This document discusses several parasitic diseases important in meat inspection, including trichinellosis, taeniasis, cysticercosis, echinococcosis, fascioliasis, and taenia hydatigena. For each parasite, it describes the life cycle, clinical signs, postmortem findings, and meat inspection judgment criteria. Images are also provided showing cysts and lesions caused by these parasites. The goal is to educate meat inspectors on identifying and properly judging meat affected by these parasitic diseases.
This document provides an overview of coccidiosis in poultry, including: Coccidiosis is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Eimeria. There are seven species that commonly infect chickens, each infecting a specific site in the intestine. The parasites undergo a life cycle of about 4-7 days within the host, multiplying and causing damage before being shed in oocysts. Clinical signs range from subclinical effects to bloody diarrhea and death. Diagnosis involves identifying oocysts in droppings and lesions in the intestines. Control is through management practices and vaccination to build immunity.
Common dog diseases can be prevented through regular vaccinations which protect against distemper, hepatitis, leptospirosis, kennel cough, parvo, corona, and rabies. Dogs are also susceptible to internal and external parasites like tapeworms, roundworms, fleas, ticks, and mites which can cause illness. Routine veterinary care including deworming and parasite prevention is important for dogs' overall health and well-being.
Coccidiosis is a parasitic disease of the intestinal tract caused by coccidian protozoa. It spreads through contact with infected feces and causes diarrhea. While most infected animals are asymptomatic, young or immunocompromised animals can suffer severe symptoms and death. The disease is common in confined poultry operations where oocysts contaminate the environment. Several species of Eimeria cause distinct lesions in different parts of the intestines. Clinical signs range from reduced growth to high mortality. Treatment involves anticoccidial drugs while control relies on sanitation, anticoccidial medication in feed, and separating birds from droppings.
This document provides an overview of parasitic diseases of dogs and cats. It begins by listing common parasitic diseases including toxocariasis, dipylidiasis, canine babesiosis, canine ehrlichiosis, ear mange, red mange, sarcoptic mange, isosporosis, neosporosis, and toxoplasmosis. It then discusses these diseases in more detail, covering topics like etiology, life cycle, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment and control methods. For example, it describes toxocariasis as a roundworm infection affecting puppies and kittens, with symptoms like pot belly and vomiting of worms. Diagnosis involves finding characteristic eggs in feces. Treatment includes
This document discusses avian salmonellosis caused by Salmonella bacteria. It covers the etiology, transmission, clinical signs, post-mortem lesions, and treatment of Salmonella infections in poultry. Specific Salmonella serovars like S. Gallinarum and S. Pullorum can cause systemic disease, while others like S. Hadar and S. Infantis typically only colonize the gastrointestinal tract. Transmission occurs horizontally through feces or vertically through eggs. Clinical signs include diarrhea, lethargy and anorexia. Post-mortem lesions may include enteritis, liver lesions and cheesy cores in the cecae. Treatment involves identifying the Salmonella species and administering the appropriate antibiotic
Strangles is a highly contagious bacterial infection caused by Streptococcus equi subspecies equi that commonly affects young horses. It primarily causes fever and swelling of the lymph nodes in the head and neck. While most horses recover without complications, the disease can spread easily through nasal discharge from infected or carrier horses. Proper outbreak management includes isolation of sick horses, thorough disinfection, and vaccination to help control spread.
Mange is among the common illnesses that many dog owners are concerned about. People usually get tensed and do not know how to handle such situations. I present you this Presentation that speaks about Mange, a skin disease caused by tiny parasite mites on dogs. You can refer to this to know what Mange is all about, the types of Mange, the causes, the symptoms and a few easy ways to deal with it. Mange, if left untreated can be fatal. Therefore, timely knowledge and treatment about this disease is important. You can also add your views in the comments below.
For more information about Mange, you can refer to the following links:
http://www.vet-organics.com/types-of-mange-in-dogs/
http://pets.webmd.com/dogs/mange-dogs-canine-scabies
This document contains images and descriptions of various infectious diseases that affect sheep and goats, including parasitic, viral, bacterial, and fungal diseases. Parasitic diseases featured include mange, ticks, cutaneous myiasis, nasal bot flies, and various types of worms. Viral diseases shown are bluetongue, foot-and-mouth, sheep pox, and contagious ecthyma. Bacterial infections presented involve anthrax, black disease, salmonellosis, listeriosis, tetanus, caseous lymphadenitis, brucellosis, and dermatophilosis. Fungal ringworm is also included. For each disease, relevant clinical signs, lesions, microorgan
This document provides an overview of coccidiosis in poultry, including: Coccidiosis is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Eimeria. There are seven species that commonly infect chickens, each infecting a specific site in the intestine. The parasites undergo a life cycle of about 4-7 days within the host, multiplying and causing damage before being shed in oocysts. Clinical signs range from subclinical effects to bloody diarrhea and death. Diagnosis involves identifying oocysts in droppings and lesions in the intestines. Control is through management practices and vaccination to build immunity.
Common dog diseases can be prevented through regular vaccinations which protect against distemper, hepatitis, leptospirosis, kennel cough, parvo, corona, and rabies. Dogs are also susceptible to internal and external parasites like tapeworms, roundworms, fleas, ticks, and mites which can cause illness. Routine veterinary care including deworming and parasite prevention is important for dogs' overall health and well-being.
Coccidiosis is a parasitic disease of the intestinal tract caused by coccidian protozoa. It spreads through contact with infected feces and causes diarrhea. While most infected animals are asymptomatic, young or immunocompromised animals can suffer severe symptoms and death. The disease is common in confined poultry operations where oocysts contaminate the environment. Several species of Eimeria cause distinct lesions in different parts of the intestines. Clinical signs range from reduced growth to high mortality. Treatment involves anticoccidial drugs while control relies on sanitation, anticoccidial medication in feed, and separating birds from droppings.
