The document summarizes the geo-physical background of the Ravi River Basin located in Himachal Pradesh, India. Some key points:
- The Ravi River originates at 4,229 meters above sea level and flows northwest through the basin, which ranges from 559-5,563 meters in altitude.
- The basin has a mostly dendritic drainage pattern but some areas have a herringbone pattern. The Dhauladhar and Pirpanjal mountain ranges are the two main ranges in the basin.
- The basin contains various soil types and climates ranging from semi-tropical to semi-arctic due to the large altitude variation. Saluni formation rocks are concentrated in much of
This will give you an exciting and entertaining yet Informative detail about the chapter Drainage of class drainage systems OF India, drainage patterns, the Himalayan drainage, the Peninsular Drainage Basins, Lakes and River Pollution are the topics covered.
The document summarizes India's drainage systems and major rivers. It discusses the Himalayan rivers like the Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra which are fed by rain and snowmelt. These rivers cut through mountains and have long courses. The peninsular rivers are seasonal as they depend on rainfall and have shorter routes. Some flow west into the Arabian Sea while others flow east into the Bay of Bengal, forming deltas. The document also outlines various lakes found in India and the roles rivers play in India's economy and the issues of river pollution.
The document discusses the major river systems of India. It describes the Himalayan rivers as being perennial and fed by snowmelt, with the Indus, Brahmaputra, and Ganga being the major rivers. It then discusses the peninsular rivers, which are seasonal and flow dependent on rainfall. Some notable peninsular rivers mentioned are the Narmada, Tapi, Godavari, Krishna, and Kaveri. The document then provides more details on the courses and basins of several key rivers including the Indus, Brahmaputra, Ganga, Yamuna, Narmada, Godavari, Tapi, Mahanadi, and Kaveri.
The document discusses India's drainage systems and major rivers. It describes how the Himalayan and peninsular rivers are the two main groups. The key Himalayan rivers are the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra, which are fed by snow and rain. They discharge about 70% of their flows into the sea. The document provides details on the origins and tributaries of the three major Himalayan rivers.
India has diverse physical features ranging from the Himalayan mountains in the north to the coastal plains and islands in the south. The country can be divided into six major physiographic divisions - the Himalayan mountains, northern plains, peninsular plateau, Indian desert, coastal plains and islands. The northern plains are formed by the interplay of the Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra river systems. The peninsular plateau consists of the older crystalline and metamorphic rocks of the Deccan trap and forms the tableland south of the Narmada River. India also has coastal plains along the western and eastern coasts and island groups of Lakshadweep and Andaman & Nicobar islands.
The document discusses key features formed by rivers in their upper, middle, and lower courses. In the upper course, waterfalls are formed where harder rock overlays softer rock. As the river erodes the softer rock faster, it forms a curved ledge and plunge pool underneath. Over time, the waterfall retreats upstream as it continues eroding. Gorges are also formed in the upper course through water erosion. In the middle course, rivers form meanders as the gradient decreases, causing the fast water to erode the outside of bends. Slip off slopes also form in the middle course when the river's energy is too low to carry sediment, causing deposition along banks.
The document discusses several major rivers in India, including the Himalayan rivers of the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra as well as some key peninsular rivers. It provides details on the sources and courses of these rivers, mentions important tributaries, and in some cases discusses cultural or mythological aspects associated with the rivers. Drainage patterns across India are also influenced by geographic features like the Western Ghats mountain range.
The document discusses the physiography and physical geography of India. It divides India into several physiographic divisions: the Northern and Northeastern Mountains (the Himalayas), the Northern Plain, the Peninsular Plateau, the Indian Desert, and the Coastal Plains. It provides detailed descriptions of each division, including the mountain ranges, rivers, vegetation, and other features of each region.
This will give you an exciting and entertaining yet Informative detail about the chapter Drainage of class drainage systems OF India, drainage patterns, the Himalayan drainage, the Peninsular Drainage Basins, Lakes and River Pollution are the topics covered.
