practice my research and communication skills through a topic that deeply interested me.
Agriculture is the largest employment sector and source of income in Eastern Uttar Pradesh, employing over 35 million people. However, agriculture is heavily dependent on climate and weather patterns, which have been changing significantly. Changes like increasing temperatures, unpredictable rainfall, and more frequent droughts and floods are negatively impacting agricultural production and livelihoods, resulting in issues like food insecurity and increased migration. Local communities have implemented various adaptive strategies to build resilience, such as adjusting cropping patterns, improving drainage, and establishing self-managed institutions. However, more support is needed to develop climate-resilient crops and technologies and enhance local adaptation efforts.
Insights of Agrarian anthropology Conference 2017Ruby Med Plus
This document provides the concept note and agenda for the international conference on "Agrarian Anthropology: Insights and Pathways" held in February 2017 at the University of Hyderabad. The concept note discusses how agriculture has transformed from subsistence to commercial crops under colonialism and green revolution, altering agrarian structures. Issues discussed include declining farmer numbers, impacts of globalization and technology, sustainability concerns, and farmer suicides. The inaugural ceremony and first session on continuity and change in agricultural practices are summarized. The conference aimed to apply anthropological perspectives to issues facing farmers and explore alternative agricultural approaches.
Applying the Principles of Sustainable FarmingElisaMendelsohn
This document discusses the principles of environmental, economic, and social sustainability as they relate to farming. It provides three key points:
1. Sustainable farming aims to meet environmental, economic, and social objectives simultaneously through a whole-systems approach that mimics natural ecosystems. This is contrasted with conventional industrial agriculture.
2. The key principles of environmental sustainability for farms include imitating natural ecosystem processes like energy flows, water and mineral cycles, and biodiversity. Practices like diversification, minimal tillage, and groundcover management help farms function like natural ecosystems.
3. Economic and social sustainability depend on selecting profitable enterprises, comprehensive financial planning, proactive marketing, risk management, and making decisions that benefit
Uttar Pradesh relies heavily on agriculture, with the sector accounting for 34.8% of the state's income and employing 66% of the workforce. However, climate change is threatening agriculture in Uttar Pradesh through changing rainfall patterns, increased flooding and dry spells. This is impacting production levels and food security while also increasing migration. To build resilience, the state is promoting adaptive capacities using both indigenous knowledge and scientific approaches, including crop management techniques, community efforts, and self-managed institutions to help farmers adapt. Policy efforts focus on developing climate-resilient crop varieties and synergizing traditional and scientific knowledge.
The economics of ecosystems and biodiversity for agriculture and foodCIFOR-ICRAF
Presentation by Alexander Mueller at the Global Landscapes Forum 2015, in Paris, France alongside COP21. For more information go to: www.landscapes.org.
1) Farming is the worship of the five elements of nature - earth, ether, air, water and fire. The crops produced through worship become prasad (offerings), which are distributed and not sold.
2) When the farmer becomes a worshiper, the crops will become prasad. Consumers will become devotees. Then the farmer's house will become a golden temple, and there will be no poverty.
3) Natueco farming is a nature-friendly way of sustainable agriculture that aims to meet human needs while enhancing agro-ecology through balanced resource networks and biodiversity.
Sustainable agriculture and its effectiveness - Capstone research project MatthewBelanger10
This research paper was for the Environmental Studies 400 capstone class at Central Michigan University. In this paper, I strive to understand why industrial agriculture is so unsustainable, what is being done to reach a more sustainable system, and whether or not these strives in sustainability are effective. This research project allowed me to develop my interest in the agriculture industry and learn more about this field. Coupled with a presentation to faculty members and students of the Environmental Studies program, this project allowed me to practice my research and communication skills through a topic that deeply interested me.
One hectare feasibility study with forwardRitesh Karnik
This document outlines a plan for smallholder farmers with approximately 1 hectare of land to implement agroecology practices. It discusses the benefits of agroecology such as producing own inputs, access to nutritious crops, soil health improvement, and climate change adaptation. The plan includes trenches and ponds for water management, live fencing, intercropping various crops, and mixed tree plantations. Case studies show high yields and productivity using these methods on small plots of land. The goal is for small farmers to sustainably meet family food, nutrition, and income needs from 1 hectare through agroecology.
The document discusses sustainable agriculture and sustainable habitats. It defines sustainable agriculture as farming using ecological principles that can last over the long term. A sustainable habitat is an ecosystem that provides food and shelter without resource depletion or external waste production, allowing it to continue indefinitely. The document also discusses how buildings account for most global energy demand and how energy-efficient designs can significantly reduce consumption.
Indigenous Peoples Sustainable Landscape Approach to Forest Conservation: Goo...CIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation was given at a session titled "How indigenous peoples use landscapes approaches to conserve forests: Good practices and challenges for food security and livelihoods" at the Global Landscapes Forum in Lima, Peru, on December 6, 2014.
The panel focused on the roles and contributions of indigenous women in landscape forest management. Also, the experiences from REDD+ in Asia were shared, linking it with the land use of indigenous peoples.
Contents:
Introduction
Definition of Green Revolution
History of Green Revolution
Methods used in Green Revolution
Basic Elements in Method of Green Revolution
Causes of Green Revolution
Effects of Green Revolution
Result/ Evaluation of Green Revolution
Advantages of Green Revolution
Limitations of Green Revolution
Domestic food production and hazard vulnerability jamaicaCIAT
The document discusses livelihood vulnerability among smallholder farmers in southern St. Elizabeth Parish, Jamaica. It finds that farmers are experiencing increasing vulnerability due to multiple stresses, including more frequent and intense droughts from climate change, as well as socioeconomic challenges. A Livelihood Vulnerability Index was constructed using household data on exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity to quantify vulnerability across communities. The analysis found higher vulnerability among farmers with fewer alternative livelihood options, social support systems, and coping strategies for weather extremes.