This document provides an overview of parasitic diseases of dogs and cats. It begins by listing common parasitic diseases including toxocariasis, dipylidiasis, canine babesiosis, canine ehrlichiosis, ear mange, red mange, sarcoptic mange, isosporosis, neosporosis, and toxoplasmosis. It then discusses these diseases in more detail, covering topics like etiology, life cycle, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment and control methods. For example, it describes toxocariasis as a roundworm infection affecting puppies and kittens, with symptoms like pot belly and vomiting of worms. Diagnosis involves finding characteristic eggs in feces. Treatment includes
This document discusses avian salmonellosis caused by Salmonella bacteria. It covers the etiology, transmission, clinical signs, post-mortem lesions, and treatment of Salmonella infections in poultry. Specific Salmonella serovars like S. Gallinarum and S. Pullorum can cause systemic disease, while others like S. Hadar and S. Infantis typically only colonize the gastrointestinal tract. Transmission occurs horizontally through feces or vertically through eggs. Clinical signs include diarrhea, lethargy and anorexia. Post-mortem lesions may include enteritis, liver lesions and cheesy cores in the cecae. Treatment involves identifying the Salmonella species and administering the appropriate antibiotic
Strangles is a highly contagious bacterial infection caused by Streptococcus equi subspecies equi that commonly affects young horses. It primarily causes fever and swelling of the lymph nodes in the head and neck. While most horses recover without complications, the disease can spread easily through nasal discharge from infected or carrier horses. Proper outbreak management includes isolation of sick horses, thorough disinfection, and vaccination to help control spread.
Mange is among the common illnesses that many dog owners are concerned about. People usually get tensed and do not know how to handle such situations. I present you this Presentation that speaks about Mange, a skin disease caused by tiny parasite mites on dogs. You can refer to this to know what Mange is all about, the types of Mange, the causes, the symptoms and a few easy ways to deal with it. Mange, if left untreated can be fatal. Therefore, timely knowledge and treatment about this disease is important. You can also add your views in the comments below.
For more information about Mange, you can refer to the following links:
http://www.vet-organics.com/types-of-mange-in-dogs/
http://pets.webmd.com/dogs/mange-dogs-canine-scabies
This document contains images and descriptions of various infectious diseases that affect sheep and goats, including parasitic, viral, bacterial, and fungal diseases. Parasitic diseases featured include mange, ticks, cutaneous myiasis, nasal bot flies, and various types of worms. Viral diseases shown are bluetongue, foot-and-mouth, sheep pox, and contagious ecthyma. Bacterial infections presented involve anthrax, black disease, salmonellosis, listeriosis, tetanus, caseous lymphadenitis, brucellosis, and dermatophilosis. Fungal ringworm is also included. For each disease, relevant clinical signs, lesions, microorgan
This document discusses Salmonella in poultry, including:
- Historical Salmonella outbreaks dating back to ancient times and figures like Alexander the Great and Prince Albert.
- More recent outbreaks in the 20th century linked to wars and unsanitary conditions.
- The story of Typhoid Mary, the first known healthy carrier of Salmonella in the US.
- Facts about how Salmonella can be transmitted vertically from breeders to eggs and horizontally between flocks, hatcheries, and facilities.
- Young chicks are very susceptible to early Salmonella infections due to immature immune systems.
- Rodents and improper sanitation of coops and facilities enables ongoing Salmonella transmission.
Strangles is a highly contagious bacterial infection of horses caused by Streptococcus equi. The disease causes fever and abscesses in the lymph nodes of the head and neck. It is spread through direct contact with infected or carrier horses. While some horses show mild symptoms, it can also be severe and even fatal in some cases. Treatment involves draining abscesses. Vaccines are available but do not provide complete protection, and the bacteria can persist in some horses as long-term carriers.
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is caused by the bacterium Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides. It is highly contagious and spreads through inhalation of infected droplets. The disease is widespread in Africa and some parts of Asia and Europe. Morbidity can be up to 70% in susceptible herds with mortality around 50%. Clinical signs include fever, difficulty breathing, and fluid in the lungs. At necropsy, the lungs appear solid and adhered to the chest wall. Control methods include quarantine, testing and slaughter to eradicate the disease or vaccination with attenuated strains to limit spread where cattle movement cannot be restricted.
etiology, local names, definition, transmission, source of infection, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment prevention and control
Swine fever, also known as hog cholera, is a highly contagious viral disease of pigs characterized by sudden onset, high mortality rates, and internal hemorrhaging. The disease is caused by a pestivirus and spreads rapidly among pigs of all ages. Clinical signs include high fever, vomiting, diarrhea, skin discoloration, and central nervous system issues. At the microscopic level, the disease causes degeneration of blood vessels and hemorrhaging in various organs. Diagnosis involves virus isolation, PCR testing, and serological analysis. There is no treatment available, so control relies on vaccination and prohibiting feeding of uncooked garbage to pigs.
Newcastle Disease is caused by a paramyxovirus that infects the respiratory and intestinal tracts of chickens. It spreads to other organs via the bloodstream, causing infection of the lungs, intestines, and central nervous system. Clinical signs include respiratory symptoms, nervous signs, digestive issues, and sudden death. Gross lesions include hemorrhages in multiple organs, tracheitis, diphtheritic inflammation of the throat and esophagus, necrosis of lymphoid tissues, and congestion in organs like the liver and lungs. Histopathological examination reveals epithelial necrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, neuronal degeneration, and lymphoid tissue destruction in affected organs.
This document discusses inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) in poultry. It was first observed in Pakistan in 1987-1988 and is caused by an adenovirus. Clinical signs include sudden death, jaundice, and difficulty breathing. Post-mortem findings include fluid-filled pericardium, pale liver, and congested organs. Prevention involves vaccination, sanitation, avoiding stressors, and using adenovirus-free stock.
