Paragonimus westermani
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Paragonimus westermani is a parasitic trematode fluke that can infect humans through the consumption of raw or undercooked crabs or crayfish containing the parasite's larval stages. When consumed, the larvae migrate to the lungs where they mature into adult flukes, causing lung disease symptoms like coughing, chest pain, and fatigue. Praziquantel treatment of 25mg/kg given orally three times daily for several days is the recommended treatment. Prevention involves thoroughly cooking crabs and crayfish to kill any potential larvae.
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Fasciola hepatica
Fasciola hepatica, commonly known as the sheep liver fluke, is a parasitic flatworm that infects the livers of sheep and cattle. It can also infect humans. The adult fluke lives in the bile ducts of the liver and lays eggs that pass in the feces. The life cycle requires an intermediate snail host to continue development. People become infected by ingesting metacercariae encysted on aquatic plants like watercress. Clinical symptoms in humans range from fever and abdominal pain during migration to liver damage and obstruction of the bile ducts in chronic infections. Diagnosis is confirmed by finding characteristic eggs in stool or biopsy samples. Treatment involves medications like triclabendazole.
Cestodes
Detailed description of Cestode Parasites covering morphology, life cycle, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis, and management.
Taenia solium
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Trichinella spiralis
Trichinella spiralis is a nematode that causes the disease trichinosis. It has a direct lifecycle between pigs and humans. Humans typically become infected by eating undercooked pork containing encysted larvae. The larvae are released in the stomach and penetrate the intestine to mature into adults. The females release larvae that travel through blood vessels to encyst in muscle tissue, where they can survive for years. Symptoms vary from none to severe muscle pain and inflammation depending on the infection level. Diagnosis involves muscle biopsy or serology. Treatment involves antiparasitic medication and corticosteroids for severe cases. Prevention focuses on properly cooking pork and controlling infection in pig populations.
Wuchereria bancrofti
Wuchereria bancrofti is a parasitic roundworm that causes lymphatic filariasis. It lives in the lymphatic system of humans and is transmitted by mosquitoes. The adult female worms release microfilariae that circulate in the bloodstream and can be detected via blood smears between 8 PM and 4 AM. Infection leads to swelling of the limbs and genitals known as elephantiasis. Diagnosis involves blood smears to detect microfilariae while treatment consists of medications like diethylcarbamazine, ivermectin, and albendazole. Prevention focuses on mosquito control and public education.
Trematodes:FLUKES
This document describes the characteristics of trematode parasites known as blood flukes. It discusses their morphology, life cycles, pathogenicity, and taxonomy. The key blood fluke genera include Schistosoma, which are dioecious flukes that cause schistosomiasis. The major Schistosoma species that infect humans are S. haematobium, S. mansoni, and S. japonicum. They have complex life cycles involving freshwater snail intermediate hosts.
Classification of cestodes
Tapeworms are flat, segmented parasitic worms that infect the intestines. There are two main types: pseudophyllideans and cyclophyllideans. Pseudophyllideans like Diphyllobothrium latum (the fish tapeworm) have two slit-like grooves and develop through two intermediate hosts. Cyclophyllideans like Taenia saginata have four cup-like suckers and do not require intermediate hosts. Symptoms of infection depend on the tapeworm species and location. Diagnosis involves finding eggs or proglottid segments in stool or removing the worm surgically.
Classification of flagellates and giardia lamblia
This document provides a classification of flagellates and details about Giardia lamblia. It describes the morphology, life cycle, transmission, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of G. lamblia. Key points:
- G. lamblia is a lumen-dwelling flagellate that infects the duodenum and jejunum.
- It exists in trophozoite and cyst forms, with the cyst being the infective form transmitted via contaminated food/water.
- Symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal pain and malabsorption. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of cysts/trophozoites in stool or duodenal samples. Treatment is with metronidazole or related drugs
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Fasciola hepatica
Fasciola hepatica, commonly known as the sheep liver fluke, is a parasitic flatworm that infects the livers of sheep and cattle. It can also infect humans. The adult fluke lives in the bile ducts of the liver and lays eggs that pass in the feces. The life cycle requires an intermediate snail host to continue development. People become infected by ingesting metacercariae encysted on aquatic plants like watercress. Clinical symptoms in humans range from fever and abdominal pain during migration to liver damage and obstruction of the bile ducts in chronic infections. Diagnosis is confirmed by finding characteristic eggs in stool or biopsy samples. Treatment involves medications like triclabendazole.
Cestodes
Detailed description of Cestode Parasites covering morphology, life cycle, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis, and management.
Taenia solium
Parasitology. Created by Tousif Khan. Presented by Suravi Saha Roy, Pranab Karmakar, Rahul Naskar, Subham Karmakar.
Trichinella spiralis
Trichinella spiralis is a nematode that causes the disease trichinosis. It has a direct lifecycle between pigs and humans. Humans typically become infected by eating undercooked pork containing encysted larvae. The larvae are released in the stomach and penetrate the intestine to mature into adults. The females release larvae that travel through blood vessels to encyst in muscle tissue, where they can survive for years. Symptoms vary from none to severe muscle pain and inflammation depending on the infection level. Diagnosis involves muscle biopsy or serology. Treatment involves antiparasitic medication and corticosteroids for severe cases. Prevention focuses on properly cooking pork and controlling infection in pig populations.