The document summarizes India's drainage systems and major rivers. It discusses the Himalayan rivers like the Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra which are fed by rain and snowmelt. These rivers cut through mountains and have long courses. The peninsular rivers are seasonal as they depend on rainfall and have shorter routes. Some flow west into the Arabian Sea while others flow east into the Bay of Bengal, forming deltas. The document also outlines various lakes found in India and the roles rivers play in India's economy and the issues of river pollution.
The document discusses the major river systems of India. It describes the Himalayan rivers as being perennial and fed by snowmelt, with the Indus, Brahmaputra, and Ganga being the major rivers. It then discusses the peninsular rivers, which are seasonal and flow dependent on rainfall. Some notable peninsular rivers mentioned are the Narmada, Tapi, Godavari, Krishna, and Kaveri. The document then provides more details on the courses and basins of several key rivers including the Indus, Brahmaputra, Ganga, Yamuna, Narmada, Godavari, Tapi, Mahanadi, and Kaveri.
The document discusses India's drainage systems and major rivers. It describes how the Himalayan and peninsular rivers are the two main groups. The key Himalayan rivers are the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra, which are fed by snow and rain. They discharge about 70% of their flows into the sea. The document provides details on the origins and tributaries of the three major Himalayan rivers.
India has diverse physical features ranging from the Himalayan mountains in the north to the coastal plains and islands in the south. The country can be divided into six major physiographic divisions - the Himalayan mountains, northern plains, peninsular plateau, Indian desert, coastal plains and islands. The northern plains are formed by the interplay of the Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra river systems. The peninsular plateau consists of the older crystalline and metamorphic rocks of the Deccan trap and forms the tableland south of the Narmada River. India also has coastal plains along the western and eastern coasts and island groups of Lakshadweep and Andaman & Nicobar islands.
The document discusses key features formed by rivers in their upper, middle, and lower courses. In the upper course, waterfalls are formed where harder rock overlays softer rock. As the river erodes the softer rock faster, it forms a curved ledge and plunge pool underneath. Over time, the waterfall retreats upstream as it continues eroding. Gorges are also formed in the upper course through water erosion. In the middle course, rivers form meanders as the gradient decreases, causing the fast water to erode the outside of bends. Slip off slopes also form in the middle course when the river's energy is too low to carry sediment, causing deposition along banks.
The document discusses several major rivers in India, including the Himalayan rivers of the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra as well as some key peninsular rivers. It provides details on the sources and courses of these rivers, mentions important tributaries, and in some cases discusses cultural or mythological aspects associated with the rivers. Drainage patterns across India are also influenced by geographic features like the Western Ghats mountain range.
The document discusses the physiography and physical geography of India. It divides India into several physiographic divisions: the Northern and Northeastern Mountains (the Himalayas), the Northern Plain, the Peninsular Plateau, the Indian Desert, and the Coastal Plains. It provides detailed descriptions of each division, including the mountain ranges, rivers, vegetation, and other features of each region.
This document summarizes the drainage systems and major rivers in India. It divides India's rivers into two groups: the Himalayan rivers which originate in the Himalayas and have large catchment areas, and the peninsular rivers which originate in the peninsular plateaus and have smaller catchment areas. It provides details on key Himalayan rivers like the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Indus, and peninsular rivers such as the Narmada, Tapti, Godavari, Mahanadi, Krishna, and Kaveri. It also discusses the benefits rivers provide like fresh water, irrigation, navigation and hydroelectric power generation.
Rivers play an important role in Indian life and culture, providing water for irrigation, transportation, power, and livelihoods. Most major Indian cities are located on river banks. India's river systems originate from three main watersheds - the Himalayas, Vindhya Range, and Western Ghats. The Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra are some of India's longest rivers. Rivers have supported ancient Indian civilizations and continue to be vital to society and the environment.
Physiography of India- northern Mountains -Himalayas -Divisions of HimalayasLalit Thakare
The document discusses the physiography of the Himalayas in India. It describes the four main divisions of the Himalayas from west to east: 1) the Kashmir/Punjab/Himachal Himalayas, 2) the Kumaun Himalayas, 3) the Central/Nepal Himalayas, and 4) the Assam/Eastern Himalayas. It also outlines the four transverse divisions from north to south: 1) the Trans-Himalayan ranges, 2) the Greater Himalayas, 3) the Lesser Himalayas, and 4) the Outer or Shiwalik Himalayas. Key details are provided on the
The document summarizes the structure and physiography of India. It divides India into several physiographic divisions based on geological structure and landforms: the Himalayas, Northern Plains, Peninsular Plateau, Indian Desert, Coastal Plains, and Islands. It describes the key features of each division, including their positioning, formation processes, and distinguishing characteristics. The Islands are further divided into Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep Islands, with details provided on each group.