Dog Diseases
Like all pets, dogs are also susceptible to diseases. It is important to exercise good pet care by having a sound knowledge of various diseases that dogs suffer from, its symptoms, familiarity of breed along with routine check-ups, proper immunizations and vaccinations and regular visits to the vet .
Trypanosomiasis is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma evansi. Clinical signs include fever, anemia, wasting, and skin lesions. T. evansi is transmitted between hosts by tabanid flies and infects the blood and body fluids. Affected animals show enlarged lymph nodes, emaciation, and weakness. At necropsy, there is anemia, organ enlargement, and tissue depletion. Diagnosis involves identifying the parasite in blood smears or tissues. Treatment uses drugs like quinapyramine, but control focuses on limiting vector transmission and detecting infected animals.
Introduction to Veterinary ParasitologyOsama Zahid
This document provides an overview of veterinary parasitology. It defines key terms like parasites, symbiosis, and host/symbiont relationships. It describes different parasitic life cycles including direct, indirect, and those with both direct and indirect cycles. It outlines the classification of parasites according to the Linnaean taxonomy system. Finally, it discusses common laboratory tests for diagnosing parasites like fecal exams and blood testing. The overall goal is to learn about parasite biology, life cycles, treatment, prevention, and the role of laboratory testing in diagnosis.
Anaplasmosis is an infectious, vector-borne disease of ruminants caused by Anaplasma bacteria that infect red blood cells. The bacteria cause fever, lack of appetite, decreased milk production, progressive anemia, and jaundice in infected animals. Anaplasma marginale primarily infects cattle, A. centrale also infects cattle, and A. ovis infects sheep and goats. The disease is transmitted by ticks and spreads more during seasons when ticks are more active. Young animals are most susceptible. Diagnosis involves identifying the bacteria in blood smears under the microscope. Treatment involves antibiotics but controlling or eliminating the tick vectors can also help control the disease.
This document discusses Pullorum disease, a highly contagious bacterial infection of chickens caused by Salmonella pullorum. It is transmitted vertically from infected hens to chicks through eggs. Young chicks are most severely affected, experiencing high mortality rates due to bacteremia. Clinical signs include diarrhea and death within a few days of hatching. Post-mortem lesions include typhlitis, hepatitis, and arthritis. Definitive diagnosis is made through bacterial culture or serological detection of antibodies against S. pullorum.
The document discusses canine vaccines. It states that core vaccines for dogs include those protecting against canine parvovirus, canine distemper virus, canine adenovirus, and rabies. An optional DHPP vaccine protects against canine distemper, infectious canine hepatitis, parainfluenza, and parvovirus. The document provides details on each of these diseases and vaccines. It recommends that puppies receive their first vaccine at intake and boosters every 2 weeks until 16 weeks of age, then every 3 years. Adolescent and adult dogs should get their first vaccine at intake, a booster 3-4 weeks later, and then every 3 years.
etiology, local names, definition, transmission, source of infection, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment prevention and control
Veterinary microbiology and microbial diseaseDr. Waqas Nawaz
This document provides a table of contents for a textbook on veterinary microbiology and infectious diseases. It outlines sections on introductory microbiology, bacteriology, mycology, virology, viruses and prions, microbial disease production, and disease control. Specific chapters will cover topics such as the structure and growth of various microbes, host immune responses, laboratory diagnosis, antimicrobial treatment, important pathogenic bacteria, fungi, viruses and how they cause disease in different organ systems.
Kennel cough, also known as canine infectious tracheobronchitis, is a highly contagious disease of the canine respiratory tract that causes sudden onset of a paroxysmal cough lasting several days. The two most common causes are canine parainfluenza virus and Bordetella bronchiseptica. Clinical signs include a dry, hacking cough that is more frequent during exercise or changes in temperature/humidity. Diagnosis is based on exposure history and cough, with radiography and cytology used in severe cases to check for pneumonia. Treatment involves antibiotics, cough suppressants, bronchodilators and supportive care. Prevention focuses on vaccination and sanitary kennel practices like isolation, disinfection and
Trypanosoma evansi is a protozoan parasite that causes surra disease in various mammalian hosts. It is transmitted mechanically by biting flies and ticks. Clinical signs vary by host but commonly include intermittent fever, edema, emaciation, and anaemia. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of blood smears or inoculation of blood into laboratory animals. Treatment involves drugs like diminazene aceturate, homidium, or isometamidium. Control relies on treating infected animals, chemoprophylaxis, limiting vector breeding sites, and separating sick and healthy animals.
This document provides information on the tapeworm Cestode. It discusses several types of tapeworms that can infect humans, including Taenia solium (pork tapeworm), Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm), Diphyllobothrium latum (fish tapeworm), and Echinococcus granulosus (dog tapeworm). For each tapeworm, it describes their life cycles, symptoms and diseases they can cause, identification properties, and methods for laboratory diagnosis. The document contains detailed diagrams illustrating the life cycles of the different tapeworms.
This document summarizes various whipworm species that infect domestic and wild animals. It discusses the definitive hosts, geographic distribution, morphology, life cycles, sites of infection, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and control of Trichuris spp., Capillaria spp. and Trichinella spiralis. Key points include:
- Trichuris spp. have a stichosome esophagus and infect the cecum/colon of ruminants, canids, cats and pigs.
- Capillaria spp. infect the intestines, lungs or urinary bladder depending on the species. They are found worldwide in domestic/wild animals and birds.
- T. spiralis has a complex
This document discusses Salmonella in poultry, including:
- Historical Salmonella outbreaks dating back to ancient times and figures like Alexander the Great and Prince Albert.
- More recent outbreaks in the 20th century linked to wars and unsanitary conditions.