Wuchereria bancrofti
Wuchereria bancrofti is a parasitic roundworm that causes lymphatic filariasis. It lives in the lymphatic system of humans and is transmitted by mosquitoes. The adult female worms release microfilariae that circulate in the bloodstream and can be detected via blood smears between 8 PM and 4 AM. Infection leads to swelling of the limbs and genitals known as elephantiasis. Diagnosis involves blood smears to detect microfilariae while treatment consists of medications like diethylcarbamazine, ivermectin, and albendazole. Prevention focuses on mosquito control and public education.
Trematodes:FLUKES
This document describes the characteristics of trematode parasites known as blood flukes. It discusses their morphology, life cycles, pathogenicity, and taxonomy. The key blood fluke genera include Schistosoma, which are dioecious flukes that cause schistosomiasis. The major Schistosoma species that infect humans are S. haematobium, S. mansoni, and S. japonicum. They have complex life cycles involving freshwater snail intermediate hosts.
Classification of cestodes
Tapeworms are flat, segmented parasitic worms that infect the intestines. There are two main types: pseudophyllideans and cyclophyllideans. Pseudophyllideans like Diphyllobothrium latum (the fish tapeworm) have two slit-like grooves and develop through two intermediate hosts. Cyclophyllideans like Taenia saginata have four cup-like suckers and do not require intermediate hosts. Symptoms of infection depend on the tapeworm species and location. Diagnosis involves finding eggs or proglottid segments in stool or removing the worm surgically.
Classification of flagellates and giardia lamblia
This document provides a classification of flagellates and details about Giardia lamblia. It describes the morphology, life cycle, transmission, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of G. lamblia. Key points:
- G. lamblia is a lumen-dwelling flagellate that infects the duodenum and jejunum.
- It exists in trophozoite and cyst forms, with the cyst being the infective form transmitted via contaminated food/water.
- Symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal pain and malabsorption. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of cysts/trophozoites in stool or duodenal samples. Treatment is with metronidazole or related drugs
Entrobius vermicularis
Lecture include: introduction, morphology, life cycle,symptoms, lab diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control
F.buski
Fasciolopsis buski is a large intestinal fluke that infects humans and pigs. It lives in the small intestine of its hosts and can measure up to 80 mm in length, making it the largest fluke that infects humans. The lifecycle involves eggs passed in feces that hatch in water and infect snail intermediate hosts, developing through sporocyst and redia stages before releasing cercariae that encyst on aquatic plants. Humans and pigs become infected by eating these metacercariae.
Liver fluke
Fasciola hepatica, also known as the common liver fluke, is a parasitic flatworm that infects the livers of sheep and cattle. Its complex life cycle involves freshwater snails acting as intermediate hosts. Humans can become accidentally infected by consuming raw freshwater plants containing the fluke larvae. The flukes mature and reproduce in the bile ducts of the liver, causing a disease called fascioliasis. Symptoms range from asymptomatic to abdominal pain and liver damage. Diagnosis involves examining stool samples for fluke eggs or conducting imaging tests and antibody tests. Treatment primarily involves administering deworming medications like triclabendazole or bithionol.
Echinococcus granulosus
Echinococcus granulosus, also called hydatid worm belongs to class Cestoda
It causes cystic echinococcosis in livestock and humans being intermediate hosts and parasitize the small intestines of adult canids
It is a zoonotic disease
Definitive hosts are carnivorous predators like dogs, wolves, foxes and lions. While sheep, goat, cattle, pigs and rodents are intermediate hosts. Birds and arthropods act as mechanical vectors
Balantidium Coli
Balantidium coli is a protozoan parasite that causes the disease balantidiasis in humans. It has two stages - a trophozoite stage where it reproduces and feeds, and an infective cyst stage. Humans typically become infected through ingesting cysts from fecally contaminated food or water. The cysts excyst in the small intestine and trophozoites take up residence in the large intestine, where they can cause symptoms like diarrhea, abdominal pain, and dysentery. Diagnosis is via stool examination or biopsy. Treatment involves antibiotics like tetracycline, metronidazole, or iodoquinol. Prevention focuses on sanitary disposal of human and pig feces to avoid
Strongyloides stercoralis
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Echinococcus granulosus is a tapeworm that causes hydatid disease in humans and intermediate hosts like sheep. It has a two-host lifecycle, using dogs as the definitive host and sheep as the primary intermediate host. In humans, the larval cysts most commonly form in the liver and lungs. The adult tapeworm lives in the small intestine of dogs, where it releases eggs that are passed in feces and ingested by intermediate hosts. When the eggs reach the liver, they develop into hydatid cysts.