The document discusses several topics related to the agricultural sector in India, including institutional structure and land reforms, technological changes, agricultural finance and pricing, and the national agricultural policy of 2000. It provides details on land reform measures implemented, the impact and limitations of the Green Revolution, and how the government determines administered prices through the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices and announces minimum support prices.
Economic benefits and ecological cost of green revaluationSayed Tabarak Shah
This document summarizes the economic benefits and ecological costs of the Green Revolution in Punjab, India. It discusses how the Green Revolution increased agricultural production and GDP through higher crop yields but led to environmental issues. Key points include increased monocropping of wheat and rice replacing diverse crops, unsustainable groundwater extraction, problems of waterlogging and soil salinity from unplanned irrigation, and excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides polluting land and water. While the Green Revolution boosted Punjab's economy, it has taken a toll on the environment and risks the long-term sustainability of agriculture in the region.
This document discusses knowledge management in Indian agriculture. It notes that over 80% of Indians depend on agriculture and knowledge transfer plays an important role in growth. It describes the major organizations involved in agricultural knowledge - public sector bodies like ICAR, state universities, private companies, and NGOs. Public sector focuses on increasing productivity through research, education, and extension. Private sector focuses on commercial goals and products. NGOs focus on dissemination, documentation, and local knowledge. Climate-smart agriculture is presented as key to ensuring food security amidst population growth and climate change.
The document discusses rainfed agriculture, which many people worldwide rely on for food and livelihood. Communities in arid and semi-arid areas often face food deficits due to crop failure from lack of water. Water scarcity is the biggest threat to food self-sufficiency in these areas. In-situ rainwater harvesting techniques are crucial for semi-arid areas with short growing periods and high runoff. Alternate land use systems and horticultural crops can help conserve moisture, diversify farming, and increase income in rainfed areas vulnerable to degradation. Developing water-use efficiency and conservation technologies is needed to support rainfed agriculture.
Prof. Johan Rockström presented on establishing a new paradigm for sustainable intensification of agricultural development. He argued that humanity has reached a planetary saturation point and a great transformation is necessary to achieve global sustainability. This requires integrating agriculture and ecosystems management, adopting a nexus approach considering land, water, energy links, and reforming institutions for integrated resource management within planetary boundaries. Sustainable intensification through upgrading rainfed and irrigated agriculture, water management, and landscape restoration can meet food needs while maintaining ecological resilience.
The document discusses the history and significance of the Green Revolution, particularly in Pakistan. It began in the 1940s with Norman Borlaug developing high-yield wheat varieties in Mexico. This led to increased food production worldwide. In Pakistan, the Green Revolution significantly increased wheat, rice, and maize production between 1965-1970 through the introduction of high-yielding varieties and increased fertilizer and irrigation. However, it also exacerbated economic and social inequalities by benefiting large landowners more than small farmers.
This document discusses eco-agriculture, which aims to balance agricultural production, biodiversity conservation, and rural livelihoods. It notes that eco-agriculture applies an integrated ecosystem approach and was coined in 1970. Key aspects of eco-agriculture include conserving biodiversity, enhancing production, and improving livelihoods at the landscape scale through practices like maintaining natural habitats and vegetation buffers around water. Challenges include institutional barriers and the need to bridge conservation and agriculture. Principles to overcome challenges include maintaining habitats and connectivity while intensifying production without oversimplifying landscapes.
The document summarizes the impacts of the Green Revolution in Punjab, India. It led to increased food production through high-yielding seed varieties and increased fertilizer/irrigation use, alleviating famine risks. However, excessive agricultural inputs also caused environmental degradation over time, including water contamination, loss of biodiversity, and increased pollution-related health issues like cancer. While food security improved initially, the long term sustainability of this model is now in question due to soil quality declines and overuse of natural resources.
The green revolution aimed to increase crop yields through new high-yielding varieties of rice and wheat. This led to successes like tripling of yields in India, allowing the country to become self-sufficient in wheat and rice. However, there were also failures, as only wealthy farmers could afford the costs of the new seeds and technologies, which increased rural unemployment and migration to cities. The green revolution benefited some but was not financially viable for most small farmers. Appropriate technology tailored to existing skills could help increase living standards for more people.
Environmental planning: Livable City and extinctionTitus Velez
Human activities like overhunting, deforestation, pollution, and climate change are threatening plant and animal species with extinction. If resources are not managed properly, this will degrade habitats and ecosystems, endangering biodiversity and humans. While laws and policies aim to address these problems, implementation is lacking. Increased environmental education and stakeholder involvement are needed to translate policies into action to promote sustainable resource use and prevent further extinctions.
Climate change poses challenges to global food security. By 2050, food production must increase 60% to meet demand from a growing population. Adapting agriculture to climate change through climate-smart practices can help achieve food security and sustainable development goals. This involves increasing productivity, adapting to climate impacts, and reducing emissions. At the local level, action plans are needed to assess climate change impacts on soils, water resources, and crops, and implement contingency plans, restoration strategies, and diversified livelihoods to build resilience for small farmers.
The document discusses networking with farmers and farmer groups. It addresses questions around how to feed the world sustainably and equitably while supporting small farmers. It describes communities of practice as groups that come together to share knowledge and experiences. Effective knowledge management relies on creating, embedding, disseminating, and organizing knowledge through communities. Networking involves relationships between different stakeholders in agriculture, including informal agreements between groups, communities, and networks.
