The document discusses participatory development and stakeholder participation in addressing land degradation issues in southern Africa. It focuses on involving local communities in monitoring land degradation indicators and developing sustainable land management practices. The key challenges are the multi-dimensional nature of land degradation, current methods being unable to adequately address this, and lack of community participation. The document proposes developing degradation indicators that empower non-specialists to detect changes and identify solutions. It also advocates maintaining traditional livestock movement systems and adapting them to increased climate variability through cross-scale monitoring and knowledge sharing.
Socio-economic Impacts of Land Degradation and the Need for Leadership for A ...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
Socio-economic Impacts of Land Degradation and the Need for Leadership for A Complex World: A Case Study in Southern Mexico by Michael J. Manfredo Professor and Dept. Head, Colorado State University, USA; during the Special Event "The Socio-Economics of Desertification, Land Degradation and Drought" during the WEF Annual Meeting 2011 in Davos Switzerland
Limits to acceptable change and ecological footprintAMALDASKH
This document discusses two tools for sustainable tourism: Limits to Acceptable Change (LAC) and Ecological Footprint. LAC is a process that requires managers to define desired resource conditions and take actions to maintain them, allowing some level of change but minimizing impacts. Key factors to consider with LAC include assessing impacts, agreeing on tolerable changes, monitoring impacts, and taking action if standards are exceeded. Ecological Footprint measures the amount of productive land and sea area required to support a population's resource consumption and waste, helping identify unsustainable trends. The document provides examples of how these tools were applied to measure the footprint of the Kingfisher Bay Resort in Australia.
The document discusses land degradation and management in Southern Africa. It notes that most people in the region depend on subsistence agriculture and live in rural areas. However, the soils are generally poor with low fertility and vulnerable to erosion. Land degradation is caused by factors like erosion, overgrazing, deforestation, population pressure, and climate events. While various management initiatives have been implemented, adoption of technologies remains low due to poverty and literacy issues. The document concludes more training is needed for rural communities and that people-centered development should be prioritized to sustainably manage land degradation in Southern Africa.
Land use planning is important for achieving life on earth by promoting sustainable development and management of natural resources. Without proper land use planning, soil degradation affects over 1.5 billion people globally and each year 12 million hectares of land are lost to drought, desertification, and deforestation, endangering wildlife. This highlights the need to protect, restore, and sustainably manage forests and combat desertification through awareness programs, replantation, and methods to stop soil erosion, in order to reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss for current and future generations.
This document discusses land degradation and its management. It defines land degradation as changes to soil quality that negatively impact fertility. Key points made include:
1) Over 50% of agricultural land is moderately to severely degraded, with 75 billion tons of fertile soil disappearing each year and 12 million hectares lost to drought/desertification annually.
2) Causes of land degradation include deforestation, soil erosion, mining, industrialization, unsustainable agriculture, and urban expansion.
3) Effects are declines in soil properties, water availability, biodiversity, and productivity which threaten food/water security.
4) Sustainable land management techniques like crop rotation, contour farming and bund construction can help reduce
Asia Regional Program Planning Meeting- Climate Change Impacts in Asia,Prese...ICRISAT
Widespread global land degradation affects over 2 billion hectares and supports around 1.5 billion people. Soil chemical degradation like nutrient loss accounts for over 40% of cropland degradation. Drylands, which comprise 40% of the world's total land area, have 47% of their rainfed cropland degraded. Watershed management and soil test-based fertilization have led to yield increases of 20-70% and have reduced soil loss. Increasing soil organic carbon can boost crop yields and enhance food production in developing countries by 30-50 million tons per year. Reversing land degradation through improved soil management practices is crucial for food security.
1. Land degradation refers to long-term loss of ecosystem function and productivity caused by disturbances from which the land cannot recover. It is caused by both natural and human factors and results in declining soil fertility and productivity over time.
2. The major causes of land degradation include overpopulation, deforestation, overgrazing, unsustainable agricultural practices, industrialization, and climate change. In Asia, where populations are rapidly growing, degradation is exacerbated by clearing natural vegetation for agriculture without nutrient replenishment.
3. The impacts of land degradation include threatened food security as populations rise, increased poverty, and potential for conflicts over scarce resources. Land degradation reduces yields and leads to smaller farms, lower production, land
The document provides an overview of the ecological footprint concept. It defines ecological footprint as a method that measures human demand on nature against the Earth's biological capacity to regenerate resources and absorb waste. Key points include:
- Humanity's ecological footprint has exceeded the Earth's biocapacity since the 1970s, meaning more than 1 Earth is needed each year to replenish what is used.
- The ecological footprint is calculated by adding up the productive land and sea area required to produce the resources an individual, group, or activity consumes and absorb their waste, expressed in global hectares.
- Many countries and individuals have an ecological deficit, using more than what local ecosystems can regenerate.
Socio-economic Impacts of Land Degradation and the Need for Leadership for A ...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
Socio-economic Impacts of Land Degradation and the Need for Leadership for A Complex World: A Case Study in Southern Mexico by Michael J. Manfredo Professor and Dept. Head, Colorado State University, USA; during the Special Event "The Socio-Economics of Desertification, Land Degradation and Drought" during the WEF Annual Meeting 2011 in Davos Switzerland
Limits to acceptable change and ecological footprintAMALDASKH
This document discusses two tools for sustainable tourism: Limits to Acceptable Change (LAC) and Ecological Footprint. LAC is a process that requires managers to define desired resource conditions and take actions to maintain them, allowing some level of change but minimizing impacts. Key factors to consider with LAC include assessing impacts, agreeing on tolerable changes, monitoring impacts, and taking action if standards are exceeded. Ecological Footprint measures the amount of productive land and sea area required to support a population's resource consumption and waste, helping identify unsustainable trends. The document provides examples of how these tools were applied to measure the footprint of the Kingfisher Bay Resort in Australia.
The document discusses land degradation and management in Southern Africa. It notes that most people in the region depend on subsistence agriculture and live in rural areas. However, the soils are generally poor with low fertility and vulnerable to erosion. Land degradation is caused by factors like erosion, overgrazing, deforestation, population pressure, and climate events. While various management initiatives have been implemented, adoption of technologies remains low due to poverty and literacy issues. The document concludes more training is needed for rural communities and that people-centered development should be prioritized to sustainably manage land degradation in Southern Africa.
Land use planning is important for achieving life on earth by promoting sustainable development and management of natural resources. Without proper land use planning, soil degradation affects over 1.5 billion people globally and each year 12 million hectares of land are lost to drought, desertification, and deforestation, endangering wildlife. This highlights the need to protect, restore, and sustainably manage forests and combat desertification through awareness programs, replantation, and methods to stop soil erosion, in order to reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss for current and future generations.
This document discusses land degradation and its management. It defines land degradation as changes to soil quality that negatively impact fertility. Key points made include:
1) Over 50% of agricultural land is moderately to severely degraded, with 75 billion tons of fertile soil disappearing each year and 12 million hectares lost to drought/desertification annually.
2) Causes of land degradation include deforestation, soil erosion, mining, industrialization, unsustainable agriculture, and urban expansion.
3) Effects are declines in soil properties, water availability, biodiversity, and productivity which threaten food/water security.
4) Sustainable land management techniques like crop rotation, contour farming and bund construction can help reduce
Asia Regional Program Planning Meeting- Climate Change Impacts in Asia,Prese...ICRISAT
Widespread global land degradation affects over 2 billion hectares and supports around 1.5 billion people. Soil chemical degradation like nutrient loss accounts for over 40% of cropland degradation. Drylands, which comprise 40% of the world's total land area, have 47% of their rainfed cropland degraded. Watershed management and soil test-based fertilization have led to yield increases of 20-70% and have reduced soil loss. Increasing soil organic carbon can boost crop yields and enhance food production in developing countries by 30-50 million tons per year. Reversing land degradation through improved soil management practices is crucial for food security.
1. Land degradation refers to long-term loss of ecosystem function and productivity caused by disturbances from which the land cannot recover. It is caused by both natural and human factors and results in declining soil fertility and productivity over time.