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Amoeba are structurally simple protozoans that can invade and damage the intestinal tract. Entamoeba histolytica is an intestinal amoeba that can cause amoebic dysentery or form extra-intestinal abscesses in the liver and lungs. E. histolytica was first discovered in 1875 and exists in trophozoite, precyst, and cyst forms. The cyst form is infectious and can be transmitted through contaminated food or water. In the intestine, trophozoites may invade the colonic mucosa, causing ulcers or abscesses with symptoms of bloody diarrhea. Liver abscesses are a common extraintestinal manifestation and can spread infection to other organs.
ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA
This document provides information on Entamoeba histolytica, the protozoan parasite that causes amoebiasis in humans. It discusses the organism's classification, morphology, life cycle, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Key points include:
- E. histolytica lives in the large intestine and can cause intestinal amoebiasis or spread to the liver to cause amoebic liver abscess.
- It has three stages - trophozoite, pre-cystic and cystic. Cysts are the infective form passed in feces.
- Infection occurs by ingesting cysts which excyst in the intestine. Trophozoites multiply
Taenia solium & Taenia saginata
Taenia solium and Taenia saginata are two tapeworm species that infect humans. T. solium, the pork tapeworm, has pigs as the intermediate host and can cause cysticercosis in humans if eggs are ingested. T. saginata, the beef tapeworm, uses cattle as the intermediate host. Diagnosis involves finding eggs or proglottids in stool. Cysticercosis presents differently depending on the infected tissue, such as subcutaneous nodules or neurological symptoms if the brain is affected. Prevention focuses on proper food handling and sanitation.
Entamaoeba Histolytica (Exam Point of View)
Entamoeba histolytica was first discovered by Losch in 1875.
It is worldwide distribution.
It is prevalent in tropical and subtropical countries where sanitary conditions are poor.
In india, it is prevalent in Chandigarh, Tamil Nadu & Maharashtra.
It is found in the colon of man.
It is monogenetic because the whole life cycle completed within a single host, i.e. man.
Cestodes
Cestodes, or tapeworms, are flat segmented parasitic worms that infect the intestines of humans and other animals. They range in size from a few millimeters to several meters in length. The body consists of a head (scolex) and chain of segments (proglottids) that contain reproductive organs. Two major orders that infect humans are Pseudophyllidea and Cyclophyllidea. Pseudophyllidea have slit-like grooves instead of suckers, while Cyclophyllidea have cup-like suckers. Common tapeworms infecting humans include Diphyllobothrium latum (fish tapeworm), Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm), Taenia sol
3. trichomonas
Trichomonas is a genus of flagellated protozoa that can infect humans. Trichomonas vaginalis specifically is a sexually transmitted protozoon that is common among sexually active individuals aged 16-35. It infects the vagina in women and urethra in men. Symptoms in women can include excessive discharge and vaginal inflammation, while men may experience thin discharge and prostate issues. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of discharge or molecular detection methods. Treatment involves metronidazole along with treatment of any sexual partners to prevent reinfection.
Hymenolepis nana
Hymenolepis nana, also known as the dwarf tapeworm, is the smallest and most common tapeworm found in the human intestine. It inhabits the proximal ileum and is most prevalent in warm climates. H. nana has a direct lifecycle through ingestion of eggs or an indirect lifecycle involving rat fleas as intermediate hosts. Most infections are asymptomatic but some people experience abdominal pain, diarrhea, and pruritis. Diagnosis is made by finding the pathogen's distinctive eggs on microscopic examination of feces. Treatment involves niclosamide or praziquantel which act against both adult worms and larvae. Maintaining hygiene and sanitation helps prevent transmission.
Trichuris trichiura
Trichuris trichiura, also known as the whipworm, inhabits the large intestine of humans. The female produces 2,000-10,000 eggs per day which are passed in feces. Eggs become infective in soil after 2-3 weeks. People are infected by ingesting infective eggs from contaminated food, water, or hands. Worms attach to the intestinal mucosa and can live up to 5 years. Heavy infections may cause symptoms like bloody mucus stool. Diagnosis is by finding eggs in stool samples through sedimentation or flotation techniques.
Schistosomes
Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia or snail fever, is a disease caused by parasitic flatworms called blood flukes. It is a major public health problem in many parts of the developing world. Three main species infect humans - Schistosoma mansoni, S. haematobium, and S. japonicum. The parasites have complex life cycles involving freshwater snails and humans. Eggs produced by the parasites in human tissues cause inflammatory reactions that can damage organs. Symptoms depend on the infecting species but include abdominal pain, blood in urine or stool, and organ damage like liver fibrosis. Treatment involves praziquantel but prevention focuses on improving san
Ancylostoma duodenale (hookwormi)2015
- Ancylostoma duodenale, commonly known as the old world hookworm, infects humans in tropical and subtropical regions. It lives in the small intestine and feeds on host blood, causing iron-deficiency anemia.
- The adult worm lays eggs that pass in feces and hatch as larvae in soil. These larvae penetrate the skin, migrate through lungs, are swallowed and mature in the small intestine.
- Infection causes ground itch, creeping eruption, and iron-deficiency anemia marked by pallor and weakness. Diagnosis involves finding eggs in feces or larvae in sputum. Treatment includes albendazole and iron supplements.