- The story of Typhoid Mary, the first known healthy carrier of Salmonella in the US.
- Facts about how Salmonella can be transmitted vertically from breeders to eggs and horizontally between flocks, hatcheries, and facilities.
- Young chicks are very susceptible to early Salmonella infections due to immature immune systems.
- Rodents and improper sanitation of coops and facilities enables ongoing Salmonella transmission.
Strangles is a highly contagious bacterial infection of horses caused by Streptococcus equi. The disease causes fever and abscesses in the lymph nodes of the head and neck. It is spread through direct contact with infected or carrier horses. While some horses show mild symptoms, it can also be severe and even fatal in some cases. Treatment involves draining abscesses. Vaccines are available but do not provide complete protection, and the bacteria can persist in some horses as long-term carriers.
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is caused by the bacterium Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides. It is highly contagious and spreads through inhalation of infected droplets. The disease is widespread in Africa and some parts of Asia and Europe. Morbidity can be up to 70% in susceptible herds with mortality around 50%. Clinical signs include fever, difficulty breathing, and fluid in the lungs. At necropsy, the lungs appear solid and adhered to the chest wall. Control methods include quarantine, testing and slaughter to eradicate the disease or vaccination with attenuated strains to limit spread where cattle movement cannot be restricted.
etiology, local names, definition, transmission, source of infection, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment prevention and control
Swine fever, also known as hog cholera, is a highly contagious viral disease of pigs characterized by sudden onset, high mortality rates, and internal hemorrhaging. The disease is caused by a pestivirus and spreads rapidly among pigs of all ages. Clinical signs include high fever, vomiting, diarrhea, skin discoloration, and central nervous system issues. At the microscopic level, the disease causes degeneration of blood vessels and hemorrhaging in various organs. Diagnosis involves virus isolation, PCR testing, and serological analysis. There is no treatment available, so control relies on vaccination and prohibiting feeding of uncooked garbage to pigs.
Newcastle Disease is caused by a paramyxovirus that infects the respiratory and intestinal tracts of chickens. It spreads to other organs via the bloodstream, causing infection of the lungs, intestines, and central nervous system. Clinical signs include respiratory symptoms, nervous signs, digestive issues, and sudden death. Gross lesions include hemorrhages in multiple organs, tracheitis, diphtheritic inflammation of the throat and esophagus, necrosis of lymphoid tissues, and congestion in organs like the liver and lungs. Histopathological examination reveals epithelial necrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, neuronal degeneration, and lymphoid tissue destruction in affected organs.
This document discusses inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) in poultry. It was first observed in Pakistan in 1987-1988 and is caused by an adenovirus. Clinical signs include sudden death, jaundice, and difficulty breathing. Post-mortem findings include fluid-filled pericardium, pale liver, and congested organs. Prevention involves vaccination, sanitation, avoiding stressors, and using adenovirus-free stock.
Dog Diseases
Like all pets, dogs are also susceptible to diseases. It is important to exercise good pet care by having a sound knowledge of various diseases that dogs suffer from, its symptoms, familiarity of breed along with routine check-ups, proper immunizations and vaccinations and regular visits to the vet .
Trypanosomiasis is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma evansi. Clinical signs include fever, anemia, wasting, and skin lesions. T. evansi is transmitted between hosts by tabanid flies and infects the blood and body fluids. Affected animals show enlarged lymph nodes, emaciation, and weakness. At necropsy, there is anemia, organ enlargement, and tissue depletion. Diagnosis involves identifying the parasite in blood smears or tissues. Treatment uses drugs like quinapyramine, but control focuses on limiting vector transmission and detecting infected animals.
Introduction to Veterinary ParasitologyOsama Zahid
This document provides an overview of veterinary parasitology. It defines key terms like parasites, symbiosis, and host/symbiont relationships. It describes different parasitic life cycles including direct, indirect, and those with both direct and indirect cycles. It outlines the classification of parasites according to the Linnaean taxonomy system. Finally, it discusses common laboratory tests for diagnosing parasites like fecal exams and blood testing. The overall goal is to learn about parasite biology, life cycles, treatment, prevention, and the role of laboratory testing in diagnosis.
Anaplasmosis is an infectious, vector-borne disease of ruminants caused by Anaplasma bacteria that infect red blood cells. The bacteria cause fever, lack of appetite, decreased milk production, progressive anemia, and jaundice in infected animals. Anaplasma marginale primarily infects cattle, A. centrale also infects cattle, and A. ovis infects sheep and goats. The disease is transmitted by ticks and spreads more during seasons when ticks are more active. Young animals are most susceptible. Diagnosis involves identifying the bacteria in blood smears under the microscope. Treatment involves antibiotics but controlling or eliminating the tick vectors can also help control the disease.
This document discusses Pullorum disease, a highly contagious bacterial infection of chickens caused by Salmonella pullorum. It is transmitted vertically from infected hens to chicks through eggs. Young chicks are most severely affected, experiencing high mortality rates due to bacteremia. Clinical signs include diarrhea and death within a few days of hatching. Post-mortem lesions include typhlitis, hepatitis, and arthritis. Definitive diagnosis is made through bacterial culture or serological detection of antibodies against S. pullorum.
The document discusses canine vaccines. It states that core vaccines for dogs include those protecting against canine parvovirus, canine distemper virus, canine adenovirus, and rabies. An optional DHPP vaccine protects against canine distemper, infectious canine hepatitis, parainfluenza, and parvovirus. The document provides details on each of these diseases and vaccines. It recommends that puppies receive their first vaccine at intake and boosters every 2 weeks until 16 weeks of age, then every 3 years. Adolescent and adult dogs should get their first vaccine at intake, a booster 3-4 weeks later, and then every 3 years.
etiology, local names, definition, transmission, source of infection, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment prevention and control
Veterinary microbiology and microbial diseaseDr. Waqas Nawaz
This document provides a table of contents for a textbook on veterinary microbiology and infectious diseases. It outlines sections on introductory microbiology, bacteriology, mycology, virology, viruses and prions, microbial disease production, and disease control. Specific chapters will cover topics such as the structure and growth of various microbes, host immune responses, laboratory diagnosis, antimicrobial treatment, important pathogenic bacteria, fungi, viruses and how they cause disease in different organ systems.