2. The major causes of land degradation include overpopulation, deforestation, overgrazing, unsustainable agricultural practices, industrialization, and climate change. In Asia, where populations are rapidly growing, degradation is exacerbated by clearing natural vegetation for agriculture without nutrient replenishment.
3. The impacts of land degradation include threatened food security as populations rise, increased poverty, and potential for conflicts over scarce resources. Land degradation reduces yields and leads to smaller farms, lower production, land
The document provides an overview of the ecological footprint concept. It defines ecological footprint as a method that measures human demand on nature against the Earth's biological capacity to regenerate resources and absorb waste. Key points include:
- Humanity's ecological footprint has exceeded the Earth's biocapacity since the 1970s, meaning more than 1 Earth is needed each year to replenish what is used.
- The ecological footprint is calculated by adding up the productive land and sea area required to produce the resources an individual, group, or activity consumes and absorb their waste, expressed in global hectares.
- Many countries and individuals have an ecological deficit, using more than what local ecosystems can regenerate.
Land degradation and conservation measures , hesia and lesiaKhushiSharma709267
The document discusses land degradation, its causes, and conservation measures. It then contrasts high external input agriculture (HEIA) and low external input sustainable agriculture (LEISA). HEIA relies on high-yielding hybrid seeds, synthetic pesticides, fertilizers, and irrigation. It increases yields but degrades soils and the environment over time. LEISA utilizes local resources and cultural practices more sustainably with lower external inputs and greater biodiversity to maintain yields long-term in an environmentally friendly manner.
1. This document provides sample essay questions on topics related to ecosystems and conservation. The questions assess understanding of topics like methods for recording ecosystem changes, impacts on the nitrogen cycle, the role of environmental impact assessments, and distinguishing between ecological concepts like succession and zonation.
2. The document outlines two reasons why societies may have differing perspectives on issues like global warming, including religious/cultural factors and levels of economic development. It also compares the roles of intergovernmental organizations and non-governmental organizations in conservation efforts.
3. Detailed answer schemes provide examples of concepts and frameworks that could be discussed for each question to receive full credit. These include describing ecological goods and services provided by specific ecosystems.
Vulnerability to climate change is determined by exposure to risks, sensitivity to impacts, and ability to adapt. Adaptation involves adjusting systems in response to actual or expected climate changes to moderate harm or exploit opportunities. There are two types of adaptation: autonomous reactive adaptation and anticipatory proactive adaptation. Estimating future agricultural responses to climate change involves using scenarios to explore possible adaptive measures, as scenarios do not necessarily describe what will actually occur. Biophysical impacts of climate change include changes in crop and livestock conditions, precipitation, water resources, pests, and soil quality. These can result in changes to crops grown, farming types, production, income, employment, GDP contribution, and export earnings.
Land degradation is the temporary or permanent lowering of land productivity caused by soil degradation, impacts on water resources, deforestation, and other factors. Key factors responsible for land degradation include loss of vegetation from deforestation, unsustainable extraction of fuel and fodder, shifting cultivation, encroachment into forests, overgrazing, failure to implement soil conservation measures, improper crop rotation, misuse of agrochemicals, poor management of irrigation systems, excessive groundwater extraction, open access to resources, and poverty among agriculture-dependent communities.
Strategies for Mitigation and Adaptation in Agriculture in context to Changin...Abhilash Singh Chauhan
- Agriculture is an important sector for India, contributing 17.32% to GDP and providing livelihoods for 54.6% of the population.
- Climate change is causing rising temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, and more frequent extreme weather events that are negatively impacting agricultural production in India. Greenhouse gas emissions from the agricultural sector, such as from livestock, rice cultivation, and fertilizer use, are also contributing to climate change.
- Both adaptation and mitigation strategies are needed to address climate change in agriculture. Adaptation involves making crops, livestock, and farming practices more resilient to climate impacts. Mitigation focuses on reducing agricultural greenhouse gas emissions through practices like improved cropland management, livestock management,
Huseina Abbas- Sea Change Powerpoint Presentation Section HHuseina Abbas
The document discusses trends in climate change and their impacts on public health, including more extreme precipitation events, flooding, sea level rise, and increased temperatures. It notes climate change events accounted for 90% of disaster fatalities from 1970-1999. Preparedness strategies are presented to build resilience like reducing vulnerability, preparing for extreme weather, and risk assessment. Specific strategies for New Jersey are outlined like conducting risk assessments, developing local leader coalitions, and educating the public. The conclusion emphasizes the need for cooperation across sectors to address the future impacts of climate change.
Food security and environmental degradationhspencer59
The document discusses food security and reasons for food insecurity globally and in the United States. It defines food security as physical and economic access to basic food. Rising populations strain food production, though some believe production can keep pace through increased yields, cropland, and cropping intensity. Barriers include infrastructure costs, lower productivity of new lands, and environmental impacts. Solutions proposed include improved irrigation, water pricing, crop rotation, and education. The document also notes hunger issues affect millions of Americans.
This document provides an overview of the ecological footprint, a tool created by William Rees and Mathis Wackernagel to measure human demand on the biosphere. The ecological footprint measures the amount of biologically productive land and sea area required to support human consumption and waste absorption. It indicates that humanity is currently in global ecological overshoot, using more than what the Earth can regenerate. The document discusses the methodology, components, and implications of ecological footprint accounting.
Soil fertility is the backbone of agriculture systems and plays a key role in determining food quantity and quality. The intension of soil fertility management is to improve soil buffering capacity and to reduce soil degradation. Soil health is fundamental for a healthy food production. It provides essential nutrients, water, oxygen and support to the roots, all elements that favor the growth and development of plants for food production. Now the Indian population is 1.37 billion (Census India gov.in) Land area availability is 3.287 million km2. Net cultivable area is 143 million ha. Degraded land in India around 141 million ha. Per capita land availability is 0.3 ha per farmer (Indian express Nov 6,2009). Food grain supply 234.0 million tons, food grain demand 236.2 million tones (Praduman Kumar et al.,2016). In the year 2019 Global Hunger Index(GHI), India ranks 102nd out of 117 qualifying countries. With a score of 30.3, India suffers from a level of hunger that is serious (Global Hunger Index Organization). Nearly 1 billion people around the world suffer from hunger. Soil management is important, both directly and indirectly, to crop productivity, environmental sustainability, and human health (Mittal et al., 2008). To achieve future food security, the management of soils in a sustainable manner will be the challenge, through proper nutrient management and appropriate conservation practices. Such as maintain soil organic carbon, effective utilization of natural resources, use of non-monetary input like LEISA etc., will be the better option to fulfils the ever-growing population’s food and nutritional security.
Land degradation is a significant problem in India, affecting over 120 million hectares or about 29% of the total land area. The main types of degradation are water erosion, wind erosion, salt-affected soils, and acid soils. About 64 million hectares of crop land is also affected.
To address land degradation, the document proposes developing detailed land resource inventories to identify appropriate land management and usage practices for different agro-ecological zones. This includes assessing soil and water conservation needs, irrigation potential, and recommending suitable cropping systems. Site-specific plans aim to boost rainfed agriculture, manage degraded hills and plateau lands, and restore coastal and floodplain areas. The goal is sustainable land use and increased
Session with Youth: Climate Change and Landipcc-media
The IPCC Special Report on Climate Change and Land finds that:
1) Climate change is adding to the unprecedented human pressures on land from agriculture and development. Warming over land is occurring faster than the global average.
2) Land degradation and desertification are being driven by expansion of croplands, unsustainable land management practices, and population growth, and are exacerbating climate change.
3) There are many options to mitigate climate change through better land management, but land-based solutions cannot solve the problem alone. Coordinated global action is needed to tackle climate change and support sustainable land use, food security, and development.