Enterobius vermicularis(PINWORM)
An easy description of a common pinworm that cause itching of the anus.An easy approach to parasitoligy
Wuchereria bancrofti
- Wuchereria bancrofti is a parasitic roundworm that causes lymphatic filariasis. It lives in the lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes of humans.
- The parasite has a two-host lifecycle, with humans as the definitive host and various mosquito species as the intermediate host. Microfilariae ingested by a mosquito develop into infective larvae that can be transmitted to another human.
- In humans, adult worms cause lymphangitis and lymphadenitis, leading to symptoms like lymph edema, hydrocele, and elephantiasis. Occult filariasis involves high eosinophilia without microfilaremia. Diagnosis involves microfilariae detection in blood
Taenia solium pork tapeworm
This document discusses the Taenia solium parasite, also known as the pork tapeworm. It has an adult stage that lives in the human intestine and a larval stage (cysticercus cellulose) that lives in pigs. The life cycle involves humans ingesting pork contaminated with the larval cysts, which develop into the adult tapeworm in the small intestine. Common symptoms in humans include abdominal pain, diarrhea and nausea. The larval cysts can also spread to other tissues like brain, eyes and muscles, causing neurocysticercosis with symptoms depending on the location of cysts. Diagnosis involves examination of stool samples or imaging tests, while treatment involves antiparasitic medications like albendazole
Food Borne Parasites and their control
This document discusses various foodborne parasites that can infect humans through the consumption of raw or undercooked fish and seafood. It describes the life cycles of several parasites, which typically involve crustaceans or mollusks as first intermediate hosts, fish as second intermediate hosts, and mammals as final hosts. Parasites mentioned include the nematodes Anisakis simplex and Angiostrongylus cantonensis, the cestodes Diphyllobothrium latum and Diphyllobothrium pacificum, and the trematodes Clonorchis spp. and others. Symptoms of infection and treatment options are provided for some parasites. The transmission of these parasites is associated with foods like sushi
Ascariasis
Ascaris lumbricoides, also known as the common roundworm, is the largest intestinal worm that infects humans. It is found worldwide but is most common in tropical areas with poor sanitation. Adult worms live in the small intestine and lay eggs that are passed in feces. When ingested, the eggs hatch and release larvae that travel to the lungs before maturing and migrating to the small intestine. Common symptoms include abdominal pain and blockages. Treatment involves anthelmintic drugs while prevention focuses on improved sanitation.
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F.buski
Fasciolopsis buski is a large intestinal fluke that infects humans and pigs. It lives in the small intestine of its hosts and can measure up to 80 mm in length, making it the largest fluke that infects humans. The lifecycle involves eggs passed in feces that hatch in water and infect snail intermediate hosts, developing through sporocyst and redia stages before releasing cercariae that encyst on aquatic plants. Humans and pigs become infected by eating these metacercariae.
Liver fluke
Fasciola hepatica, also known as the common liver fluke, is a parasitic flatworm that infects the livers of sheep and cattle. Its complex life cycle involves freshwater snails acting as intermediate hosts. Humans can become accidentally infected by consuming raw freshwater plants containing the fluke larvae. The flukes mature and reproduce in the bile ducts of the liver, causing a disease called fascioliasis. Symptoms range from asymptomatic to abdominal pain and liver damage. Diagnosis involves examining stool samples for fluke eggs or conducting imaging tests and antibody tests. Treatment primarily involves administering deworming medications like triclabendazole or bithionol.
Echinococcus granulosus
Echinococcus granulosus, also called hydatid worm belongs to class Cestoda
It causes cystic echinococcosis in livestock and humans being intermediate hosts and parasitize the small intestines of adult canids
It is a zoonotic disease
Definitive hosts are carnivorous predators like dogs, wolves, foxes and lions. While sheep, goat, cattle, pigs and rodents are intermediate hosts. Birds and arthropods act as mechanical vectors
Balantidium Coli
Balantidium coli is a protozoan parasite that causes the disease balantidiasis in humans. It has two stages - a trophozoite stage where it reproduces and feeds, and an infective cyst stage. Humans typically become infected through ingesting cysts from fecally contaminated food or water. The cysts excyst in the small intestine and trophozoites take up residence in the large intestine, where they can cause symptoms like diarrhea, abdominal pain, and dysentery. Diagnosis is via stool examination or biopsy. Treatment involves antibiotics like tetracycline, metronidazole, or iodoquinol. Prevention focuses on sanitary disposal of human and pig feces to avoid
Strongyloides stercoralis
Parasitology presentation include: morphology, life cycle, pathology, lab diagnosis, prevention & control
Echinococcus granulosus
Echinococcus granulosus is a tapeworm that causes hydatid disease in humans and intermediate hosts like sheep. It has a two-host lifecycle, using dogs as the definitive host and sheep as the primary intermediate host. In humans, the larval cysts most commonly form in the liver and lungs. The adult tapeworm lives in the small intestine of dogs, where it releases eggs that are passed in feces and ingested by intermediate hosts. When the eggs reach the liver, they develop into hydatid cysts.