The document provides information on the research network and programmes of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar. It details the university's research organization structure and various research centres across Uttaranchal that focus on crops, horticulture, medicinal plants, dairy, poultry and more. Over 277 research projects are currently in operation covering areas like agriculture, horticulture and missions with a total financial outlay of over Rs. 50 crores. The research centres conduct studies on improving production and provide training facilities to students and farmers.
One hectare feasibility study with forwardRitesh Karnik
This document outlines a plan for smallholder farmers with approximately 1 hectare of land to implement agroecology practices. It discusses the benefits of agroecology such as producing own inputs, access to nutritious crops, soil health improvement, and climate change adaptation. The plan includes trenches and ponds for water management, live fencing, intercropping various crops, and mixed tree plantations. Case studies show high yields and productivity using these methods on small plots of land. The goal is for small farmers to sustainably meet family food, nutrition, and income needs from 1 hectare through agroecology.
The document discusses sustainable agriculture and sustainable habitats. It defines sustainable agriculture as farming using ecological principles that can last over the long term. A sustainable habitat is an ecosystem that provides food and shelter without resource depletion or external waste production, allowing it to continue indefinitely. The document also discusses how buildings account for most global energy demand and how energy-efficient designs can significantly reduce consumption.
Indigenous Peoples Sustainable Landscape Approach to Forest Conservation: Goo...CIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation was given at a session titled "How indigenous peoples use landscapes approaches to conserve forests: Good practices and challenges for food security and livelihoods" at the Global Landscapes Forum in Lima, Peru, on December 6, 2014.
The panel focused on the roles and contributions of indigenous women in landscape forest management. Also, the experiences from REDD+ in Asia were shared, linking it with the land use of indigenous peoples.
Contents:
Introduction
Definition of Green Revolution
History of Green Revolution
Methods used in Green Revolution
Basic Elements in Method of Green Revolution
Causes of Green Revolution
Effects of Green Revolution
Result/ Evaluation of Green Revolution
Advantages of Green Revolution
Limitations of Green Revolution
Domestic food production and hazard vulnerability jamaicaCIAT
The document discusses livelihood vulnerability among smallholder farmers in southern St. Elizabeth Parish, Jamaica. It finds that farmers are experiencing increasing vulnerability due to multiple stresses, including more frequent and intense droughts from climate change, as well as socioeconomic challenges. A Livelihood Vulnerability Index was constructed using household data on exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity to quantify vulnerability across communities. The analysis found higher vulnerability among farmers with fewer alternative livelihood options, social support systems, and coping strategies for weather extremes.
The document discusses several topics related to the agricultural sector in India, including institutional structure and land reforms, technological changes, agricultural finance and pricing, and the national agricultural policy of 2000. It provides details on land reform measures implemented, the impact and limitations of the Green Revolution, and how the government determines administered prices through the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices and announces minimum support prices.
Economic benefits and ecological cost of green revaluationSayed Tabarak Shah
This document summarizes the economic benefits and ecological costs of the Green Revolution in Punjab, India. It discusses how the Green Revolution increased agricultural production and GDP through higher crop yields but led to environmental issues. Key points include increased monocropping of wheat and rice replacing diverse crops, unsustainable groundwater extraction, problems of waterlogging and soil salinity from unplanned irrigation, and excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides polluting land and water. While the Green Revolution boosted Punjab's economy, it has taken a toll on the environment and risks the long-term sustainability of agriculture in the region.
This document discusses knowledge management in Indian agriculture. It notes that over 80% of Indians depend on agriculture and knowledge transfer plays an important role in growth. It describes the major organizations involved in agricultural knowledge - public sector bodies like ICAR, state universities, private companies, and NGOs. Public sector focuses on increasing productivity through research, education, and extension. Private sector focuses on commercial goals and products. NGOs focus on dissemination, documentation, and local knowledge. Climate-smart agriculture is presented as key to ensuring food security amidst population growth and climate change.
The document discusses rainfed agriculture, which many people worldwide rely on for food and livelihood. Communities in arid and semi-arid areas often face food deficits due to crop failure from lack of water. Water scarcity is the biggest threat to food self-sufficiency in these areas. In-situ rainwater harvesting techniques are crucial for semi-arid areas with short growing periods and high runoff. Alternate land use systems and horticultural crops can help conserve moisture, diversify farming, and increase income in rainfed areas vulnerable to degradation. Developing water-use efficiency and conservation technologies is needed to support rainfed agriculture.
Prof. Johan Rockström presented on establishing a new paradigm for sustainable intensification of agricultural development. He argued that humanity has reached a planetary saturation point and a great transformation is necessary to achieve global sustainability. This requires integrating agriculture and ecosystems management, adopting a nexus approach considering land, water, energy links, and reforming institutions for integrated resource management within planetary boundaries. Sustainable intensification through upgrading rainfed and irrigated agriculture, water management, and landscape restoration can meet food needs while maintaining ecological resilience.
The document discusses the history and significance of the Green Revolution, particularly in Pakistan. It began in the 1940s with Norman Borlaug developing high-yield wheat varieties in Mexico. This led to increased food production worldwide. In Pakistan, the Green Revolution significantly increased wheat, rice, and maize production between 1965-1970 through the introduction of high-yielding varieties and increased fertilizer and irrigation. However, it also exacerbated economic and social inequalities by benefiting large landowners more than small farmers.
This document discusses eco-agriculture, which aims to balance agricultural production, biodiversity conservation, and rural livelihoods. It notes that eco-agriculture applies an integrated ecosystem approach and was coined in 1970. Key aspects of eco-agriculture include conserving biodiversity, enhancing production, and improving livelihoods at the landscape scale through practices like maintaining natural habitats and vegetation buffers around water. Challenges include institutional barriers and the need to bridge conservation and agriculture. Principles to overcome challenges include maintaining habitats and connectivity while intensifying production without oversimplifying landscapes.