Kennel cough, also known as canine infectious tracheobronchitis, is a highly contagious disease of the canine respiratory tract that causes sudden onset of a paroxysmal cough lasting several days. The two most common causes are canine parainfluenza virus and Bordetella bronchiseptica. Clinical signs include a dry, hacking cough that is more frequent during exercise or changes in temperature/humidity. Diagnosis is based on exposure history and cough, with radiography and cytology used in severe cases to check for pneumonia. Treatment involves antibiotics, cough suppressants, bronchodilators and supportive care. Prevention focuses on vaccination and sanitary kennel practices like isolation, disinfection and
Trypanosoma evansi is a protozoan parasite that causes surra disease in various mammalian hosts. It is transmitted mechanically by biting flies and ticks. Clinical signs vary by host but commonly include intermittent fever, edema, emaciation, and anaemia. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of blood smears or inoculation of blood into laboratory animals. Treatment involves drugs like diminazene aceturate, homidium, or isometamidium. Control relies on treating infected animals, chemoprophylaxis, limiting vector breeding sites, and separating sick and healthy animals.
This document provides information on the tapeworm Cestode. It discusses several types of tapeworms that can infect humans, including Taenia solium (pork tapeworm), Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm), Diphyllobothrium latum (fish tapeworm), and Echinococcus granulosus (dog tapeworm). For each tapeworm, it describes their life cycles, symptoms and diseases they can cause, identification properties, and methods for laboratory diagnosis. The document contains detailed diagrams illustrating the life cycles of the different tapeworms.
This document summarizes various whipworm species that infect domestic and wild animals. It discusses the definitive hosts, geographic distribution, morphology, life cycles, sites of infection, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and control of Trichuris spp., Capillaria spp. and Trichinella spiralis. Key points include:
- Trichuris spp. have a stichosome esophagus and infect the cecum/colon of ruminants, canids, cats and pigs.
- Capillaria spp. infect the intestines, lungs or urinary bladder depending on the species. They are found worldwide in domestic/wild animals and birds.
- T. spiralis has a complex
1. Tapeworms are parasitic flatworms that consist of a head called a scolex and a long segmented body called a strobila. They attach to the intestinal wall of their host and absorb nutrients.
2. Common tapeworms discussed include Diphyllobothrium latum, Taenia solium, Taenia saginata, Hymenolepis nana, Echinococcus granulosus, and Echinococcus multilocularis. Their life cycles involve an intermediate host and definitive host, usually transmitting between via ingestion of eggs from feces.
3. Symptoms from tapeworm infections can range from asymptomatic to abdominal pain, diarrhea, and nutritional deficiencies. Diagnosis
The document provides information on tapeworm parasites (order Cestoidea), including their classification, morphology, life cycles, transmission, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment. It discusses several important tapeworm species that can infect humans, including Taenia saginata, Taenia solium, Hymenolepis nana, Echinococcus granulosus, and Diphyllobothrium latum. Key details on the morphology, life cycles, epidemiology and clinical manifestations of each species are provided.
Taenia spp. are tapeworms with three main species - T. saginata, T. solium, and T. asiatica. They have a scolex that attaches to the intestine and segments containing eggs. T. saginata uses cattle as an intermediate host and infects humans who eat undercooked beef. T. multiceps uses sheep as an intermediate host and infects dogs and humans. T. hydatigena uses sheep, goats, cattle and pigs as intermediate hosts and infects dogs. The parasites are diagnosed through imaging, biopsy or examining stool samples, and treated with praziquantel, albendazole or surgery depending on the specific species and location
Tapeworms are endoparasitic flatworms that live in the intestines of vertebrates. They lack digestive systems and absorb nutrients through their tegument. Tapeworms have a scolex for attachment and three body regions - scolex, neck, and proglottids. Some common tapeworms are Taenia saginata, Taenia solium, Diphyllobothrium latum, Echinococcus granulosus, and Hymenolepis nana. They have complex life cycles involving vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. Tapeworm infections can cause abdominal pain, weight loss, and neurological symptoms depending on the tapeworm species. Treatment involves antiparasitic drugs
Taenia solium and Taenia saginata are two tapeworm species that infect humans. T. solium, the pork tapeworm, has pigs as the intermediate host and can cause cysticercosis in humans if eggs are ingested. T. saginata, the beef tapeworm, uses cattle as the intermediate host. Diagnosis involves finding eggs or proglottids in stool. Cysticercosis presents differently depending on the infected tissue, such as subcutaneous nodules or neurological symptoms if the brain is affected. Prevention focuses on proper food handling and sanitation.
This document summarizes information about the beef tapeworm Taenia saginata, including its morphology, life cycle, pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention. It inhabits the human small intestine and can survive for up to 25 years. The adult worm passes eggs in feces that are ingested by cattle and develop into cysticerci larvae in muscle. Humans are infected by eating undercooked beef containing the larvae. Symptoms of infection include abdominal pain and anemia. Treatment involves niclosamide or mebendazole to kill the adult worm. Thorough cooking of beef prevents transmission.
The document summarizes key aspects of four classes of flatworms - Turbellaria, Trematoda, Monogenea, and Cestoidea. It provides details on the life cycles and characteristics of Monogenea and Cestoidea. Cestoidea, or tapeworms, can be intestinal parasites in humans, with some examples given like the beef, pork, and fish tapeworms. The document outlines the tapeworm life cycle and morphology, including stages like proglottids and scolex.