Entamoeba histolytica
Amoeba are structurally simple protozoans that can invade and damage the intestinal tract. Entamoeba histolytica is an intestinal amoeba that can cause amoebic dysentery or form extra-intestinal abscesses in the liver and lungs. E. histolytica was first discovered in 1875 and exists in trophozoite, precyst, and cyst forms. The cyst form is infectious and can be transmitted through contaminated food or water. In the intestine, trophozoites may invade the colonic mucosa, causing ulcers or abscesses with symptoms of bloody diarrhea. Liver abscesses are a common extraintestinal manifestation and can spread infection to other organs.
ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA
This document provides information on Entamoeba histolytica, the protozoan parasite that causes amoebiasis in humans. It discusses the organism's classification, morphology, life cycle, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Key points include:
- E. histolytica lives in the large intestine and can cause intestinal amoebiasis or spread to the liver to cause amoebic liver abscess.
- It has three stages - trophozoite, pre-cystic and cystic. Cysts are the infective form passed in feces.
- Infection occurs by ingesting cysts which excyst in the intestine. Trophozoites multiply
Taenia solium & Taenia saginata
Taenia solium and Taenia saginata are two tapeworm species that infect humans. T. solium, the pork tapeworm, has pigs as the intermediate host and can cause cysticercosis in humans if eggs are ingested. T. saginata, the beef tapeworm, uses cattle as the intermediate host. Diagnosis involves finding eggs or proglottids in stool. Cysticercosis presents differently depending on the infected tissue, such as subcutaneous nodules or neurological symptoms if the brain is affected. Prevention focuses on proper food handling and sanitation.
Entamaoeba Histolytica (Exam Point of View)
Entamoeba histolytica was first discovered by Losch in 1875.
It is worldwide distribution.
It is prevalent in tropical and subtropical countries where sanitary conditions are poor.
In india, it is prevalent in Chandigarh, Tamil Nadu & Maharashtra.
It is found in the colon of man.
It is monogenetic because the whole life cycle completed within a single host, i.e. man.
Cestodes
Cestodes, or tapeworms, are flat segmented parasitic worms that infect the intestines of humans and other animals. They range in size from a few millimeters to several meters in length. The body consists of a head (scolex) and chain of segments (proglottids) that contain reproductive organs. Two major orders that infect humans are Pseudophyllidea and Cyclophyllidea. Pseudophyllidea have slit-like grooves instead of suckers, while Cyclophyllidea have cup-like suckers. Common tapeworms infecting humans include Diphyllobothrium latum (fish tapeworm), Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm), Taenia sol
3. trichomonas
Trichomonas is a genus of flagellated protozoa that can infect humans. Trichomonas vaginalis specifically is a sexually transmitted protozoon that is common among sexually active individuals aged 16-35. It infects the vagina in women and urethra in men. Symptoms in women can include excessive discharge and vaginal inflammation, while men may experience thin discharge and prostate issues. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of discharge or molecular detection methods. Treatment involves metronidazole along with treatment of any sexual partners to prevent reinfection.
Hymenolepis nana
Hymenolepis nana, also known as the dwarf tapeworm, is the smallest and most common tapeworm found in the human intestine. It inhabits the proximal ileum and is most prevalent in warm climates. H. nana has a direct lifecycle through ingestion of eggs or an indirect lifecycle involving rat fleas as intermediate hosts. Most infections are asymptomatic but some people experience abdominal pain, diarrhea, and pruritis. Diagnosis is made by finding the pathogen's distinctive eggs on microscopic examination of feces. Treatment involves niclosamide or praziquantel which act against both adult worms and larvae. Maintaining hygiene and sanitation helps prevent transmission.
Trichuris trichiura
Trichuris trichiura, also known as the whipworm, inhabits the large intestine of humans. The female produces 2,000-10,000 eggs per day which are passed in feces. Eggs become infective in soil after 2-3 weeks. People are infected by ingesting infective eggs from contaminated food, water, or hands. Worms attach to the intestinal mucosa and can live up to 5 years. Heavy infections may cause symptoms like bloody mucus stool. Diagnosis is by finding eggs in stool samples through sedimentation or flotation techniques.
Schistosomes
Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia or snail fever, is a disease caused by parasitic flatworms called blood flukes. It is a major public health problem in many parts of the developing world. Three main species infect humans - Schistosoma mansoni, S. haematobium, and S. japonicum. The parasites have complex life cycles involving freshwater snails and humans. Eggs produced by the parasites in human tissues cause inflammatory reactions that can damage organs. Symptoms depend on the infecting species but include abdominal pain, blood in urine or stool, and organ damage like liver fibrosis. Treatment involves praziquantel but prevention focuses on improving san
Ancylostoma duodenale (hookwormi)2015
- Ancylostoma duodenale, commonly known as the old world hookworm, infects humans in tropical and subtropical regions. It lives in the small intestine and feeds on host blood, causing iron-deficiency anemia.
- The adult worm lays eggs that pass in feces and hatch as larvae in soil. These larvae penetrate the skin, migrate through lungs, are swallowed and mature in the small intestine.
- Infection causes ground itch, creeping eruption, and iron-deficiency anemia marked by pallor and weakness. Diagnosis involves finding eggs in feces or larvae in sputum. Treatment includes albendazole and iron supplements.