The document summarizes the impacts of the Green Revolution in Punjab, India. It led to increased food production through high-yielding seed varieties and increased fertilizer/irrigation use, alleviating famine risks. However, excessive agricultural inputs also caused environmental degradation over time, including water contamination, loss of biodiversity, and increased pollution-related health issues like cancer. While food security improved initially, the long term sustainability of this model is now in question due to soil quality declines and overuse of natural resources.
The green revolution aimed to increase crop yields through new high-yielding varieties of rice and wheat. This led to successes like tripling of yields in India, allowing the country to become self-sufficient in wheat and rice. However, there were also failures, as only wealthy farmers could afford the costs of the new seeds and technologies, which increased rural unemployment and migration to cities. The green revolution benefited some but was not financially viable for most small farmers. Appropriate technology tailored to existing skills could help increase living standards for more people.
Environmental planning: Livable City and extinctionTitus Velez
Human activities like overhunting, deforestation, pollution, and climate change are threatening plant and animal species with extinction. If resources are not managed properly, this will degrade habitats and ecosystems, endangering biodiversity and humans. While laws and policies aim to address these problems, implementation is lacking. Increased environmental education and stakeholder involvement are needed to translate policies into action to promote sustainable resource use and prevent further extinctions.
Climate change poses challenges to global food security. By 2050, food production must increase 60% to meet demand from a growing population. Adapting agriculture to climate change through climate-smart practices can help achieve food security and sustainable development goals. This involves increasing productivity, adapting to climate impacts, and reducing emissions. At the local level, action plans are needed to assess climate change impacts on soils, water resources, and crops, and implement contingency plans, restoration strategies, and diversified livelihoods to build resilience for small farmers.
The document discusses networking with farmers and farmer groups. It addresses questions around how to feed the world sustainably and equitably while supporting small farmers. It describes communities of practice as groups that come together to share knowledge and experiences. Effective knowledge management relies on creating, embedding, disseminating, and organizing knowledge through communities. Networking involves relationships between different stakeholders in agriculture, including informal agreements between groups, communities, and networks.
The document provides information on the research network and programmes of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar. It details the university's research organization structure and various research centres across Uttaranchal that focus on crops, horticulture, medicinal plants, dairy, poultry and more. Over 277 research projects are currently in operation covering areas like agriculture, horticulture and missions with a total financial outlay of over Rs. 50 crores. The research centres conduct studies on improving production and provide training facilities to students and farmers.
Earlier Uttarakhand was thought as Cyber state but it is very far from being. The steps towards cyber state are week. People's awareness, participation and investment for infrastructure are poor. There is a great scope of ICT for agricultural development in the state.
The document discusses the perspectives of farmers on India's impending food security bill. It makes three key points:
1) India's rapidly growing population of over 1.24 billion people places great pressure on food grain production, though production has increased from 50 million tons in 1951-52 to 257.3 million tons today, hunger still exists.
2) While agriculture's share of GDP has declined, technological interventions like modern varieties, irrigation, and fertilizers have helped increase crop yields but support varies by crop.
3) The food security bill may negatively impact farmers by lowering food prices and failing to address the fatigue in the farming sector or rising production costs without also improving agricultural infrastructure and opportunities.
1) The document discusses converging indigenous and western knowledge systems and implications for extension education. It acknowledges that indigenous history and future does not depend solely on western worldviews.
2) The study will use qualitative research methods to examine if locating indigenous and western knowledge systems in a shared "ethical space" can identify their complementary aspects and enable creative interconnections in research and teaching while preserving the integrity of each system.
3) It will also explore if a portable collaborative institutional model can be developed for indigenous adult education that is customized locally and interconnected between indigenous community institutions and conventional professional institutions.
The document provides tips for effective communication skills. It emphasizes the importance of knowing what you want to say beforehand, being focused on the listener, getting to the main point quickly, practicing persuasion, and controlling fear through preparation and confidence. It also discusses active listening skills like allowing others to speak and concentrating on understanding different perspectives. Overall, the document outlines best practices for public speaking, networking, complaints, and achieving communication goals.
Women play a major but often unacknowledged role in Indian agriculture, performing many backbreaking tasks with little recognition or compensation. They are involved in activities across the agricultural cycle from preparing fields to post-harvest work. However, women have less access than men to resources, education, credit, and decision making. The Gender in Agriculture Platform for Gender in Agriculture Partnership (GAP 4 GAP) aims to empower women and address issues like drudgery reduction, food security, and climate risks. It will establish hubs in different states to provide skills, technologies, and knowledge to help women farmers. More efforts are needed to leverage information technology and organize women's clubs to meaningfully increase women's contributions to Indian agriculture.
PURA project was the dream project of our beloved Ex President Dr A P J Abdul Kalam and was initiated in the Tehri district of Uttarakhand as pilot project.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
This document summarizes a study on the environmental awareness of rural residents in Hamirpur District, Himachal Pradesh, India. The study surveyed 1208 residents across 25 villages. It assessed their awareness of different environmental issues through a questionnaire. The results showed high awareness of local issues like air, water, and noise pollution, but lower awareness of global issues like climate change. Most respondents gained environmental knowledge from TV and newspapers. While awareness levels were reasonably high, more work is still needed to increase awareness and promote environmentally responsible behavior.