Land degradation refers to the reduction in soil quality and fertility due to various human and environmental factors. It is a major challenge for sustainable development. The causes of land degradation include deforestation, soil erosion, mining, unsustainable agricultural practices, and urban expansion. These activities can lead to declines in soil quality, water availability, biodiversity, and agricultural productivity. Conservation measures to prevent land degradation involve practices like strip farming, crop rotation, contour farming, and construction of bunds and ridges to reduce soil erosion. Sustainable land management aims to utilize land resources for production without reducing long-term productivity through practices informed by climate information.
The Sustainable Sites Initiative is a partnership between three organizations seeking to establish guidelines for sustainable landscape design, construction, and maintenance. The Initiative's guidelines in "The Sustainable Sites Initiative: Guidelines and Performance Benchmarks 2009" provide best practices aligned with healthy ecosystem functions to preserve natural resources for future generations, as defined by the United Nations. These voluntary guidelines are modeled after the LEED green building rating system and offer credits for practices that enhance environmental, economic, and social sustainability of landscapes according to ten guiding principles.
This study examines the socioeconomic impacts of UNDP/GEF-SGP funded community-based climate change mitigation projects in Dire Dawa Administration, Ethiopia. A survey of 160 households (80 beneficiaries and 80 non-beneficiaries) was conducted. Descriptive statistics and propensity score matching techniques were used to analyze the data. The results show that household income, assets, and consumption expenditures were higher for project beneficiaries compared to non-beneficiaries, indicating a positive impact of the projects on livelihoods. However, the projects also faced challenges that limited their potential impacts. Overall, the study found the average effect of the projects to be statistically significant and positive in improving socioeconomic conditions and the environment in the local community
This document discusses soil erosion, its causes, effects, and methods for prevention. It covers:
- Natural and human-caused soil erosion, with the latter including overcropping, overgrazing, and deforestation.
- Problems from erosion like loss of topsoil and declining plant productivity.
- A case study on erosion and desertification in Africa's Sahel region exacerbated by climate change.
- Conservation methods like windbreaks, contour plowing, stubble planting, terraces, and stone walls.
Grade 8 Integrated Science Chapter 20 Lesson 2 on human impact on the land. This lesson is a detailed look into the positive and negative effects of humans to land biomes. This lesson includes topics such as resource management, the nitrogen cycle, deforestation, mining, agriculture, and urban sprawl. Students should consider the many different impacts we have on the environment everyday.
Watershed Characterization And Management Planning In Wular Catchment [www.wr...WriteKraft Dissertations
Writekraft Research and Publications LLP was initially formed, informally, in 2006 by a group of scholars to help fellow students. Gradually, with several dissertations, thesis and assignments receiving acclaim and a good grade, Writekraft was officially founded in 2011 . Since its establishment, Writekraft Research & Publications LLP is Guiding and Mentoring PhD Scholars.
Our Mission
“To provide breakthrough research works to our clients through Perseverant efforts towards creativity and innovation”.
Vision
Writekraft endeavours to be the leading global research and publications company that will fulfil all research needs of our clients. We will achieve this vision through:
Analyzing every customer’s aims, objectives and purpose of research
Using advanced and latest tools and technique of research and analysis
Coordinating and including their own ideas and knowledge
Providing the desired inferences and results of the research
In the past decade, we have successfully assisted students from various universities in India and globally. We at Writekraft Research & Publications LLP head office in Kanpur, India are most trusted and professional Research, Writing, Guidance and Publication Service Provider for PhD. Our services meet all your PhD Admissions, Thesis Preparation and Research Paper Publication needs with highest regards for the quality you prefer.
Our Achievements
NATIONAL AWARD FOR BEST RESEARCH PROJECT (By Hon. President APJ Abdul Kalam)
GOLD MEDAL FOR RESEARCH ON DISABILITY (By Disabled’s Club of India)
NOMINATED FOR BEST MSME AWARDS 2017
5 STAR RATING ON GOOGLE
We have PhD experts from reputed institutions/ organizations like Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Indian Institute of Management (IIM) and many more apex education institutions in India. Our works are tailored and drafted as per your requirements and are totally unique.
From past years our core advisory members, research team assisted research scholars from various universities from all corners of world
Subjects/Areas We Cover
Management, Commerce, Finance, Marketing, Psychology, Education, Sociology, Mass communications, English Literature, English Language, Law, History, Computer Science & Engineering, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Pharmacy & Healthcare.
Participatory development: a Kalahari case studyBSBEtalk
This document discusses participatory development and land degradation in southern Africa. It summarizes stakeholder participation as a process where those affected take an active role in decision making. It also defines stakeholders and describes land degradation and desertification issues affecting the region. The document outlines challenges in assessing multi-dimensional land degradation and engaging communities. It proposes developing indicators that empower non-specialists to monitor changes and potential solutions.
The document discusses climate change and its impacts in Uganda. It provides an overview of climate change, defining it as long-term shifts in weather patterns due to human activity. It then discusses the impacts of climate change, including decreased food yields, flooding, droughts and increased spread of diseases. The document also discusses how climate change can potentially contribute to conflicts by exacerbating competition for scarce resources. It notes Africa's vulnerability to climate change due to factors like heavy reliance on agriculture and weak infrastructure. Finally, it discusses some initiatives countries in Africa have taken to address climate change.
Presentation by Terry Cannon from the Institute of Development Studies, at the Sustainable Livelihoods Approaches seminar on 26th January 2011, at the Institute of Development Studies, Brighton, UK.
Introduction to soil resources and land degradation; soil erosion; Soil and water conservation; land degradation components: Loss of biodiversity, salinization, water erosion, range land degradation; degradation processes, ecosystem function and losses; Basic concept of hazards, risk, vulnerability and degradation; Type of degradation, their causes and impacts; Tools, model and methodologies for land degradation assessment and monitoring, Conservation concept and measures, Reconciling degradation and land resources management issues
This document discusses applying a resilience perspective to challenges around water, food, and poverty. It outlines four interesting aspects of resilience thinking: 1) linked social-ecological systems and tradeoffs between ecosystem services, 2) regime shifts between persistent and developing systems, 3) the role of disturbances and shocks, and 4) operationalizing adaptive management. It provides two case studies, one restoring ecosystem services in the Andes and one using water innovations to transform dynamics in Tanzania. The document seeks to understand how resilience can enhance development and improve the connection between theory and practice.
Land degradation and conservation measures , hesia and lesiaKhushiSharma709267
The document discusses land degradation, its causes, and conservation measures. It then contrasts high external input agriculture (HEIA) and low external input sustainable agriculture (LEISA). HEIA relies on high-yielding hybrid seeds, synthetic pesticides, fertilizers, and irrigation. It increases yields but degrades soils and the environment over time. LEISA utilizes local resources and cultural practices more sustainably with lower external inputs and greater biodiversity to maintain yields long-term in an environmentally friendly manner.
1. This document provides sample essay questions on topics related to ecosystems and conservation. The questions assess understanding of topics like methods for recording ecosystem changes, impacts on the nitrogen cycle, the role of environmental impact assessments, and distinguishing between ecological concepts like succession and zonation.
2. The document outlines two reasons why societies may have differing perspectives on issues like global warming, including religious/cultural factors and levels of economic development. It also compares the roles of intergovernmental organizations and non-governmental organizations in conservation efforts.
3. Detailed answer schemes provide examples of concepts and frameworks that could be discussed for each question to receive full credit. These include describing ecological goods and services provided by specific ecosystems.
Vulnerability to climate change is determined by exposure to risks, sensitivity to impacts, and ability to adapt. Adaptation involves adjusting systems in response to actual or expected climate changes to moderate harm or exploit opportunities. There are two types of adaptation: autonomous reactive adaptation and anticipatory proactive adaptation. Estimating future agricultural responses to climate change involves using scenarios to explore possible adaptive measures, as scenarios do not necessarily describe what will actually occur. Biophysical impacts of climate change include changes in crop and livestock conditions, precipitation, water resources, pests, and soil quality. These can result in changes to crops grown, farming types, production, income, employment, GDP contribution, and export earnings.