Enterobius vermicularis(PINWORM)
An easy description of a common pinworm that cause itching of the anus.An easy approach to parasitoligy
Wuchereria bancrofti
- Wuchereria bancrofti is a parasitic roundworm that causes lymphatic filariasis. It lives in the lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes of humans.
- The parasite has a two-host lifecycle, with humans as the definitive host and various mosquito species as the intermediate host. Microfilariae ingested by a mosquito develop into infective larvae that can be transmitted to another human.
- In humans, adult worms cause lymphangitis and lymphadenitis, leading to symptoms like lymph edema, hydrocele, and elephantiasis. Occult filariasis involves high eosinophilia without microfilaremia. Diagnosis involves microfilariae detection in blood
Taenia solium pork tapeworm
This document discusses the Taenia solium parasite, also known as the pork tapeworm. It has an adult stage that lives in the human intestine and a larval stage (cysticercus cellulose) that lives in pigs. The life cycle involves humans ingesting pork contaminated with the larval cysts, which develop into the adult tapeworm in the small intestine. Common symptoms in humans include abdominal pain, diarrhea and nausea. The larval cysts can also spread to other tissues like brain, eyes and muscles, causing neurocysticercosis with symptoms depending on the location of cysts. Diagnosis involves examination of stool samples or imaging tests, while treatment involves antiparasitic medications like albendazole
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Similar to Paragonimus westermani
Food Borne Parasites and their control
This document discusses various foodborne parasites that can infect humans through the consumption of raw or undercooked fish and seafood. It describes the life cycles of several parasites, which typically involve crustaceans or mollusks as first intermediate hosts, fish as second intermediate hosts, and mammals as final hosts. Parasites mentioned include the nematodes Anisakis simplex and Angiostrongylus cantonensis, the cestodes Diphyllobothrium latum and Diphyllobothrium pacificum, and the trematodes Clonorchis spp. and others. Symptoms of infection and treatment options are provided for some parasites. The transmission of these parasites is associated with foods like sushi
Ascariasis
Ascaris lumbricoides, also known as the common roundworm, is the largest intestinal worm that infects humans. It is found worldwide but is most common in tropical areas with poor sanitation. Adult worms live in the small intestine and lay eggs that are passed in feces. When ingested, the eggs hatch and release larvae that travel to the lungs before maturing and migrating to the small intestine. Common symptoms include abdominal pain and blockages. Treatment involves anthelmintic drugs while prevention focuses on improved sanitation.
Foodborne Disease(cuatro)Bacteria – Food Inf.docx
Foodborne Disease
(cuatro)
Bacteria – Food Infection, Food IntoxicationViruses – HAV, Norovirus, Rotavirus
Parasites
*
Pair of schistosome larvae. This species causes schistosomiasis, a devastating illness.
The broad fish tapeworm may grow to 35 feet and live ten years inside a person's intestines.
Foodborne Illness Caused by ParasitesParasites are microscopic creatures that need to live on or inside a living host to survive.Parasitic infection is far less common than bacterial or viral foodborne illness
They derive their nourishment and protection, as well as live and reproduce, within the tissues and organs of their host.
Parasites range in size from tiny single-celled microscopic organisms (protozoa), to visible multi-cellular worms (helminthes) that may be observed with out a microscope.
Helminthany of various parasitic wormsfluke nematode tapeworm
AnisakisNematodes (roundworms) associated with foodborne infection from fish.1-1½ inches longBeige, white, pinkAlso called “cod worm”, “herring worm”
Symptoms and Onset TimeWorms attach to stomachVomiting/Abdominal painCoughing if worms attached to throat
Sharp pain, fever, symptoms similar to appendicitis. (Worms attached to large intestines) Within hours after ingestion of infective larvae, violent abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting may occur. Occasionally the larvae are coughed up
Common FoodsRaw or undercooked seafoodBottom feeding fish –cod, salmon, flounder, shrimp, tunaFresh seafood salad
TransmissionWalruses, Sea lions, OttersWorms transferred to fish (intermediate host)Humans become accidental host
PreventionInspect seafoodCook to proper temperature
Cyclospora cayetanensisFrequently reported parasite since 1990.Cyclospora frequently finds its way into water and then can be transferred to foods.Transferred to food during handling
Cyclospora cayetanensis is a protozoan that causes disease in humans, and perhaps other primates. Sometimes referred to as the “yuppie disease” due to outbreaks in the United States from fecally contaminated imported raspberries.
Recent outbreaks in fresh fruits and vegetables contaminated at the farm.
Symptoms and Onset TimeActs upon the small intestineExplosive diarrheaLoss of appetite, weight loss, nausea, vomiting fever, and fatigueSymptoms start within one week
Common FoodsContaminated waterRaspberriesStrawberriesFresh produce
Transmission in FoodsFecal-oralFood contaminated after contact with polluted water or infected food workerDays or weeks after eating contaminated food
PreventionAvoid contact with contaminated foods, water, or food workers.Good sanitationPurchase RTE foods from an inspected and approved supplier.