The document discusses nature and humanity's relationship with nature. It argues that humans are inherently part of nature as we depend on natural systems like soil, air, water and plants for survival. However, modern life has increasingly isolated humans from nature. While people may interact with nature through activities like hiking, they often view nature as something separate. The document notes how earlier human societies like hunter-gatherers and agricultural societies had a closer relationship with nature as their lives and technologies directly depended on the environment. Now, industrialization has led to widespread environmental damage and humans have an enormous impact on natural cycles. To better care for the environment, humans must recognize that we are part of the natural community and our fate is intertwined with nature
Climate change and farming vulnerability in the coast ofAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the impacts of climate change on farming in coastal Bangladesh. It finds that farmers in the study region face many climate-related hazards like river erosion, salinity intrusion, flooding, and heavy rainfall. Most farmers have small landholdings below 0.2 hectares. The main crops are rice varieties, though some areas experience too much salinity for certain rice types. Many farmers rely on rainwater instead of river water for irrigation. The study found that around 37% of farmers migrate seasonally due to climate impacts, with 21% migrating permanently. During rainy season, over 25% of households face waterlogging and flooding issues. Farmers also suffer from diseases linked to climate change like
The document summarizes a chapter about agriculture and food production from the textbook "Human Geography: Places and Regions in Global Context, 5th Edition". It discusses how agriculture has undergone three revolutions, transforming practices through mechanization, chemicals, and links to other economic sectors. Modern agriculture is highly industrialized and part of the global economic system. The chapter examines traditional and modern agricultural practices in different regions, the industrialization process, forces of agricultural globalization, and relationships between agriculture, environment, and society.
This document summarizes a study that compared insect communities in meadow and wooded areas. Previous research found that plant richness had varying effects on insect abundance and communities in meadows. The current study examined how habitat type, including differences in vegetation, temperature, water availability, affected insect species. Experiments were conducted to identify species living in each area. While butterflies were positively impacted by forest space, the surrounding meadows were negatively affected, highlighting how habitat type influences insect communities.
Slash and burn agriculture, also known as shifting cultivation, is a method of subsistence farming that has been practiced for thousands of years in tropical and subtropical regions. It involves clearing plots of forestland, burning the cut vegetation, and planting crops for a few years before abandoning the plots to fallow for 20+ years as natural vegetation regrows. When practiced with sufficiently long fallow periods in areas with low population density, slash and burn agriculture can be sustainable and maintain high biodiversity levels. However, increasing populations have forced shorter fallow periods in some areas, making the system unsustainable and reducing yields. While criticized for its environmental impacts, advocates argue it can be productive and sustainable when practiced properly with population control and
Women are disproportionately affected by climate change in several ways:
1) They constitute the majority of the world's poor and are more dependent on natural resources for their livelihoods that are threatened by climate change.
2) Climate change exacerbates issues like food insecurity, loss of biodiversity, water scarcity, and health problems that impact women's lives directly through their roles and responsibilities.
3) Environmental degradation and climate change impacts like flooding and drought increase human migration, which often results in poorer outcomes for women in less developed countries.
Women are more vulnerable than men to the effects of climate change. They constitute the majority of the world's poor and are more dependent on natural resources for their livelihoods. Climate change threatens food security and agriculture, which women play a large role in as farmers in developing countries. It also threatens biodiversity that many rural communities rely on for basic needs. However, women's traditional knowledge can help climate change adaptation and mitigation efforts, and their roles in households position them to contribute to more sustainable livelihood strategies.
This document provides an overview of organic farming in India and Odisha. It discusses how organic farming was promoted in Kalahandi district through the efforts of Agragamee, focusing on settled agriculture, building indigenous knowledge, and preserving local seeds. Organic farming aims to create a balanced relationship between the earth and humans by avoiding synthetic inputs and understanding nature's processes. Vermicomposting and cooperatives help further organic farming goals in Tentulipada village. Overall, organic farming areas and markets are growing globally, with India emerging as a top producer and exporter through programs like NPOP that regulate the industry.
This document provides an overview of Natueco farming. Some key points:
1. Natueco farming aims to imitate nature through scientific methods to strengthen farm ecology in a holistic way that addresses issues like reducing dependency on external inputs and working within available resources without harming the environment.
2. It goes beyond organic farming by taking a scientific approach of continuously learning about nature through experiments rather than just trusting nature.
3. The vision is for every farmer to prosper, consumers to be healthy, and nature to thrive, by working in harmony with natural laws through a service-oriented approach rather than commercial exploitation.
4. Young farmers are adopting it and reaping benefits like lower resource use and
Presentación de Jacqueline Cariño (Filipinas) - Seminario Internacional Puebl...FAO
Presentación de Jacqueline Cariño de Filipinas en el marco del Seminario Internacional de Expertos sobre 'Diversidad Cultural, Sistemas Alimentarios y Estrategias Tradicionales de Vida' realizado del 4 al 6 de noviembre de 2014 en Cusco Perú.
The document discusses the importance of water as a natural resource and its various uses. It notes that while water is abundant globally, only a small percentage is available for human use. It then describes some key properties of water and how it is essential for life. The document goes on to discuss issues around overexploitation of groundwater resources, as well as problems caused by floods and droughts. It also briefly mentions the traditional Indian water management system and the benefits and problems associated with large dams.
1) Mineral resources are naturally occurring substances that are extracted through mining processes including prospecting, exploration, development and exploitation. Mining operations can be hazardous and cause environmental degradation through depletion of land and pollution.
2) Food resources primarily come from agriculture, animal husbandry and fishing. India has become self-sufficient in food production through Green Revolution technologies but these are unsustainable and damage the environment.
3) Around 18 million people die each year from starvation or malnutrition globally. Food security depends on sustainable agricultural practices, population control, equitable distribution and conservation of genetic diversity and natural resources like forests, fish and land.