The document discusses the drainage systems of India, focusing on the Himalayan river systems. It notes that the major Himalayan rivers are the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra rivers and their tributaries. These rivers originated in the Himalayan mountains even before their formation. They have cut deep gorges and are examples of antecedent drainage. The Indus river system is then described in detail, including its major tributaries like the Jhelum, Chenab, Beas, and Satluj rivers. The document provides locations and details about each of these rivers.
This document provides information about the Northern Plains of India. It discusses the key details of the Northern Plains, including its extension from Assam to Punjab, its fertile alluvial soil deposited by Himalayan rivers, and its importance as the major agricultural region and most densely populated area of India. The plains are divided into the Indus and Ganga-Brahmaputra river basins. The document also notes the plains' flat terrain, irrigation infrastructure like canals and dams, and role in India's economic development through industries and agriculture. In summary, the Northern Plains are India's most fertile and populated region, extending along the Himalayas and watered by major rivers.
The document provides information on the topography and physical features of northern mountains in Pakistan. It discusses the three main mountain ranges: the Karakoram, Himalaya, and Hindu Kush ranges. Key details include the high altitudes and glaciers of the Karakoram range, location and peaks of the Himalaya range, and rivers that flow from the Hindu Kush mountains. It also summarizes important valleys, passes, crops, and way of life in the northern mountain regions of Pakistan.
The main points are:
1) The main rivers that drain into the Bay of Bengal are the Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri rivers, which flow eastwards. The Narmada and Tapi are the only long rivers that flow westwards.
2) Rivers form deltas where they deposit more material than can be carried away at their mouths. They divide into distributaries which form networks of channels.
3) Estuaries are formed where fresh water and saline water mix at the river's mouth. They provide good sites for fisheries, ports and industries.
India has significant geographic diversity due to its complex geological history. The key physical features formed at different times include the Himalayan mountains in the north, which are young and formed by tectonic plate collisions; the older Peninsular Plateau containing hills and valleys in central and southern India; and the large, fertile Northern Plains formed by deposition of silt from the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra river systems. These features continue to be shaped by ongoing plate tectonics and erosion processes.
The Indian sub-continent is characterised by a great and diversified group of physical features.
They are classified into the following physiographic units :
1. The Himalayas and other ranges.
2. The Indo-Gangetic plain.
3. The Thar Deserts
4. The Peninsular Plateau.
5. The Coastal belts and Islands.
The document summarizes key details about the Ganga and Brahmaputra river systems. It notes that the Ganga is formed by the Bhagirathi and Alaknanda rivers in the Himalayas and flows eastward through the plains. It is joined by major tributaries like the Yamuna, Ghaghara, and Gandak before emptying into the Bay of Bengal through its delta. The Brahmaputra also rises in the Himalayas in Tibet before entering India and flowing south through Assam with major tributaries, depositing large amounts of silt before joining the Ganga delta. Both river systems are prone to flooding during the monsoon season.
The document provides an overview of the physical features of India, including its formation of tectonic plates, major mountain ranges like the Himalayas and Karakoram, rivers such as the Ganges and Indus, northern plains, plateaus including the Deccan and Chota Nagpur, coastal plains along the eastern and western coasts, and deserts such as the Thar. Key geographic elements that have shaped India's landscape and climate are described at a high level.
The northern plain of India is formed by the interplay of three major rivers - the Ganga, Indus, and Brahmaputra. During the Tertiary period, a sea called Tethys extended north and west. Due to the movement of tectonic plates, the Indian plate underthrust the Eurasian plate, causing folding of marine sediments from compressive forces. This created the Himalayas and left the northern plain as a foredeep filled with sediments eroded from the mountains. The three dominant rivers continue depositing alluvial soil, making the plain one of the most fertile regions and important agricultural areas in India.