Giardia lambiaGiardia found in feces of wild animals, domestic pets and infected persons.Cause foodborne infection
Giardia stick closely to the lining of the small intestine in the hosts they infect and cause mild to severe diarrhea.
Easily d.
2_2018_12_15!10_30_42_AM.ppt
Diphyllobothrium latum, also known as the fish tapeworm, is a large parasitic worm that infects humans when they consume undercooked freshwater fish containing plerocercoid larvae. The adult worm lives in the small intestine and can reach lengths of over 10 meters long. Eggs are passed in feces and require fresh water to hatch into coracidium larvae that are consumed by copepods. Fish eat the infected copepods and become second intermediate hosts harboring the plerocercoid larvae, continuing the lifecycle if humans eat the raw or undercooked fish.
Bacterial cold water disease in fishes,ritesh
This document summarizes bacterial cold water disease (BCWD) in fish, caused by the bacterium Flavobacterium psychrophilum. BCWD typically occurs in temperatures below 13°C and affects salmon and trout species. Clinical signs include skin necrosis, fin and gill hemorrhaging, and internal lesions. Diagnosis involves isolating the bacterium from infected tissues on selective agar plates. Treatment involves antibiotic baths and medicated feed, while prevention focuses on water quality and sanitation. BCWD poses risks to aquaculture but is not considered a regulatory concern.
MALARIA
Presentation on malaria according to Pharmacotherapeutis-ll subject Pharm D 3rd year. It's helpful for Pharm D students, MBBS Students and other allied health care professionals.
In this slide we discussed everything about maria like definition, cause, risk factor, pathophysiology, sign and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of malaria.
Toxoplasma+trichomonas
Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite that infects humans and other warm-blooded animals. It is transmitted through undercooked meat or contact with cat feces. Most infections are asymptomatic, but it can cause severe issues in pregnant women and immunocompromised individuals. Trichomonas vaginalis is a sexually transmitted protozoan parasite that causes the most common vaginal infection worldwide. It is transmitted through sexual contact and can cause symptoms of itching, discharge and irritation. Diagnosis is made through microscopic examination of samples and treatment involves antibiotics.
Paragonimiasis
Paragonimiasis is caused by lung fluke infection from eating raw or undercooked crabs or crayfish. It typically causes lung symptoms but can spread to the brain. While rare, cases have occurred in the US Midwest from eating raw crayfish. Diagnosis involves identifying eggs in sputum or biopsy samples. Infection is treatable with prescription medication. Risk of infection comes from dishes with undercooked freshwater shellfish in Asia and Central/South America. Prevention involves thoroughly cooking crabs and crayfish before eating.
DIPHYLOBOTHRIASIS
Diphyllobothriasis is caused by tapeworms of the genus Diphyllobothrium. People become infected by eating undercooked freshwater fish containing plerocercoid larvae. The larvae mature into adult tapeworms in the small intestine. Tapeworms shed eggs that are passed in feces and ingested by crustaceans. Fish eat the crustaceans and are eaten by larger fish or humans, continuing the cycle. Symptoms are usually mild. Diagnosis is by finding eggs or segments in stool. Treatment is with praziquantel or niclosamide. Prevention involves proper cooking of fish and good sanitation.
Antihelminth Drugs.ppt
This document discusses chemotherapy for helminth infections. It describes the life cycles of various parasitic worms (helminths) that infect humans, including nematodes, cestodes, and trematodes. It provides details on the most common anthelmintic drugs used to treat different helminth infections, such as albendazole, mebendazole, praziquantel, and ivermectin. The document focuses on how these drugs act locally or systemically to eliminate worms from the gastrointestinal tract or other tissues and organs.
Torch in pregnancy
This document discusses TORCH infections that can affect pregnancy. It covers Toxoplasmosis, Rubella, CMV, and Herpes infections. For each infection, it describes transmission, clinical manifestations, effects on pregnancy like risk of transmission and fetal anomalies, diagnosis, and treatment approaches. For toxoplasmosis, it highlights risks increase with gestational age and treatments include pyrimethamine and spiramycin. For rubella, congenital rubella syndrome can cause fetal defects if acquired early in pregnancy. CMV and herpes infections also pose risks of fetal transmission and growth restriction. Diagnosis involves serology and PCR testing of amniotic fluid. Treatment may include antivirals and monitoring for complications.
LIVE ATTENUATED VACCINE
This document discusses several live attenuated vaccines:
1. Live attenuated vaccines work by attenuating (reducing virulence of) bacteria or viruses through prolonged abnormal culture conditions or chemical/heat treatment, selecting for mutants that can grow in these conditions but not cause disease.
2. Examples include the BCG vaccine for tuberculosis, developed by growing Mycobacterium bovis in increasing bile concentrations for 13 years until it was suitably attenuated.
3. Information is provided on administration routes and schedules for several live attenuated vaccines including BCG, oral polio, MMRV, rotavirus, and yellow fever vaccines.