Echinococcosis is caused by the tissue-invasive larval stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus. Three main species can infect humans: E. granulosus, E. vogeli, and E. multilocularis. E. granulosus causes cystic hydatid disease, forming fluid-filled cysts in organs. Its life cycle involves canine definitive hosts and ungulate intermediate hosts. Humans are accidental dead-end hosts. The cysts grow slowly and can cause pressure effects or spread following rupture. Diagnosis involves imaging and serology tests. Treatment involves surgery and anti-parasitic drugs.
Neurocysticercosis is caused by the larval form of the pork tapeworm Taenia solium residing in the brain. It is a major cause of epilepsy in developing countries. The tapeworm life cycle involves humans as the definitive host harboring the adult tapeworm in their intestines, and pigs or other animals as intermediate hosts where the larval cysts form. People can become infected by ingesting T. solium eggs from fecally contaminated food or water. In the brain, the cysts can cause seizures, headaches, and other neurological symptoms depending on their location and number. Diagnosis involves imaging like CT or MRI along with serological tests, and treatment focuses on anti-parasitic drugs and managing
Strategies Novartis can use to GROW from a Billion Dollar Company to a Trillion Dollar Company like Alphabet Inc
Novartis is a leading healthcare company which is situated in Switzerland and uses digital technologies and innovative science to come up with transformative ways of treatment in areas of great medicinal needs. This article explains what Novartis strategies and what they should employ so that they can rise from a billion dollar company to a trillion dollar company like the Google Alphabet Inc.
Novartis was formed in March 1996 by the merging of pharmaceutical and agrochemical divisions of Ciba-Geigy and Sandoz companies. Thanks to the merging of the two companies, Novartis is one of the biggest pharmaceutical companies in the world. Novartis is one of the largest companies which achieved a great milestone within a few decades. Novartis as a whole is divided into three major divisions: Sandoz (generics), Innovative Medicines and Alcon (eyecare). Novartis is also involved in collaborative research projects that are publicly funded.
Below are some of Novartis best selling drugs and their revenue
1.Cosenty – This is the top selling drug with a revenue of 4.788 billion dollars
2.Enfresto – This has a revenue of 4.644 billions dollars
3.Promacta – This has a revenue 0f 2.088 billion dollars
Medicine manufactured by Novartis and their uses
Medicine Medicine use
Cosentyx Used to treat psoriatic arthritis
Entresto Used to treat heart failure
Lucentis Used to block abnormal vessel growth in the back of the eye
Tasigna Used to treat chronic myelogenous leukemia which has the Philadelphia chromosome
Jakavi Used to treat myelofibrosis, polycythemia vera and graft-versus-host disease
Promacta Used to treat patients with abnormal low platelet count
Sandostatin Used to treat patients with tumor experiencing symptoms like flushing and diarrhea
Xolair Used to treat moderate and severe asthma
Gilenya Used to treat multiple sclerosis
How Novartis became one of the biggest pharmaceutical companies in the world
1.Market control through partnership
Geigy, Sandoz and Ciba combined their power so that they can compete with strong foreign firms and formed a cartel called the Basal Syndicate or Basal IG. Basal IG secured most of the manufacturing facilities all over the US and across Europe. It later joined with IG Farben and other chemical companies to form a big cartel called the Quadrapartite Cartel which dominated all of the European market and enjoyed the profits made from the joint manufacturing.
2.Growth acceleration through mergers
Since competition was very rampant in the pharmaceutical industry, Ciba and Geigy decided to merge with Sandoz AG to form Novartis. With this merge, Novartis became one of the growing giants in the pharmaceutical industry. This made Novartis gain a lot of fame and build a strong reputation over other companies. Novartis majored on agrochemical and pharmaceutical industries which made it easy to focus on a specific mar
Clonorchis sinensis is a liver fluke parasite that infects humans when they ingest raw or undercooked freshwater fish containing the parasite's larval stage. The parasite matures in the bile ducts of the liver and gallbladder, causing inflammation, thickening of duct walls, and obstruction. Heavy infections can lead to cholecystitis, cholangitis, and long-term complications like liver cirrhosis. Most light infections are asymptomatic, but heavy acute infections may cause fever, jaundice, hepatomegaly, and eosinophilia. Diagnosis is made by finding the parasite's eggs in stool samples or duodenal fluid.
- Taeniasis is caused by two parasites, T. solium and T. saginata, which have a two-host life cycle involving humans and pigs/cattle.
- Transmission occurs through ingesting undercooked pork/beef containing the larvae or through ingesting food or water contaminated with parasite eggs from infected feces.
- Most infections are asymptomatic but can sometimes cause abdominal issues. T. solium infection poses a risk of cysticercosis if eggs are accidentally ingested.
- Control measures include treatment of infected individuals, meat inspection, health education, and improved sanitation.
Echinococcus granulosus, commonly known as the dog tapeworm, has a two-host lifecycle between dogs and intermediate hosts such as sheep. In humans, the larval form causes hydatid cysts, most often in the liver and lungs. The cysts are fluid-filled bladders that can cause pressure effects and rupture. Diagnosis involves tests like Casoni's test, imaging, and cyst fluid examination. Treatment is usually surgical removal of cysts along with albendazole to prevent spreading, while prophylaxis focuses on hygiene and restricting dog access to slaughtered animals.
1. Helminths are parasitic worms that can infect humans. This document discusses several important helminth infections including cestodes (tapeworms) and nematodes (roundworms).
2. It provides details on the morphology, life cycles, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of several tapeworm infections - Diphyllobothrium latum (fish tapeworm), Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm), Taenia solium (pork tapeworm), Echinococcus granulosus (dog tapeworm), and Hymenolepis nana (dwarf tapeworm).