Land degradation is the temporary or permanent lowering of land productivity caused by soil degradation, impacts on water resources, deforestation, and other factors. Key factors responsible for land degradation include loss of vegetation from deforestation, unsustainable extraction of fuel and fodder, shifting cultivation, encroachment into forests, overgrazing, failure to implement soil conservation measures, improper crop rotation, misuse of agrochemicals, poor management of irrigation systems, excessive groundwater extraction, open access to resources, and poverty among agriculture-dependent communities.
Strategies for Mitigation and Adaptation in Agriculture in context to Changin...Abhilash Singh Chauhan
- Agriculture is an important sector for India, contributing 17.32% to GDP and providing livelihoods for 54.6% of the population.
- Climate change is causing rising temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, and more frequent extreme weather events that are negatively impacting agricultural production in India. Greenhouse gas emissions from the agricultural sector, such as from livestock, rice cultivation, and fertilizer use, are also contributing to climate change.
- Both adaptation and mitigation strategies are needed to address climate change in agriculture. Adaptation involves making crops, livestock, and farming practices more resilient to climate impacts. Mitigation focuses on reducing agricultural greenhouse gas emissions through practices like improved cropland management, livestock management,
Huseina Abbas- Sea Change Powerpoint Presentation Section HHuseina Abbas
The document discusses trends in climate change and their impacts on public health, including more extreme precipitation events, flooding, sea level rise, and increased temperatures. It notes climate change events accounted for 90% of disaster fatalities from 1970-1999. Preparedness strategies are presented to build resilience like reducing vulnerability, preparing for extreme weather, and risk assessment. Specific strategies for New Jersey are outlined like conducting risk assessments, developing local leader coalitions, and educating the public. The conclusion emphasizes the need for cooperation across sectors to address the future impacts of climate change.
Food security and environmental degradationhspencer59
The document discusses food security and reasons for food insecurity globally and in the United States. It defines food security as physical and economic access to basic food. Rising populations strain food production, though some believe production can keep pace through increased yields, cropland, and cropping intensity. Barriers include infrastructure costs, lower productivity of new lands, and environmental impacts. Solutions proposed include improved irrigation, water pricing, crop rotation, and education. The document also notes hunger issues affect millions of Americans.
This document provides an overview of the ecological footprint, a tool created by William Rees and Mathis Wackernagel to measure human demand on the biosphere. The ecological footprint measures the amount of biologically productive land and sea area required to support human consumption and waste absorption. It indicates that humanity is currently in global ecological overshoot, using more than what the Earth can regenerate. The document discusses the methodology, components, and implications of ecological footprint accounting.
Soil fertility is the backbone of agriculture systems and plays a key role in determining food quantity and quality. The intension of soil fertility management is to improve soil buffering capacity and to reduce soil degradation. Soil health is fundamental for a healthy food production. It provides essential nutrients, water, oxygen and support to the roots, all elements that favor the growth and development of plants for food production. Now the Indian population is 1.37 billion (Census India gov.in) Land area availability is 3.287 million km2. Net cultivable area is 143 million ha. Degraded land in India around 141 million ha. Per capita land availability is 0.3 ha per farmer (Indian express Nov 6,2009). Food grain supply 234.0 million tons, food grain demand 236.2 million tones (Praduman Kumar et al.,2016). In the year 2019 Global Hunger Index(GHI), India ranks 102nd out of 117 qualifying countries. With a score of 30.3, India suffers from a level of hunger that is serious (Global Hunger Index Organization). Nearly 1 billion people around the world suffer from hunger. Soil management is important, both directly and indirectly, to crop productivity, environmental sustainability, and human health (Mittal et al., 2008). To achieve future food security, the management of soils in a sustainable manner will be the challenge, through proper nutrient management and appropriate conservation practices. Such as maintain soil organic carbon, effective utilization of natural resources, use of non-monetary input like LEISA etc., will be the better option to fulfils the ever-growing population’s food and nutritional security.
Land degradation is a significant problem in India, affecting over 120 million hectares or about 29% of the total land area. The main types of degradation are water erosion, wind erosion, salt-affected soils, and acid soils. About 64 million hectares of crop land is also affected.
To address land degradation, the document proposes developing detailed land resource inventories to identify appropriate land management and usage practices for different agro-ecological zones. This includes assessing soil and water conservation needs, irrigation potential, and recommending suitable cropping systems. Site-specific plans aim to boost rainfed agriculture, manage degraded hills and plateau lands, and restore coastal and floodplain areas. The goal is sustainable land use and increased
Session with Youth: Climate Change and Landipcc-media
The IPCC Special Report on Climate Change and Land finds that:
1) Climate change is adding to the unprecedented human pressures on land from agriculture and development. Warming over land is occurring faster than the global average.
2) Land degradation and desertification are being driven by expansion of croplands, unsustainable land management practices, and population growth, and are exacerbating climate change.
3) There are many options to mitigate climate change through better land management, but land-based solutions cannot solve the problem alone. Coordinated global action is needed to tackle climate change and support sustainable land use, food security, and development.
Land degradation refers to the reduction in soil quality and fertility due to various human and environmental factors. It is a major challenge for sustainable development. The causes of land degradation include deforestation, soil erosion, mining, unsustainable agricultural practices, and urban expansion. These activities can lead to declines in soil quality, water availability, biodiversity, and agricultural productivity. Conservation measures to prevent land degradation involve practices like strip farming, crop rotation, contour farming, and construction of bunds and ridges to reduce soil erosion. Sustainable land management aims to utilize land resources for production without reducing long-term productivity through practices informed by climate information.
The Sustainable Sites Initiative is a partnership between three organizations seeking to establish guidelines for sustainable landscape design, construction, and maintenance. The Initiative's guidelines in "The Sustainable Sites Initiative: Guidelines and Performance Benchmarks 2009" provide best practices aligned with healthy ecosystem functions to preserve natural resources for future generations, as defined by the United Nations. These voluntary guidelines are modeled after the LEED green building rating system and offer credits for practices that enhance environmental, economic, and social sustainability of landscapes according to ten guiding principles.
This study examines the socioeconomic impacts of UNDP/GEF-SGP funded community-based climate change mitigation projects in Dire Dawa Administration, Ethiopia. A survey of 160 households (80 beneficiaries and 80 non-beneficiaries) was conducted. Descriptive statistics and propensity score matching techniques were used to analyze the data. The results show that household income, assets, and consumption expenditures were higher for project beneficiaries compared to non-beneficiaries, indicating a positive impact of the projects on livelihoods. However, the projects also faced challenges that limited their potential impacts. Overall, the study found the average effect of the projects to be statistically significant and positive in improving socioeconomic conditions and the environment in the local community
This document discusses soil erosion, its causes, effects, and methods for prevention. It covers:
- Natural and human-caused soil erosion, with the latter including overcropping, overgrazing, and deforestation.
- Problems from erosion like loss of topsoil and declining plant productivity.
- A case study on erosion and desertification in Africa's Sahel region exacerbated by climate change.
- Conservation methods like windbreaks, contour plowing, stubble planting, terraces, and stone walls.
Grade 8 Integrated Science Chapter 20 Lesson 2 on human impact on the land. This lesson is a detailed look into the positive and negative effects of humans to land biomes. This lesson includes topics such as resource management, the nitrogen cycle, deforestation, mining, agriculture, and urban sprawl. Students should consider the many different impacts we have on the environment everyday.
Watershed Characterization And Management Planning In Wular Catchment [www.wr...WriteKraft Dissertations
Writekraft Research and Publications LLP was initially formed, informally, in 2006 by a group of scholars to help fellow students. Gradually, with several dissertations, thesis and assignments receiving acclaim and a good grade, Writekraft was officially founded in 2011 . Since its establishment, Writekraft Research & Publications LLP is Guiding and Mentoring PhD Scholars.
Our Mission
“To provide breakthrough research works to our clients through Perseverant efforts towards creativity and innovation”.