Innovative technologies in agriculture and rural developmentlivolinkfoundation
This document summarizes an innovative tree-based farming system developed for arid regions by the Bhartiya Agro Industries Foundation (BAIF). The system aims to improve livelihoods and address environmental degradation in India's arid zones, which cover over 35 million hectares across 7 states. It promotes agroforestry and silvopasture practices to increase vegetation cover, biomass production, and drought resilience through the introduction of hardy tree species that provide fodder, fuelwood and improve soil and water conservation. The system seeks to develop more sustainable livelihood options for communities in desert regions that currently face challenges of poverty, malnutrition, lack of health services and dependence on migration due to scarce natural resources and recurrent
Discusses the use of science in combination with local knowledge and practices that can help address climate change-related concerns. Various approaches used by CURE are outlined. This policy brief is based on the paper "Rice Crisis and Climate Risk Manaement: A review of the CURE Approach", published in Asian Journal for Agriculture and Development (AJAD) Volume 5, No. 1.
The document outlines the changes made to the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) through a reform process. Key changes include:
1) Fifteen new CGIAR Research Programs were established to conduct integrated research across core competencies and form appropriate partnerships to achieve four system-level outcomes: reduction in poverty, increased global food security, improved nutrition, and better natural resource management.
2) A leaner structure was implemented with the Consortium providing a single contact point for donors and overseeing fifteen research centers and programs. A CGIAR Fund was also established as a new multi-donor funding mechanism.
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Sustainable agriculture in India is important given issues with conventional agriculture such as declining soil fertility, water contamination, and loss of biodiversity. Sustainable agriculture improves ecological sustainability by increasing soil organic matter and water retention, encourages biodiversity through mixed cropping, and reduces pollution. It enhances economic sustainability by focusing on local needs over exports, lowering debt risks, and opening niche markets. Socially, it aims to be inclusive, empower local knowledge, and improve food security and participation. Policies in India should promote sustainable practices like organic farming and resource conservation to ensure long-term agricultural and environmental stability.
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Horticulture with animal husbandry is most suitable farming system in Hill and Mountain ecosystems. It has varied options for employment and conservation of environment.
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More from G B Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, (U S Nagar), Uttarakhand, India (20)
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
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The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
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accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
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providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
Risk prone agri.
1. Risk Prone Agriculture: Natural Demonstration in Uttarakhand Disaster
*R P Singh, Ph.D.
Associate Director Extension
A well known environmentalist and reckoned activist of Chipko-Movement Shri Sunder Lal Bahuguna
said about the disaster ‘It is a man-made disaster. When you try force change nature and its landscape,
it gets back and punishes you. This was a land meant for meditation, but it has been turned into purely a
tourist destination. The government and the big private money have brought in changes on a gigantic
scale, totally unsuitable and detrimental for fragile ecosystem of the Himalayas. If the government
wants to end this cycle of disasters it should ban excavations, big dams, and construction of roads in
higher altitude and fragile regions. Dams on free flowing serpentine rivers are making the living water
dead’ (Hindustan Times; July 9, 2013).
It has been a rough month, a terrible disaster for those directly affected by the calamity in
Uttarakhand. For many of us, witness to the events unfolding, the difficulty caused by the nature.
Stories of loss, miracles and heroism abound. As the echoes fade away, the effort to help the impacted
cannot lose momentum. What is lost is gone forever, we are now obliged to provide hope; to the young
of a brighter tomorrow and to the people at large, the possibility of resurgence. The disaster left the
imprint of its existence on the heart of millions. Electronic, print and social media is discussing
Uttarakhand for revival. Government and Non Government Organizations are making efforts for
supplying food and domestic use materials to the people of the affected regions. But people of the area
are concerned about their agriculture. The agriculture of this area is only means of food security and
livelihood enterprise. Nothing has been discussed about agricultural recoupment and contingency plan
for further agriculture.
A study “Constraint analysis in adoption of vegetable production technologies for livelihood perspective
of Tribal farmers in North Sikkim” revealed that ‘Most of the growers loose their produces even after
bumper production of crops’ due to poor management of soil and physical terrain (Mohanty et al, 2013).
As Shri Bahuguna mentioned ‘fragile ecosystem of Himalaya’, is risk prone for agriculture. The basic rule
is to do agriculture on less than 30% of land slop. More than this slop agriculture will certainly be not
profitable and cause for soil erosion. Here we should discuss agriculture in Uttarakhand, especially hill
dominated area. It comes under high land of the Hindukush Himalaya.
There are three types of agriculture identified by the Brundtland Commission (WCED 1987; 120-2).
These were Industrial agriculture, green revolution agriculture and the third, resource poor agriculture.
The first or industrial agriculture is found in industrialized, rich world, but also in specialized enclaves in
the third world. It has large farming unites, is highly capitalized, and relies on high inputs and often on
high subsidies. The second or green revolution agriculture is found in agricultural heartlands in well
endowed areas in the Third world, either irrigated or with good and reliable rainfall. These include the
large irrigated plain and deltas of South, South east and East Asia and part of Latin America and North
Africa. It includes large and small farms, and exploits high yielding varieties with complementary inputs.
The third type of agriculture has been described as ‘low resource’, ‘resource poor’ or ‘under valued
2. resource’ and is identified as unfavorable or difficult areas. These are mainly rain fed, and often
undulating and with fragile or problem soils. They include farming lands of many types- in hinterlands,
high lands, dry lands and wet lands and in forests, mountains and hills. The hill and mountain zone
comes under third type of agriculture which is resource poor and under valued.
The new challenge to the agricultural research can be understood in terms of these three types
of agriculture. Industrial and green revolution agriculture are both relatively simple in their
farming systems, often with large fields and monocropping, uniform in their environments, and
low risk. In contrast, the third type of agriculture can be characterized as complex in its farming
systems, divers in its environments and risk prone.