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1. The document discusses different types of helminths including cestodes, trematodes, and nematodes. It provides details on the distinguishing characteristics of each such as shape, presence of sexes, head structure, and digestive system.
2. Cestodes, or tapeworms, are described as long, segmented worms that attach to the intestinal wall of hosts using suckers or hooks on their head. They lack body cavities and digestive systems and have unseparated sexes.
3. Specific cestodes discussed include Diphyllobothrium latum (fish tapeworm), Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm), and Taenia solium (pork tapeworm). Their
Taeniasis is caused by infection with the tapeworm species Taenia saginata, Taenia solium, or Taenia asiatica through eating undercooked beef or pork. Most taeniasis infections are asymptomatic, but T. solium infection can cause neurocysticercosis, one of the leading causes of foodborne illness deaths. Diagnosis involves finding tapeworm eggs in stool samples under microscopy. Treatment involves praziquantel or niclosamide, with follow up stool exams to confirm clearance. Proper hygiene, sanitation, and thoroughly cooking pork and beef can help prevent transmission.
This document discusses several intestinal parasites of medical importance including Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus, and Enterobius vermicularis. It describes the key characteristics, life cycles, and medical impacts of each parasite. Diagnosis is typically done through microscopic examination of stool samples to identify eggs, and treatment involves drugs like albendazole, mebendazole, and levamisole. The document provides morphological details and diagrams of each parasite and their eggs to facilitate identification.
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2. TRICHINELOSIS
• Etiology
–Trichinella spiralis, T. nativa, and T. britovi
• Hosts
–All mammals, principally, pigs, man, rats,
etc
• Life cycle. Clean life cycle. It has no free living
stages outside the host.
• After ingestion, it gets encysted in the muscles
• Larvae get released from muscles by action of
digestive enzymes.
• Larvae enters the lymphatic system to the03/01/15 Dr. Nyakarahuka 2
4. It is common in developing countries where
meat fed to pigs is raw or undercooked
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5. Trichinellosis
• Predilection site is Muscles
• Host reaction can lead to calcification
• Caused by eating raw or undercooked pork or
wild game infected with the larvae
• Diagnosis
– Trichinoscopy tests .Taking a piece of muscle esp
diaphragm and compress it between two glass slabs
and view on microscope
– Artificial Digestion using gastric juices
– Serological tests
03/01/15 Dr. Nyakarahuka 5
6. Parasite Control Measures
• Through cooking of meat of meat at a temp
not less than 60o
c
• Freeze at -150
c for at least 30 days
• Avoid feeding swill or garbage to pigs
• Drying is ineffective, but salting and smoking
can be effective
03/01/15 Dr. Nyakarahuka 6
8. Taeniasis(Cestodes)
• Segmented worms that live in intestines
• Adults release last maturing
segments(Progrolitids) can be gravid with over
30,000.
• These are passed into feces and hatched into
larvae on the ground .
• Larvae are ingested by animals, migrate to their
predilection sites to form cystic forms
• These cystic forms are the ones infective to man.
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9. Taeniasis
• 3 types of cyst occur
– cysticercus. Has got an outer membrane enclosing
a single scolex, each with a varying degree of fluid.
– Coenurus(Multiceps cysts), with single cyst and
several scoleces
– Hydatid cysts(Echinococcus).It contains brood
capsules with scoleces –Daughter cysts
03/01/15 Dr. Nyakarahuka 9
10. Taenia Solium(Pork tape worm)
• Final host is man, intermediate host is pig. Larvae
is picked by the pig while scavenging
• It moves through blood stream to the liver and
finally to active muscles where it forms cysts.
• Active muscles include heart muscle, diaphragm,
massatter muscles, tongue, abdominal muscles,
neck etc.
• This cystic form is know as cysticercus cellulosae.
• The condition is know as cyticercosis. Also known
as pork measles.
03/01/15 Dr. Nyakarahuka 10
12. T. Solium
• It can be visible in muscles 4-10 weeks after
infection
• They appear as white sports measuring
16x9.5mm.They look like as if rice is in
muscles.
• In man, it causes neurocysticercosis leading to
cns signs, epilepsy
03/01/15 Dr. Nyakarahuka 12
19. T. Solium
Judgment at Meat inspection
• If the total number of cysts is more than 6,
condemn the whole carcass.
• Any organ or head or any part of the pig with 1 or
more cyst should be condemned.
• If in extended examination, you find between 1-5
cysts in whole carcass, conditionally approve.
• Subject the carcass to treatments such as -10o
c
for about 2wks
• Heat treatment-sterilize by heat or boiling at 95-
100o
c for 30 minutes or heat 72o
c for 2hrs
03/01/15 Dr. Nyakarahuka 19
21. Prevention
• Massive chemotherapy treatment of infected
humans,
• Improving sanitation.
• Education humans are major ways to discontinue
• Cooking of pork or freezing it and inspecting
meat are effective means to cease the life cycle
• The management of pigs by treating them or
vaccinating them is another possibility to
intervene .
03/01/15 Dr. Nyakarahuka 21
22. Taenia saginata(Beef Measles)
• Also called beef-tape worm
• Or Beef measles
• Cystic form called cyticercosis bovis
• Big problem in Africa, asociated with serious
economical losses.We can not export meat.
• Final host is man, intermediate host is
bovine(Cattle).Other wild ruminants are
infected.
03/01/15 Dr. Nyakarahuka 22
24. Taenia saginata
• Taenia saginata occurs where cattle are raised
by infected humans maintaining poor hygiene,
• human feces is improperly disposed of,
• meat inspection programs are poor,
• where meat is eaten without proper cooking
03/01/15 Dr. Nyakarahuka 24
25. Taenia saginata
• Predilection sites are tongue, heart muscle,
massater, adductor muscles, diaphragm and
psoas muscles, i.e. active muscles.
• Occasionally in liver and lungs.