Vision
Writekraft endeavours to be the leading global research and publications company that will fulfil all research needs of our clients. We will achieve this vision through:
Analyzing every customer’s aims, objectives and purpose of research
Using advanced and latest tools and technique of research and analysis
Coordinating and including their own ideas and knowledge
Providing the desired inferences and results of the research
In the past decade, we have successfully assisted students from various universities in India and globally. We at Writekraft Research & Publications LLP head office in Kanpur, India are most trusted and professional Research, Writing, Guidance and Publication Service Provider for PhD. Our services meet all your PhD Admissions, Thesis Preparation and Research Paper Publication needs with highest regards for the quality you prefer.
Our Achievements
NATIONAL AWARD FOR BEST RESEARCH PROJECT (By Hon. President APJ Abdul Kalam)
GOLD MEDAL FOR RESEARCH ON DISABILITY (By Disabled’s Club of India)
NOMINATED FOR BEST MSME AWARDS 2017
5 STAR RATING ON GOOGLE
We have PhD experts from reputed institutions/ organizations like Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Indian Institute of Management (IIM) and many more apex education institutions in India. Our works are tailored and drafted as per your requirements and are totally unique.
From past years our core advisory members, research team assisted research scholars from various universities from all corners of world
Subjects/Areas We Cover
Management, Commerce, Finance, Marketing, Psychology, Education, Sociology, Mass communications, English Literature, English Language, Law, History, Computer Science & Engineering, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Pharmacy & Healthcare.
Participatory development: a Kalahari case studyBSBEtalk
This document discusses participatory development and land degradation in southern Africa. It summarizes stakeholder participation as a process where those affected take an active role in decision making. It also defines stakeholders and describes land degradation and desertification issues affecting the region. The document outlines challenges in assessing multi-dimensional land degradation and engaging communities. It proposes developing indicators that empower non-specialists to monitor changes and potential solutions.
The document discusses climate change and its impacts in Uganda. It provides an overview of climate change, defining it as long-term shifts in weather patterns due to human activity. It then discusses the impacts of climate change, including decreased food yields, flooding, droughts and increased spread of diseases. The document also discusses how climate change can potentially contribute to conflicts by exacerbating competition for scarce resources. It notes Africa's vulnerability to climate change due to factors like heavy reliance on agriculture and weak infrastructure. Finally, it discusses some initiatives countries in Africa have taken to address climate change.
Presentation by Terry Cannon from the Institute of Development Studies, at the Sustainable Livelihoods Approaches seminar on 26th January 2011, at the Institute of Development Studies, Brighton, UK.
Introduction to soil resources and land degradation; soil erosion; Soil and water conservation; land degradation components: Loss of biodiversity, salinization, water erosion, range land degradation; degradation processes, ecosystem function and losses; Basic concept of hazards, risk, vulnerability and degradation; Type of degradation, their causes and impacts; Tools, model and methodologies for land degradation assessment and monitoring, Conservation concept and measures, Reconciling degradation and land resources management issues
This document discusses applying a resilience perspective to challenges around water, food, and poverty. It outlines four interesting aspects of resilience thinking: 1) linked social-ecological systems and tradeoffs between ecosystem services, 2) regime shifts between persistent and developing systems, 3) the role of disturbances and shocks, and 4) operationalizing adaptive management. It provides two case studies, one restoring ecosystem services in the Andes and one using water innovations to transform dynamics in Tanzania. The document seeks to understand how resilience can enhance development and improve the connection between theory and practice.
NAP-Ag Webinar - Climate Change Adaptation and Key Issues in the Livestock Se...UNDP Climate
The NAP-Ag Webinar on 'Addressing agriculture, forestry and fisheries in National Adaptation Plans' provided insight on climate change adaptation in the livestock and forestry sector, also highlighting key elements in addressing the agriculture sectors in National Adaptation Plans, and looking forward to how these plans will contribute to NDCs, SDGs and links to other global accords such as the Sendai Framework.
Climate change mitigation and adaptation 2011ver2cenafrica
This document provides an overview of Module Three which focuses on climate change and agriculture. It defines key concepts related to climate change impacts, vulnerability, adaptation, and mitigation. It discusses how climate change negatively impacts agriculture globally and regionally through changes in temperature, precipitation, and increased frequency of extreme weather events. Adaptation and coping strategies for agriculture are discussed. The module also covers agricultural innovations and systems for adapting to and mitigating climate change impacts.
Ensuring REDD+ Complements Restoration, Poverty Alleviation and AdaptationtheREDDdesk
1) REDD+ has the potential to address multiple crises like poverty, food insecurity, and climate change by strengthening rural societies and building resilience.
2) REDD+ must complement goals like poverty alleviation, food security, and adaptation, not just carbon, as forests are home to many of the world's poor and livelihoods depend on forests.
3) Restoring degraded lands can provide livelihoods while increasing carbon sequestration and adaptation benefits like erosion control and drought resistance. However, conditions like tenure rights and economic development are needed to achieve these complementarities.
Resilience thinking and the sustainability of agricultural systemsChristo Fabricius
This document discusses challenges facing global food systems and strategies for increasing their resilience. It notes population growth is straining food production, leading to uneven food availability and declining self-sufficiency in many countries. Industrial agriculture is depleting water supplies and soil. Climate change may cause crop failures as thresholds are crossed. Transforming systems requires managing complexity, diversity, cross-scale interactions, social learning and broad participation to navigate change while feeding more people sustainably.
Climate change is altering forest ecosystems, with many changes expected by the end of the 21st century. Forests vary widely, and not all forests are equally at risk; vulnerabilities are strongly influenced by regional differences in climate impacts and adaptive capacity. Further, as an increasing amount of scientific information on forest vulnerability to climate change becomes available, natural resource managers are searching for ways to realistically use this information to meet specific management needs, ranging from landscape-level planning and coordination to on-the-ground implementation.
Forest Ecology and Management Webinar Series - August 13, 2019
Review of Evidence on Drylands Pastoral Systems and Climate Change - resumoBeefPoint
Dryland pastoral systems occupy 41% of the earth's land area and support the livelihoods of over 2 billion people. However, desertification is reducing the capacity of these systems to support livelihoods. Well-managed grasslands and rangelands can store large amounts of carbon, mitigate climate change impacts, and support pastoral livelihoods. A globally coordinated effort is needed to overcome socioeconomic barriers and support sustainable grassland management through incentives, pro-poor policies, integrated multi-stakeholder processes, and targeted research.
Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change in the Semi-Arid Regions of Ea...weADAPT
This document discusses climate change adaptation in semi-arid regions of Africa and Asia. It notes that these regions are home to hundreds of millions of people and are vulnerable to climate impacts due to existing challenges like poverty, harsh climates, and lack of resources. The ASSAR project aims to understand how to empower communities, organizations, and governments to adapt to climate change in ways that reduce vulnerability and promote long-term resilience across 11 countries. It does this through interdisciplinary research on vulnerabilities, adaptation strategies, and engaging stakeholders at all levels of governance.
The Use of Agrobiodiversity by Indigenous and Traditional Agricultural Commun...Seeds
This document discusses strategies that indigenous and traditional agricultural communities use to adapt to climate change through agrobiodiversity. It analyzes over 200 case studies grouped into a conceptual framework. Key strategies discussed include ecosystem-based approaches like forest and landscape restoration, improving agricultural system resilience through agroforestry, diversified home gardens and crop/soil/water management, and maintaining inter- and intra-species diversity. A whole system approach is advocated that enhances resilience at ecosystem, farm, and genetic levels and through interactions between them.
This document discusses the impacts of climate change on Australian farming systems. It addresses five key questions: 1) What are the climate change projections? 2) What are the potential impacts? 3) What can be done to adapt? 4) What are the risks and opportunities from emissions reduction policies? 5) How can emissions be measured and managed on farms? It examines climate change from different perspectives including biophysical, economic, and social impacts. The document emphasizes the need to move beyond just assessing impacts to developing adaptive strategies and recognizing farms' inherent adaptive capacity.
While forests provide essential resources and renewable energy, deforestation is a major global problem that increases the risks of climate change. Demand for wood products is rising, contributing to over 4% of global trade. Deforestation destroys animal habitats and reduces atmospheric oxygen. The main driver of deforestation is clearing land for agriculture and development, as cities and populations grow. Efforts to end deforestation could generate economic benefits up to $80 million by restoring forests, while preserving resources, habitats, and a stable climate.