The document discusses drainage systems in India. It describes the major river systems including the Himalayan rivers like the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra as well as the peninsular rivers like the Narmada, Godavari, and Kaveri. It also discusses important drainage features like water divides, gorges, deltas, and lakes. Finally, it covers the importance of rivers and lakes for irrigation, hydropower, and their role in the economy, as well as the rising issue of river pollution in India.
The document provides information about various mountains, mountain ranges, plateaus and plains located in India and surrounding regions. It discusses the highest peaks in the Himalayan mountain range including Mount Everest, K2, Kanchenjunga, Nanga Parbat, Annapurna, Manaslu, Dhaulagiri and Lhotse. It also describes several plateaus found in India such as the Chota Nagpur Plateau, Deccan Plateau, Malwa Plateau and Mysore Plateau. Additionally, it summarizes key plains like the Indo-Gangetic Plain, Western Coastal Plains and Terai region.
India has significant geographical diversity due to its large size and location in South Asia. It spans a wide range of landscapes from the Himalayan mountains in the north to the Thar Desert in the west. Major rivers like the Ganges and Indus flow from the Himalayas across fertile plains, influencing settlement patterns and supporting agriculture. India experiences distinct seasonal changes including a summer monsoon season that is crucial for crop growth. This diversity of terrain and climate has endowed India with valuable natural resources but also environmental challenges like floods and droughts.
Physiographic divisions of India class IXAnveshaWalve
The document describes the physiographic divisions of India, which were formed by continental drift and tectonic plate movement. It discusses 6 divisions: 1) The Northern Mountains, formed by the Himalayan ranges. 2) The Great Northern Plains, formed by deposition of silt from Himalayan rivers. 3) The Peninsular Plateau, the oldest landmass in India with Central Highlands and Deccan Plateau. 4) The Coastal Plains, formed along the eastern and western coasts. 5) The Indian Deserts, including the Thar Desert. 6) The Islands, which include the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Each division has unique geographical features and importance.
The document discusses the Upper Indus Plain and Lower Indus Plain in Pakistan. The Upper Indus Plain extends from Jehlum River to Mitthan Kot and contains the confluence of the Indus River and its tributaries. It has a network of canals for irrigation and is suitable for agriculture. The Lower Indus Plain stretches from Mitthan Kot to the Arabian Sea, containing only the Indus River which deposits silt as it flows towards the sea and forms features like meanders and ox-bow lakes. It is also suitable for irrigation-based agriculture.
The Peninsular Plateau of India consists of two broad divisions: the Central Highlands and the Deccan Plateau. The Central Highlands lie north of the Narmada River and include the Malwa Plateau and Vindhya Range. The Deccan Plateau is a triangular landmass south of the Narmada that extends over eight states and contains diverse habitats bounded by the Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats, and various mountain ranges. The Western Ghats are higher and more continuous than the dissected and irregular Eastern Ghats.
Physiography and drainage CLASS 10 SSC MAHARASHTRASana Shaikh
This document discusses physiography and drainage systems in Brazil. It defines physiography as the study of physical patterns and processes of the Earth. It describes the Great Escarpment in Brazil, a major geological formation that runs along much of the eastern coast and separates the highland plateau from the coast. It also outlines Brazil's major drainage systems, dividing them into the Amazon Basin, Paraguay Parana System, coastal rivers, and Sao Francisco.
The document discusses the drainage systems of India. It describes the two major groups of rivers in India - the Himalayan rivers and the Peninsular rivers. The Himalayan rivers originate in the Himalayas and include the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra rivers. They tend to be longer and receive water from rain and snowmelt. The Peninsular rivers are mostly seasonal and have shorter courses, originating within India. Some examples given are the Godavari, Mahanadi, and Krishna rivers. The document also discusses the different drainage patterns seen in river basins.
The major river systems of India originate from three watersheds in the Himalayas. The seven major rivers are the Indus, Ganges, Brahmaputra, Narmada, Tapti, Godavari and Mahanadi. The Himalayan rivers like the Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra flow from north to south through the plains while peninsular rivers flow south through shallow valleys. Many rivers are considered sacred in Hindu mythology like the Ganges, Yamuna and Kaveri which are personified as goddesses.