• The cyst is fully developed 18 wks after ingestion,
can be diagnosed at 6 wks, can remain viable
even two weeks after death of animal.
• Uganda Code of Meat inspectors ensure routine
inspection of tongue, masseters, heart, adductor
muscles, etc
03/01/15 Dr. Nyakarahuka 25
26. Taenia saginata
Postmortem findings :
• Small white lesions (cysticerci 2 – 3 weeks after
infection) in muscle tissue
• Clear transparent bladders 5 × 10 mm (infective
cysticerci, 12 – 15 weeks after infection, Fig. 91)
• Opaque and pearl like (over 15 weeks of
infection)
• Degeneration, caseation and calcification (after
12 months or more after infection)
• Degenerative myocarditis
03/01/15 Dr. Nyakarahuka 26
31. Caseous cysticercus. Numerous clear transparent cysts on the
heart surface. 0.6 mm in diameter in the heart muscle
03/01/15 Dr. Nyakarahuka 31
32. Cysticercus ovis. The heart of an old ewe showing heavy infestation
with C. ovis. The cysts have degenerated and undergone calcification
03/01/15 Dr. Nyakarahuka 32
33. Taenia saginata
Judgment at meat inspection
• Condemn the whole carcass if;
– the infection is excessive i.e. if any muscle you incise,
you find 1 or more cysts or any organ you incise you
find 1 or more cysts.
– The total number of cysts in any muscle or
surrounding tissue or organ exceed 20 just on a single
incision
– 10 or more cyst in a dressed carcass
– 4 or more cysts in the head or organs of vicsera
together with 6 or more cysts in the dressesd carcass.
03/01/15 Dr. Nyakarahuka 33
34. Taenia saginata
Judgment at meat inspection
• When there is discoloration of the carcass
regard less of the number of cysts
• Conditionally approve if the carcass
– Has 1-9 cysts
– Any part of the carcass has 1 or 2 cysts
03/01/15 Dr. Nyakarahuka 34
35. Echinococcus granulosus
Hydatid disease
• The cystic form is hydatid disease
• Final host is dog and other caniids
• Intermediate hosts are cattle, ruminants, pigs,
• Man is an accidental intermediate host
• The eggs are released from the dogs into the
ground where they are picked
• The larvae go through the walls of small
intestines and finally into the liver, lungs,
peritoneal space, even in the brain.
03/01/15 Dr. Nyakarahuka 35
47. Judgment at PM
• The shape of cysts depend on shape and size of
organ where the cyst is located.
• It can be spherical and can be very large
• Leading to pressure necrosis.
• Carcass showing emaciation, edema and
muscular involvement is condemned and
destroyed.
• Affected viscera condemned and destroyed.
Burying of carcass is not sufficient, since dogs
may retrieve the affected organs.
03/01/15 Dr. Nyakarahuka 47
48. Taenia Hydatigena
• Its among the largest tape worms of dogs. The
cystic form is cysticercus tennuicolis found
intermediate hosts which are small
ruminants(goats and sheep) and pigs.
• It is one of the largest cysts up to 7.5 cm with
a long thin neck.
• Predilection sites include the omentum,
mesenteries & liver. Its some times cold a
bladder worm
03/01/15 Dr. Nyakarahuka 48
51. Taenia Hydatigena
• The development takes 5-6 weeks
• Judgment
– If infestation is not heavy, since sub-serosally/
remove cyst and pass carcass
– In case of excessive infestation, condemn the
affected organs.
– Man is an accidental host
03/01/15 Dr. Nyakarahuka 51
52. Taenia multiceps
• Cystic form is muliticpes multiceps or also called
coenurus cerebralis
• It exclusively confined to brain tissue of
ruminants
• Can be size of a pea or an egg. It has a
transparent wall with many scoleces
• Animals get infected via contaminated water
• Can be arrested in liver and die, otherwise reach
brain in 8-14 days leading to CNS signs
03/01/15 Dr. Nyakarahuka 52
53. Taenia multiceps
• Final host carnivores
• Intermediate hosts- ruminants
• Prevention
– Don’t give dogs raw meat
• Judgment
– In early cases when there is no emaciation,
condemn the head
– If there is emaciation, condemn the whole carcass
03/01/15 Dr. Nyakarahuka 53
54. Fascioliasis
• Caused by Fasciola hepatica, Fasciola
gigantica
• Signs can be acute, sub acute and subclinical
• At post mortem, acute lead to parachymatous
hepatitis, hemorrhages and fibrin on capsule.
• The liver has numerous sharp small lesions,
which on pressure exudes semi fluid necrotic
liver tissues and mature flukes.
• Although acute cases are rare
03/01/15 Dr. Nyakarahuka 54
55. Fascioliasis
• Chronic form most common
• Bile ducts are thickened, dilated, calciferous
• Bile ducts filled yellowish brown bile
containing flukes which can be expressed
when ducts are incised.
• Excessive calcification and fibrosis of ducts
leads to liver cirrhosis.
• Migrating flukes may reach other organs like
lungs
03/01/15 Dr. Nyakarahuka 55
56. Numerous flukes of Fasciola hepatica observed in the
bile ducts and liver parenchyma of a cow.
03/01/15 Dr. Nyakarahuka 56
60. Fascioliasis
Judgment
• Markedly cirrhotic liver should be condemned
• Affected liver can be consumed for pet food
• Or as inedible by-products or
• Using in pharmacological industries for
producing heparin or Vit.B12
• Otherwise mildly affected liver can trimmed
and pass the rest.
03/01/15 Dr. Nyakarahuka 60
61. Reading assignment
• Read and make notes on;
– Lung worms eg (Dictyocaulus viviparus
– Linguatura larvea
– Oesophagostomiasis
– Ascariasis
03/01/15 Dr. Nyakarahuka 61