Paragonimiasis (lung fluke disease)
Paragonimiasis is caused by lung fluke parasites of the genus Paragonimus. People become infected by eating raw or undercooked freshwater crabs or crayfish containing infective parasite cysts. The parasites migrate through the intestines and lungs, causing inflammation and symptoms like coughing up blood. Diagnosis involves finding parasite eggs in sputum or stool samples under the microscope or using serology tests. Chest x-rays may also show signs of lung damage from migrating parasites. There is no vaccine and treatment involves antiparasitic medications.
Typhoid Fever
Salmonella typhi, the bacteria that causes typhoid fever, infects over 17 million people worldwide each year. It is transmitted through contaminated food or water. After ingestion, S. typhi invades the intestinal tract and spreads throughout the body. This causes symptoms like sustained high fever, abdominal pain, and headaches. Without treatment, typhoid fever can lead to intestinal perforation or hemorrhage. Historical figures like "Typhoid Mary" helped public health officials understand asymptomatic carriers who spread the disease. Vaccines and antibiotics now effectively treat and prevent typhoid fever.
Heterophyes-Heterophyes-Echinostoma-Species-Casmer-Jubelag.pdf
Heterophyes heterophyes is a small parasitic fluke that lives in the intestinal villi of humans. Its first intermediate hosts are snails found in Asia and the Middle East. Adults are 1-2 mm long with testes, an ovary, and spines covering their body. Eggs are yellow-brown, 27-30 by 15-17 micrometers. Infection is acquired by eating raw or undercooked fish containing the encysted metacercariae stage. Most people are asymptomatic but large infections can cause diarrhea, abdominal pain, and malnutrition. Diagnosis is by finding eggs in stool. Treatment is with praziquantel.
Plasmodium Lecture dr. berroya.pptx
Plasmodium falciparum, vivax, ovale, and malariae are protozoan parasites that cause malaria in humans. They have complex life cycles involving multiplication in the liver and red blood cells of humans, and sexual reproduction within mosquitos. Clinical symptoms of malaria include periodic fevers, which vary based on the species. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of blood smears, and treatment depends on the infecting species and drug resistance patterns. Preventive measures include mosquito control and chemoprophylaxis.
Ascariasis
This document summarizes ascariasis, a parasitic disease caused by the roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides. It affects the small intestine and is transmitted through contaminated food or water. The roundworm lives in the intestines but can migrate to the lungs, causing symptoms like coughing or shortness of breath. It completes its life cycle in soil, with eggs passed in feces and ingested by another host. Over 1 billion people are infected worldwide, most commonly children in tropical areas with poor sanitation.
Parasite report
CHAPTER 1 parasite
PROTOZOA mastigophora
GIARDIA LAMBIA
TRYCHOMONAS VAGINALIS AND HOMINIS
TRYPNOSOMA CRUZI
AFRICAN SLEEPING SICKNESS
types of bacteria and bacterial disease of fin FISHES
The document discusses various bacterial diseases that affect fish. It provides details on the causative agents, symptoms, and treatment for each disease. The diseases described include columnaris, bacterial haemorrhagic septicemia, fin and tail rot, furunculosis, vibriosis, dropsy, epizootic ulcerative syndrome, tuberculosis, and bacterial gill disease. For each disease, the summary discusses the type of bacteria that causes it and provides a brief overview of symptoms and treatment methods.
23. infections caused by helminths
This document summarizes several types of parasitic helminths (worms) that can infect humans. It describes the life cycles, geographical distribution, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of important nematode infections including hookworms, Strongyloides, ascariasis, enterobiasis, trichuriasis, and filariasis. Key points are that these soil-transmitted helminths typically have complex life cycles involving larval stages in soil that infect via skin penetration or ingestion, causing anaemia, pulmonary symptoms, or intestinal obstruction in heavy infections. Diagnosis involves finding eggs or larvae in stool or tissue samples, and treatment consists of anthelmintic medications like albendazole or me
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Heterophyes-Heterophyes-Echinostoma-Species-Casmer-Jubelag.pdf
Heterophyes-Heterophyes-Echinostoma-Species-Casmer-Jubelag.pdf
types of bacteria and bacterial disease of fin FISHES
types of bacteria and bacterial disease of fin FISHES
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Paragonimus westermani
- 1. Paragonimus westermani V. Salomi II Msc.Microbiology
- 2. Definition Paragonimus westermani infected caused by parasitic trematodes of the fluke Infection moist commonly is with the long fluke which may reach some 8 to 12mm in length.
- 4. TRANSMISSION: The infection is transmitted by eating infected crab or Crow fish that is either raw, partially cooked. The larval stages of the parasite are released when the crab or Crowfish is digested They migrate with the body most often ending up in the lungs.
- 5. SYMPTOMS : Adult flukes living in the lung causes lungs diseases after 2-15 days the initial signs, Diarrhea and abdominal pain This may be followed several days later by fever, chest pain and fatigue
- 6. PREVENTION : Never eat raw freshwater crabs or crayfish Cook crabs and crayfish to at least (145F).
- 7. TREATMENT : Praziquantel is the drug of choice, adult or pediatric dosage 25mg/kg given orally three times per day for consecutive days.
- 8. THANK YOU…