The document summarizes climate change impacts on biodiversity, ecosystem services, and global food supply. It discusses how climate change threatens 15-37% of species with extinction by 2100 through impacts like increased temperatures and altered hydrologic cycles. These changes to ecosystems in turn impact services like water availability and wildfire regimes. Regarding food, the document notes climate change could lead to crop failures in Africa and other regions, exacerbating issues of land and resource pressures to support a growing population. Adaptation will be needed to ensure a sustainable global food supply.
Janice E. Olawoye presented on adaptation to climate change and indigenous and formal mitigation strategies. She discussed how climate change negatively impacts people through changes in weather patterns, threats to food security and health. Indigenous communities have adapted through practices like multiple cropping and migration. However, increased frequency and intensity of climate events requires more formal strategies like afforestation, drought-resistant crops, and early warning systems. Adaptation is needed to support livelihoods as traditional strategies are no longer sufficient. Gender must also be considered in climate policies and projects to address women's increased burdens. Individual actions like conserving resources and research can contribute to addressing this challenge.
Similar to Participatory development: the case of land degradation in southern Africa (20)
This document provides tips for presenting with impact. It recommends that presenters 1) have a clear purpose that outlines benefits and importance to the audience, 2) connect with the audience by understanding their concerns and using impactful stories, and 3) be authoritative yet approachable through body language and emphasis. Additionally, presenters should 4) keep their key message simple through repetition from different angles, using stories and metaphors, and 5) polish their presentation through practice, feedback, and using visual aids to support rather than replace their message.
Shared and cultural values of ecosystemsAberdeen CES
Presentation of findings from Work Packages 5 and 6 of the National Ecosystem Assessment Follow-On about cultural ecosystem services and how to assess shared and cultural values for ecosystems, by Mark Reed and Jasper Kenter, presented to the Nexus Network on 27th June 2014
Gully blocking & revegetation of bare and eroding peat: exploring the evidenceAberdeen CES
Presentation given to a stakeholder workshop organised by Moors for the Future in May 2014 in the Peak District National Park by Mark Reed, Jasper Kenter, Jim Roquette and Dylan Young.
How to write a literature review in 3 daysAberdeen CES
This document provides a 3-day plan for writing a 3000-word literature review. Day 1 involves scoping the topic through searches and reading papers, extracting relevant quotes and themes. Day 2 focuses on structuring the review by mapping major and minor themes, then identifying gaps. Day 3 is for writing the review by following the structure and map, paraphrasing sources and adding reflections. The plan advocates speed reading papers, staying focused on the research question, and organizing information efficiently to complete the review on time.
Creating a place-based PES scheme in the South PenninesAberdeen CES
Presentation given to South Pennine Ecosystem Service Pilot steering group about potential for a place-based Payment for Ecosystem Service scheme in the South Pennines, as part of a project funded by Natural England and DEFRA, January 2013 (by Mark Reed)
Working successfully across disciplinesAberdeen CES
The document discusses the lessons learned from the Sustainable Uplands interdisciplinary research project. It describes the project's goals of helping people adapt to future changes across UK peatlands. It discusses how the author learned to work across disciplines through building trust, communicating effectively, establishing clear roles, and delivering tangible outcomes. The key lessons are that successful interdisciplinary work requires investing in relationships through open communication and fostering trust to deliver impacts that matter.
Overview of the UK ecosystems research landscape by Mark Reed. More information at: http://www.lwec.org.uk/blogs/mark-reed/uk-ecosystems-research-landscape
This document discusses the need for a project to assess and value peatland ecosystem services for sustainable management. Peatlands provide many benefits but these are often not accounted for financially. The project aims to 1) value changes to ecosystem services in complex social-ecological systems using monetary and non-monetary approaches and 2) develop options for financial mechanisms like a peatland carbon code. It also plans to create a peatland hub bringing researchers and practitioners together to better understand and manage peatlands. Planned outputs include academic papers, policy briefings, and engagement with stakeholders to apply the research.
This document discusses best practices for engaging end users in research. It recommends starting stakeholder participation early, talking to the right stakeholders, being flexible in methods used, and putting local and scientific knowledge on equal footing. The document also discusses using stakeholder analysis to systematically identify and engage relevant end users. Stakeholder analysis identifies interested parties, their power to influence outcomes, and how they interact. It can help answer questions about how parties can work more effectively together.
Introduction to Day 2 of VNN peatland workshop focused on "Developing a roadmap for peatland GHG accounting and carbon markets in the UK" (19th January 2012, Leeds)
Development of carbon code – experience from forestryAberdeen CES
The Woodland Carbon Code (WCC) is a voluntary standard for woodland carbon sequestration projects in the UK. It was developed over three years by the Forestry Commission to provide clarity, consistency, and transparency for carbon projects and reassure investors. The WCC framework includes requirements for measuring baseline emissions, leakage, and project carbon sequestration from tree biomass, soil, and management effects. Projects must be certified against the WCC by an accredited certification body and undergo validation when starting and verification every five years. To date, 39 projects have registered under the WCC, which are projected to sequester over 750,000 tonnes of CO2e over 100 years through creating over 2,200
Peatland rewetting for carbon credits – Experience from BelarusAberdeen CES
The document describes the Belarus Peatland Rewetting Project, which aims to rewet 18,020 hectares of degraded peatland in Belarus between 2012-2028. This will reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 871,000 tons. The project will be financed through voluntary carbon markets. It follows national carbon cycle procedures in Belarus and international standards under the Voluntary Carbon Standard. Rewetting 9,440 additional hectares from 2011-2015 will reduce emissions by 260,000 tons in that period.
GEST Model – vegetation proxy for GHG flux from peatlandsAberdeen CES
This document discusses proxies for greenhouse gas fluxes from peat soils, including subsidence, water table depth, and vegetation. It notes that while subsidence indicates carbon emissions, it does not cover nitrous oxide and methane or drained situations. Water table depth can be difficult to map remotely and monitor directly. Vegetation groups can serve as indicators of mean water levels. The document provides an example of how changes in vegetation from drainage to rewetting of a bog could lead to reduced greenhouse gas emissions.
Overview of international & national policy frameworkAberdeen CES
This document summarizes key aspects of international climate agreements as they relate to peatlands, including provisions under the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol for accounting for emissions and removals from wetland drainage and rewetting. It notes IUCN UK Peatland Programme's expertise in peatland restoration and role advising on greenhouse gas inventories and climate targets. Finally, it outlines various carbon market mechanisms and the need to consider payments for restoring peatland function in addition to conserving existing function.
International Verified Carbon Standard for PeatlandsAberdeen CES
The document discusses the International Verified Carbon Standard (VCS) and its role in establishing standards and procedures for project-based greenhouse gas accounting and carbon markets. It outlines the VCS's methodology requirements, validation and verification procedures, and registry system. The VCS aims to stimulate mitigation innovations, provide transparency, and link carbon markets worldwide through a robust framework. Project activities must demonstrate that emission reductions are real, additional, permanent, and independently verified.