The resource poor farm families of the complex diversified and risk prone agriculture have not
benefited as much. In contrast with industrialized and green revolution agriculture the physical,
social and economic conditions of this resource poor agriculture differ more from those of
research stations. Simple and high input- packages do not fit well with the small scale,
complexity and diversity of their farming systems or with their poor access and risk prone
environments. For them each season demands its own adaptive performance, depending on
unpredictable weather, and the inter play over time of farming activities with the household’s
resources. Farm families often lack reliable access to purchased inputs, and need to use them
sparingly, if at all, in the face of risks. In these conditions there are limits to extent their needs
can be met by conventional research.
One consequence has been that resource- poor farmers have been slow or unable to adopt
many of recommendations flowing from agricultural research. Earlier after independence it was
considered as ignorance and extension education was prescribed. In 70s
and early 80s
, non-
adoption was often attributed as farm level constraints; gap in yield between research station
and farm were analyzed; and the prescription was to try to make the farm more like the
research station. In the 90s
, it was realized that the problem is neither the farmer nor the farm,
but the technology; and that the fault of the technology can be traced to the priorities and
processes which generate it. This insight have been recognized by many sources world wide,
and Indigenous technical Knowledge has been more and more recognized as valid and useful. In
agriculture, social and biological sciences have increasingly gone to farmers to understand
farmers to understand reasons for non-adoption. Farming system researches have made huge
contribution by revealing the complexity of farming systems and of the decisions which face
resource poor farmers. Farmers have increasingly been recognized as themselves innovators
and experimenters; perhaps most decisively, farmers have again and again been found to be
rational and right in behavior which at first seemed irrational and wrong to outside professional
observers. While these changes have been gathering momentum, few social and biological
scientists and few field workers have started new ways with farm families, and showed that
besides normal agricultural research, there are also other ways to identify priorities and to
3. develop and test technologies. In the early stages of a new movement, many flowers have
bloomed and many labels have been used. ‘Farmer back to Farmers’, ‘Farmer first and last’,
‘Farmer Participatory Research’ and ‘Approach Development’ have been added to
‘downstream’ farming system research. The later forms of these approaches all use reversal to
complement to conventional research.
The conventional approach has been ‘Transfer of Technology’. In this mode, priorities are
determined by scientists, who generate technology on research stations and laboratory, to be
transferred through extension services to farmers. In the new complementary mode, this
process is stood on its head. Instead of starting with knowledge, problems, analysis and
priorities of scientists, it starts with the knowledge, problem, analysis and the priorities of
farmer’s families. Instead of research stations as the main locus of action, it is now the farm.
Instead of the scientist as the central experimenter, it is now the farmer as man or women and
other member of the farm family. The label that is given to these practices does not matter, but
farmer’s participation and priorities are recurrent themes and reversal to the central. These
reverse practices are the need of hours for research priorities in the fragile ecosystems and risk
prone agriculture, which may vary at meters or families. It requires more intensification of
scientific researches and trained farmers to adapt the newer technology at fast rate.
Hill and mountain ecosystem representing the complex and interrelated ecology of our planet,
mountain environments are essential to the survival of global ecosystem. Mountain ecosystems
are, however, rapidly changing. They are susceptible to accelerated soil erosion, landslides, and
rapid loss of habitat and genetic diversity. On the human side, there is widespread poverty
among mountain inhabitants and loss of indigenous knowledge. In Uttarakhand, people are
experiencing environmental degradation which affects all the adjoining areas and people.
Hence, the proper management of the mountain resources and socio economic development of
the people deserves immediate action.
There is need to focus on two main areas to save the fragile ecosystem of hill and mountain:
(A). Generating and strengthening knowledge about the ecology and sustainable development
of mountain ecosystems.
(B). Promoting integrated watershed development and alternative livelihood opportunities.
(A). Generating and strengthening knowledge about the ecology and sustainable
development of mountain ecosystems.
Management related activities
4. Governments at the appropriate level, with the support of the relevant international and
regional organizations, should:
(a) Strengthen existing institutions or establish new ones at local, national and regional levels to
generate a multidisciplinary land/water ecological knowledge base on mountain ecosystems;
(b) Promote national policies that would provide incentives to local people for the use and
transfer of environment-friendly technologies and farming and conservation practices;
(c) Build up the knowledge base and understanding by creating mechanisms for cooperation
and information exchange among national and regional institutions working on fragile
ecosystems;
(d) Encourage policies that would provide incentives to farmers and local people to undertake
conservation and regenerative measures;
(e) Diversify mountain economies, inter/alia, by creating and/or strengthening tourism, in
accordance with integrated management of mountain areas;
(f) Integrate all forest, rangeland and wildlife activities in such a way that specific mountain
ecosystems are maintained;
(g) Establish appropriate natural reserves in representative species-rich sites and areas.
Data and information
Governments at the appropriate level, with the support of the relevant international and
regional organizations, should:
(a) Maintain and establish meteorological, hydrological and physical monitoring analysis and
capabilities that would encompass the climatic diversity as well as water distribution of various
mountain regions of the world;
(b) Build an inventory of different forms of soils, forests, water use, and crop, plant and animal
genetic resources, giving priority to those under threat of extinction. Genetic resources should
be protected in situ by maintaining and establishing protected areas and improving traditional
farming and animal husbandry activities and establishing programmes for evaluating the
potential value of the resources;
(c) Identify hazardous areas that are most vulnerable to erosion, floods, landslides,
earthquakes, snow avalanches and other natural hazards;
(d) Identify mountain areas threatened by air pollution from neighbouring industrial and urban
areas.
5. Means of implementation
(a) Financing and cost evaluation
Actual costs and financial terms, including any that are non-concessional, will depend upon,
inter alia, the specific strategies and programmes Governments decide upon for
implementation.
(b) Scientific and technological means
Governments at the appropriate level, with the support of the relevant international and
regional organizations, should strengthen scientific research and technological development
programmes, including diffusion through national and regional institutions, particularly in
meteorology, hydrology, forestry, soil sciences and plant sciences.
