IFS, Land degradation and Conservation measures , HESIA and LESIA

1. Amity Institute of Organic Agriculture
Integrated Farming System
Topic :Land degradation and Conservation
measures , HESIA and LESIA
Submitted to : Dr. Dhananjay Singh Gaikwad
Submitted by : Khushi Sharma
Group A , 5th Semester
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2. Amity Institute of Organic Agriculture
Land Degradation
Land degradation means:
 Loss of natural fertility of soil because of loss of
nutrients.
 Less vegetation cover.
 Changes in the characteristic of soil.
 Pollution of water resources from the contamination of
soil through which water sweeps into ground or runoff to
the water bodies.
 Changes in climatic conditions because of unbalance
created in the environment. 2

3. Amity Institute of Organic Agriculture
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4. Amity Institute of Organic Agriculture
Causes of Land Degradation
a. Deforestation
b. Soil erosion by wind or water
c. Mining
d. Industrialization
e. Unsustainable agricultural practices
f. Urban expansion
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5. Amity Institute of Organic Agriculture
Conservation Measures
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A. Strip farming: It is a practice in which cultivated crops are sown
in alternative strips to prevent water movement.
B. Crop Rotation: It is one of the agricultural practice in which
different crops are grown in same area following a rotation
system which helps in replenishment of the soil.

6. Amity Institute of Organic Agriculture
C. Ridge and Furrow Formation:
D. Construction of bunds: This usually checks or reduces the
velocity of run off so that soil support vegetation
E. Contour Farming: This type of farming is usually practiced across
the hill side and is useful in collecting and diverting the run off to
avoid erosion.
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7. Amity Institute of Organic Agriculture
High External Input Agriculture ( HEIA)
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• Limitation in per capital land availability is due to increasing
population.
• To confront this pressure of world population explosion we are
compelled to join a revolution “ Green revolution” .
• This revolution aims at
1. More harvest per unit area
2. Intensification of number of cultivation seasons

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• Use High yielding hybrid seeds.
• Susceptible to pests and diseases.
• Increased use of synthetic pesticides and herbicides .
• More use of nutrients .
• Improved irrigation facilities.
• Labour intensive.
• Mechanization of Agriculture.
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Green Revolution practices

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Advantages
• Agricultural production could be rapidly increased to
meet the demand for food for increasing population.
• Malnutrition problem was efficiently managed.
• New improved varieties gave yields within a short
period of time.
• Mechanization solves the problem of labour shortage.
• Income and profit margins of the products were
increased.
• Productivity of land increased.
• Increased market facilities for production.

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Disadvantages
• Collapse of environmental balance due to lack of bio-diversity by planting a few
cash crops.
• Increase in soil erosion due to constant furrowing by machinery.
• Dependence on imported machinery, chemical fertilizer, pesticides, hybrid
seeds and other inputs.
• Extensive use of pesticides disturbed the natural mechanism of controlling pest
and diseases as the artificial pesticides kill both pests and their natural
enemies.
• Although the need for high capital investment, large scale farmers benefited
while small scale farmers who were short of capital ran into debt.
• Use of artificial agro-chemicals adversely affected the soil pH, CEC, soil
structure, soil texture and soil organisms.
• Traditional varieties of seeds and their genetic resources faced extinction due
to introduction of hybrid varieties. 10

11. Amity Institute of Organic Agriculture
LEISA
Low External Input and Sustainable
Agriculture
• It is defined as a production activity that uses synthetic fertilizers
or other agro-chemicals below rates commonly recommended
• It does not mean elimination of these materials but yields are
maintained by greater emphasis on cultural practices, IPM and
utilization of on-farm resources
• It includes maximum utilization of local resource with less
dependency on external inputs for agricultural production
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12. Amity Institute of Organic Agriculture
Advantages
• Balanced use of nutrients and organic matter
• Efficient use of water resources , genetic resources and energy
resources.
• Diversity of genetic resources
• Minimal negative environmental effects
• Minimal use of external inputs
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Factors affecting of LEISA
• Maintaining a living soil
• Creating Bio-diversity
• Recycling of resources
• Natural pest management

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Differences b/w LEIA and HEIA
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15. Amity Institute of Organic Agriculture
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