The document discusses the cost effectiveness of peatland management and restoration. It provides some illustrative examples showing the upfront and ongoing costs of restoration techniques like grip blocking in uplands, and compares the costs per ton of carbon dioxide saved to other mitigation options. However, it notes the results are dependent on assumptions and site-specific conditions that require more detailed monitoring and data collection to properly assess overall cost effectiveness relative to other options and the costs of inaction. Proper targeting of restoration efforts needs better geographic data.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
6. “ Our most significant non-renewable geo resource is fertile land and soil. Nevertheless each year, an estimated 24 billion tons of fertile soil are lost. Arable land loss is estimated at 30 to 35 times the historical rate. In the drylands, due to drought and desertification 12 million ha are transformed in new man-made deserts each year. The world has continued building towards 'a soil peak' which will have far-worse consequences than the current 'oil peak’” Luc Gnacadja, Executive Secretary, United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (2011)
45. Vulnerability (or fragility): a system’s exposure, sensitivity and capacity to adapt to stress or perturbation (based on Kasperson et al., 1995 and IPCC, 2001) The Concepts
46. Exposure: the magnitude of stress or perturbation a system is exposed to Sensitivity (or susceptibility): the degree of system (or system component) change associated with a given degree of stress or perturbation Adaptive capacity: the ability (often measured in the time it takes) for a system to change its structure to support basic system functions in response to perturbation The Concepts
58. Reading Reed MS et al. (2011) Cross-scale monitoring and assessment of land degradation and sustainable land management: a methodological framework for knowledge management. Land Degradation & Development Reed MS, Dougill AJ (2010) Linking Degradation Assessment to Sustainable Land Management: a decision support system for Kalahari pastoralists. Journal of Arid Environments 74: 149–155 Dougill AJ, Fraser EDG, Reed MS (2010) Anticipating vulnerability in food systems to climate variability and change: challenges of using dynamic systems approaches and the case of pastoral systems in Botswana. Ecology & Society 15(2): 17 Stringer LC, Reed MS, Dougill AJ, Twyman C (2009) Local adaptations to climate change, drought and desertification: insights to enhance policy in southern Africa. Environmental Science & Policy Reed MS, Dougill AJ & Baker T (2008) Participatory indicator development: what can ecologists and local communities learn from each other? Ecological Applications 18: 1253–1269
59. Staying in an area too long is like wearing the same dress for years; it gets worn out. Female farmer, age 65, Six Mile Cattle Post It is not possible to be a cattle farmer in a place like this: you have to be a grass farmer. Male Farmer, age 74, Hereford Farm For more publications and resources Google “Mark Reed”
Editor's Notes
Thanks very much. I’ll be speaking on behalf of my co-author, Andy Dougill, who couldn’t join us today, and I’ll be attempting to briefly summarise 6 years worth of research that, as you can see, has been funded by a range of organisations. That’s quite a tall order, so I’ve put a pile of reading packs at the front that you’re welcome to pick up during the coffee break
Thanks very much. I’ll be speaking on behalf of my co-author, Andy Dougill, who couldn’t join us today, and I’ll be attempting to briefly summarise 6 years worth of research that, as you can see, has been funded by a range of organisations. That’s quite a tall order, so I’ve put a pile of reading packs at the front that you’re welcome to pick up during the coffee break
Considering we all agree that land degradation is one of the world’s most pressing environmental problems, it is perhaps surprising that so few of us can agree on the extent and severity of dryland degradation in the world today Why is this? I’m going to suggest three reasons…
Firstly, it is because land degradation is so multi-dimensional and so dynamic. To quote Andrew Warren, “land degradation is contextual”. What I perceive as degradation, you may perceive as an opportunity, depending on our differing objectives and context – and this time next year, we may have very different perceptions again. A great example is bush encroachment: thorn bushes are a cattle farmer’s degradation but a goat farmer’s fodder resource.
Secondly, the methods we have for assessing land degradation struggle to capture this complexity and dynamism There are plenty of methods available, but they tend to focus on single components of the problem, like the soil, or the vegetation or even the economics These different methods are rarely integrated to get a more holistic view of what’s going on
Take Botswana for example… This is the GLASOD assessment that appears in UNEP’s World Atlas of Desertification, based on expert opinion in 1990
Here’s a repeat I did of the GLASOD approach with a panel of experts 3 years ago Like the original GLASOD map, it identifies the east of the country as a particular problem, but differs in a number of other respects
On the other hand, if we take UNEP’s definition of land degradation as a “reduction in the resource potential of the land”, then you can do an economic assessment of land degradation – in this case I’ve mapped cattle trends over time. The results of this approach contrast strongly with both the expert maps
Alternatively, remote sensing has been used to examine the extent of bush encroachment in Kalahari rangelands
And it has been used to produce grazing potential maps like this one, using NDVI readings Alternatively, if I zoom in on the south-west corner of the country here…
You can see the results of some participatory mapping I did to elicit community perspectives on land degradation Each method produces a different map… My message: given its complex and dynamic nature, no single method can reliably capture land degradation alone
And the third reason that so few of us can agree on the extent and severity of dryland degradation is that The local communities who are actually affected by land degradation rarely participate in its assessment. And they rarely derive results that can improve the sustainability of their land management So we end up in a situation where assessments of land degradation sit on shelves gathering both dust and mistrust
Sustainability and land degradation indicators offer one solution to this problem. They can be used by a wide range of stakeholders, to derive multi-disciplinary information that can be used to both monitor and respond to environmental change However, it is increasingly claimed that existing indicators provide few benefits to land managers who, as a consequence, rarely use them Partly this is because most indicators are developed by researchers for use by researchers, and require too much specialists training and resources for them to be used by the people who actually manage the land If we can develop land degradation indicators that accurately reflect the status of the land, but that can be used easily by the people who manage that land, then we can go beyond simply assessing land degradation. We can empower the communities who are affected most by land degradation to respond effectively to protect their land and their livelihoods
But is this really possible?
I’d like to spend most of the rest of my time telling you about our experience developing and refining this process in Botswana This map shows the three study sites I’ve worked in The video was taken just down the road from Study Site 3, in the southwest corner of the map, and will hopefully give you a bit of a feel for the kind of environment I’m talking about Since the 1970s, the Botswana government has progressively opened up the Kalahari for livestock grazing through the provision of boreholes to access groundwater. Although you can’t see it clearly in this photo, this rangeland contains a diverse array of mainly palatable grasses, with the odd bush and tree. As grazing pressure increases, you see a shift towards less palatable species such as this ( Schmitia kalahariensis ) Gradually, you begin to see more and more thorn bushes, like this Acacia mellifera bush with its mean hooked barbs Eventually, the bushes coalesce and form inpenetrable thickets, that are inedible to the cattle who are so highly valued in Tswana culture
Despite the wealth of knowledge about degradation indicators as a community (84 indicators were suggested in one site), this knowledge was thinly spread across community members (most people typically knew 5 or 6) By testing and disseminating this information, the research was able to build upon and share valuable local knowledge among pastoralists
This knowledge was more holistic than many published indicator lists for monitoring rangelands, encompassing vegetation, livestock, wild animal and socio-economic indicators in addition to the soil-based indicators that have traditionally been favoured by researchers Interestingly, people’s preference for vegetation and livestock indicators match recent shifts in ecological theory suggesting livestock populations may reach equilibrium with key forage resources in semi-arid environments
Once we’d got this list of potential indicators, we went through the learning process to evaluate the indicators that were suggested by the communities First, we shared the community’s knowledge through focus groups where we asked them to evaluate their knowledge, telling us which indicators they thought were most accurate and easy for them to use
We then took the shortlist that came out of this process and evaluated it using field-based research. We found evidence for the majority of indicators that had been suggested and presented these results back to communities who evaluated our work, sometimes challenging it, sometimes providing explanations for our results Using all this information, the researchers and communities were then able to jointly negotiate a final list of the most useful indicators I need to emphasise that this was not simply a case of scientists validating local knowledge – it was a two way process in which local and scientific knowledge was evaluated on equal terms to stimulate learning between researchers and communities
Many overlapped with scientific literature, but there were also some that were not found in the literature In addition to this, some of the more technical indicators from the literature were being used in adapted forms by the communities. For example, Rain Use Efficiency is used routinely by researchers as a land degradation indicator. I’ve worked with researchers who use this, and they literatally bring trailer-loads of equipment to do the job. A plant leaf is put into the machine, and you get a readout. However some Kalahari pastoralists were using a simple version of this to monitor land degradation in their rangelands. They defined it as “the rapidity and vigour with which plants responded to rainfall”. Although qualitative, this was sufficient to inform management decisions