(c) Human resource development
Governments at the appropriate level, and with the support of the relevant international and
regional organizations, should:
(a) Launch training and extension programmes in environmentally appropriate technologies
and practices that would be suitable to mountain ecosystems;
(b) Support higher education through fellowships and research grants for environmental studies
in mountains and hill areas, particularly for candidates from indigenous mountain populations;
(c) Undertake environmental science education for farmers, in particular for women, to help
the rural population to better understand the ecological issues regarding the sustainable
development of mountain ecosystems.
(d) Capacity-building
Governments at the appropriate level, with the support of the relevant international and
regional organizations, should build up national and regional institutional bases that could carry
out research, training and dissemination of information on the sustainable development of the
economies of fragile ecosystems.
(B). Promoting integrated watershed development and alternative livelihood opportunities.
There are serious problems of ecological deterioration in the watershed areas. For example, in
the hillside areas of the Uttarakhand, a large portion of the farming population is now faced
with a rapid deterioration of land resources, which make vital contributions to agricultural
production, are threatened by cultivation of marginal lands due to expanding population. In
many areas this is accompanied by excessive livestock grazing, deforestation and loss of
6. biomass cover. Soil erosion can have a devastating impact on the vast numbers of rural people
who depend on rain fed agriculture in the mountain and hillside areas. Poverty, unemployment,
poor health and bad sanitation are widespread. Promoting integrated watershed development
programmes through effective participation of local people is a key to preventing further
ecological imbalance. An integrated approach is needed for conserving, upgrading and using
the natural resource base of land, water, plant, animal and human resources. In addition,
promoting alternative livelihood opportunities, particularly through development of
employment schemes that increase the productive base, will have a significant role in
improving the standard of living among the large rural population living in mountain
ecosystems.
Management-related activities
Governments at the appropriate level, with the support of the relevant international and
regional organizations, should:
(a) Undertake measures to prevent soil erosion and promote erosion-control activities in all
sectors;
(b) Establish task forces or watershed development committees, complementing existing
institutions, to coordinate integrated services to support local initiatives in animal husbandry,
forestry, horticulture and rural development at all administrative levels;
(c) Enhance popular participation in the management of local resources through appropriate
legislation;
(d) Support non-governmental organizations and other private groups assisting local
organizations and communities in the preparation of projects that would enhance participatory
development of local people;
(e) Provide mechanisms to preserve threatened areas that could protect wild life conserve
biological diversity or serve as national parks;
(f) Develop national policies that would provide incentives to farmers and local people to
undertake conservation measures and to use environment-friendly technologies;
(g) Undertake income-generating activities in cottage and agro-processing industries, such as
the cultivation and processing of medicinal and aromatic plants;
(h) Undertake the above activities, taking into account the need for full participation of women,
including indigenous people and local communities, in development.
Data and information
7. Governments at the appropriate level, with the support of the relevant international and
regional organizations, should:
(a) Maintain and establish systematic observation and evaluation capacities at the national,
state or provincial level to generate information for daily operations and to assess the
environmental and socio-economic impacts of projects;
(b) Generate data on alternative livelihoods and diversified production systems at the village
level on annual and tree crops, livestock, poultry, beekeeping, fisheries, village industries,
markets, transport and income-earning opportunities, taking fully into account the role of
women and integrating them into the planning and implementation process.
Means of implementation
(a) Financial and cost evaluation
Actual costs and financial terms, including any that are non-concessional, will depend upon,
inter alia, the specific strategies and programmes Governments decide upon for
implementation. Financing for the promotion of alternative livelihoods in mountain ecosystems
should be viewed as part of a country's anti-poverty or alternative livelihoods programme.
(b) Scientific and technical means
Governments at the appropriate level, with the support of the relevant international and
regional organizations, should:
(a) Consider undertaking pilot projects that combine environmental protection and
development functions with particular emphasis on some of the traditional environmental
management practices or systems that have a good impact on the environment;
(b) Generate technologies for specific watershed and farm conditions through a participatory
approach involving local men and women, researchers and extension agents who will carry out
experiments and trials on farm conditions;
(c) Promote technologies of vegetative conservation measures for erosion prevention, in situ
moisture management, improved cropping technology, fodder production and agroforestry
that are low-cost, simple and easily adopted by local people.
(c) Human resource development
Governments at the appropriate level, with the support of the relevant international and
regional organizations, should:
8. (a) Promote a multidisciplinary and cross-sectoral approach in training and the dissemination of
knowledge to local people on a wide range of issues, such as household production systems,
conservation and utilization of arable and non-arable land, treatment of drainage lines and
recharging of groundwater, livestock management, fisheries, agro forestry and horticulture;
(b) Develop human resources by providing access to education, health, energy and
infrastructure;
(c) Promote local awareness and preparedness for disaster prevention and mitigation,
combined with the latest available technology for early warning and forecasting.
(d) Capacity-building
Governments at the appropriate level should develop and strengthen national centres for
watershed management to encourage a comprehensive approach to the environmental, socio-
economic, technological, legislative, financial and administrative aspects and provide support to
policy makers, administrators, field staff and farmers for watershed development.
The private sector and local communities, in cooperation with national Governments, should
promote local infrastructure development, including communication networks, mini- or micro-
hydro development to support cottage industries, and access to markets.
References:
Hindustan Times; daily news paper (English) in India, July 9, 2013. Published from New Delhi.
Mohanty, A K, B Lepch and Ashok Kumar, ‘Constraint analysis in adoption of vegetable
production technologies for livelihood perspective of tribal farmers in North Sikkim’.IRJEE,
Vol.13 No.2, 2013.
WCED, 1987: 120; 2. Washington.