Unlike existing indicators developed by researchers in southern Africa, by building on local knowledge, the indicators we developed were highly familiar to pastoralists who had the capacity to apply them without any need for specialist training or equipment Some researchers have suggested that getting communities involved in degradation assessment necessarily involves a trade-off between meaningful participation and scientific rigour . Our research challenges this, and suggests that by combining local and scientific knowledge in this way, it may be possible to assess land degradation in ways that are far more effective than either group could achieve alone
Its all very well monitoring land degradation, but what do you do when you’ve identified a problem? We wanted to link our indicators to management options that could help pastoralists prevent, reduce, adapt or even reverse degradation
To do this, we first identified current practice and possible management options from the literature
Next, we identified local ideas about how to reduce and adapt to land degradation
Then these options were combined with the ideas we’d got from the literature and discussed and evaluated with pastoralists in focus groups
Finally, the outputs from these focus groups were used to produce rangeland assessment guides for each region that provided management options agreed to be locally relevant by both scientists and local stakeholders. I’ll hand a copy of each round for anyone who’s interested
The approach is now being rolled out in a new EC-funded project worth 8 million euros over the next 5 years, called “DESIRE”: Desertification Mitigation and Remediation of Land The project involves 28 partner institutions from around the world working in desertification hotspots in every continent
The project aims to establish promising alternative land use and management strategies based on close collaboration between scientists and stakeholders
I would like to conclude by giving you a vision for future global land degradation assessment based on the findings of this research Our work has shown that reliable degradation assessment must be multi-source and multi-scale Remote sensing and expert knowledge is a useful broad-brush approach that can be used to prioritise degradation hotspots for further investigation But only through a combination of methods including participatory research, can we begin to understand the extent and severity of degradation within these hotspots Our work has also shown that it is possible to achieve effective integration of local and scientific knowledge without sacrificing objectivity or rigour By involving local communities in degradation assessment, it is possible to go beyond simply measuring degradation. It is possible to empower communities to both recognise and respond to degradation to protect the environment and their livelihoods I don’t want to be accused of making grandiose proposals that could never be put into action Involving communities may be more costly than relying on remote sensing or expert opinion, but using a streamlined “quick and dirty” version of our approach it was possible to complete the process in 3 weeks per hotspot in the Kalahari This is a vision that could be achieved if were genuinely committed to implementing a UNCCD that has the affected people at its heart. I’ll finish now with some words from the people I’ve been so privileged to work with over the last 6 years
Although this appears to paint a rather gloomy picture, I’m an optimist. These impacts are by no means inevitable Terrestrial ecosystems are being exposed to the sorts of drivers that you’ve identified, but not all systems are vulnerable to these drivers But what makes one system vulnerable and another not? I think that you can work this out by answering 3 simple questions. As a conservationist, these three questions are therefore increadibly powerful tools. Given their importance, I’m going to spend a bit of time explaining the questions, and the terms I’ve used in them How sensitive is the system? If it is not sensitive, then it is not vulnerable. For example climate change is driving sea level rise around the world that could lead to disastrous flooding during storm events in sensitive cities. Despite being within a meter or two of sea-level, most coastal towns in East Anglia are so well defended that they are not sensitive to these changes, whereas Bangladesh is highly sensitive to sea level rise due to its lack of defences. If a system is not sensitive, then its not vulnerable. But if it is, then we need to ask the next question: How adaptable is the system? If a system is sensitive to the drivers of change, but can adapt effectively to those changes, then it is not vulnerable. For example, the British tourism industry is likely to adapt to future climate change – although we’ll lose skiing resorts, beach resorts will likely boom, so as a whole, the tourism industry is not vulnerable. But the tourism industry in small island states that dissapear beneath rising sea-levels can do little to adapt to climate change. If a system can’t adapt, then you have to ask my final question: How resilient is the system? If it can quickly and fully recover its structure and functions after an impact, then its not vulnerable. For example Kalahari rangelands experience regular and severe droughts, but when the rains fall again, the system almost immediately bounces back to the way it was before the drought. This is an increadibly resilient system, and there is little reason to believe that it would be vulnerable to increased droughts under climate change. As long as it still rains, the system is likely to bounce back. But overgrazing during drought can reduce the resilience of the system, with cattle uprooting perennial grasses in the search for food and eating all the seed sources for the next generation of grasses. Such a system might not bounce back after the rain, with fewer and less palatable plants growing back, sending the system into a downward spiral. If the system is sensitive to an impact, has no capacity to adapt to it and lacks the capacity to bounce back from it, then it is vulnerable.
Although this appears to paint a rather gloomy picture, I’m an optimist. These impacts are by no means inevitable Terrestrial ecosystems are being exposed to the sorts of drivers that you’ve identified, but not all systems are vulnerable to these drivers But what makes one system vulnerable and another not? I think that you can work this out by answering 3 simple questions. As a conservationist, these three questions are therefore increadibly powerful tools. Given their importance, I’m going to spend a bit of time explaining the questions, and the terms I’ve used in them How sensitive is the system? If it is not sensitive, then it is not vulnerable. For example climate change is driving sea level rise around the world that could lead to disastrous flooding during storm events in sensitive cities. Despite being within a meter or two of sea-level, most coastal towns in East Anglia are so well defended that they are not sensitive to these changes, whereas Bangladesh is highly sensitive to sea level rise due to its lack of defences. If a system is not sensitive, then its not vulnerable. But if it is, then we need to ask the next question: How adaptable is the system? If a system is sensitive to the drivers of change, but can adapt effectively to those changes, then it is not vulnerable. For example, the British tourism industry is likely to adapt to future climate change – although we’ll lose skiing resorts, beach resorts will likely boom, so as a whole, the tourism industry is not vulnerable. But the tourism industry in small island states that dissapear beneath rising sea-levels can do little to adapt to climate change. If a system can’t adapt, then you have to ask my final question: How resilient is the system? If it can quickly and fully recover its structure and functions after an impact, then its not vulnerable. For example Kalahari rangelands experience regular and severe droughts, but when the rains fall again, the system almost immediately bounces back to the way it was before the drought. This is an increadibly resilient system, and there is little reason to believe that it would be vulnerable to increased droughts under climate change. As long as it still rains, the system is likely to bounce back. But overgrazing during drought can reduce the resilience of the system, with cattle uprooting perennial grasses in the search for food and eating all the seed sources for the next generation of grasses. Such a system might not bounce back after the rain, with fewer and less palatable plants growing back, sending the system into a downward spiral. If the system is sensitive to an impact, has no capacity to adapt to it and lacks the capacity to bounce back from it, then it is vulnerable.
The main drivers of change in the Kalahari are: Our appetite for Botswana beef – we buy most of Botswana’s beef, although you don’t see it in the supermarkets This has stimulated a massive expansion of the cattle industry through the provision of boreholes to access ground water In an attempt to limit damage to the land, the government has introduced a number of changes to land tenure that have worsened the situation: 1. 1960-70s: Common property to open access 2. 1970s-present: open access to private
Is this system sensitive to these drivers of change? It is not sensitive to sustainable stocking levels of mixed species e.g. cattle, goats and sheep – this is very similar to the wildlife system that preceeded the livestock system, and as you can see from the national parks, the system is not sensitive to this kind of treatment However, it is sensitive to overgrazing by a single species (cattle) over long periods of time. Large numbers of cattle selecting the species that are palatable to them soon leads to a big change in the system
So the rangeland system is sensitive to the current livestock grazing regime, but can it adapt to this hammering? Well, it turns out that goats can use the results of overgrazing by cattle (bush encroachment) as a valuable browse resource. So in theory, if you adapt by simply switching to goats, then you have a productive rangeland system once again But in reality, people prefer cattle to goats. Story of UNHCR director. So unless cultural values change, this system is unlikely to adapt
So Kalahari rangelands are currently vulnerable to land degradation. The impacts of this are that: In one of the places I worked, bush encroachment was cited as a major livelihood constraint by 67% pastoralists When drought hits, as it inevitably does, there are no grazing reserves to fall back on and livestock die unless suplementary feeds are purchased There’s a loss of biodiversity, particularly in bush encroached systems Wind erosion and dune activity has become a problem in some areas