This document summarizes the drainage systems and major rivers in India. It divides India's rivers into two groups: the Himalayan rivers which originate in the Himalayas and have large catchment areas, and the peninsular rivers which originate in the peninsular plateaus and have smaller catchment areas. It provides details on key Himalayan rivers like the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Indus, and peninsular rivers such as the Narmada, Tapti, Godavari, Mahanadi, Krishna, and Kaveri. It also discusses the benefits rivers provide like fresh water, irrigation, navigation and hydroelectric power generation.
Rivers play an important role in Indian life and culture, providing water for irrigation, transportation, power, and livelihoods. Most major Indian cities are located on river banks. India's river systems originate from three main watersheds - the Himalayas, Vindhya Range, and Western Ghats. The Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra are some of India's longest rivers. Rivers have supported ancient Indian civilizations and continue to be vital to society and the environment.
Physiography of India- northern Mountains -Himalayas -Divisions of HimalayasLalit Thakare
The document discusses the physiography of the Himalayas in India. It describes the four main divisions of the Himalayas from west to east: 1) the Kashmir/Punjab/Himachal Himalayas, 2) the Kumaun Himalayas, 3) the Central/Nepal Himalayas, and 4) the Assam/Eastern Himalayas. It also outlines the four transverse divisions from north to south: 1) the Trans-Himalayan ranges, 2) the Greater Himalayas, 3) the Lesser Himalayas, and 4) the Outer or Shiwalik Himalayas. Key details are provided on the
The document summarizes the structure and physiography of India. It divides India into several physiographic divisions based on geological structure and landforms: the Himalayas, Northern Plains, Peninsular Plateau, Indian Desert, Coastal Plains, and Islands. It describes the key features of each division, including their positioning, formation processes, and distinguishing characteristics. The Islands are further divided into Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep Islands, with details provided on each group.
The document discusses the drainage systems of India, focusing on the Himalayan river systems. It notes that the major Himalayan rivers are the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra rivers and their tributaries. These rivers originated in the Himalayan mountains even before their formation. They have cut deep gorges and are examples of antecedent drainage. The Indus river system is then described in detail, including its major tributaries like the Jhelum, Chenab, Beas, and Satluj rivers. The document provides locations and details about each of these rivers.
This document provides information about the Northern Plains of India. It discusses the key details of the Northern Plains, including its extension from Assam to Punjab, its fertile alluvial soil deposited by Himalayan rivers, and its importance as the major agricultural region and most densely populated area of India. The plains are divided into the Indus and Ganga-Brahmaputra river basins. The document also notes the plains' flat terrain, irrigation infrastructure like canals and dams, and role in India's economic development through industries and agriculture. In summary, the Northern Plains are India's most fertile and populated region, extending along the Himalayas and watered by major rivers.
The document provides information on the topography and physical features of northern mountains in Pakistan. It discusses the three main mountain ranges: the Karakoram, Himalaya, and Hindu Kush ranges. Key details include the high altitudes and glaciers of the Karakoram range, location and peaks of the Himalaya range, and rivers that flow from the Hindu Kush mountains. It also summarizes important valleys, passes, crops, and way of life in the northern mountain regions of Pakistan.
The main points are:
1) The main rivers that drain into the Bay of Bengal are the Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri rivers, which flow eastwards. The Narmada and Tapi are the only long rivers that flow westwards.
2) Rivers form deltas where they deposit more material than can be carried away at their mouths. They divide into distributaries which form networks of channels.
3) Estuaries are formed where fresh water and saline water mix at the river's mouth. They provide good sites for fisheries, ports and industries.
India has significant geographic diversity due to its complex geological history. The key physical features formed at different times include the Himalayan mountains in the north, which are young and formed by tectonic plate collisions; the older Peninsular Plateau containing hills and valleys in central and southern India; and the large, fertile Northern Plains formed by deposition of silt from the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra river systems. These features continue to be shaped by ongoing plate tectonics and erosion processes.
The Indian sub-continent is characterised by a great and diversified group of physical features.
They are classified into the following physiographic units :
1. The Himalayas and other ranges.
2. The Indo-Gangetic plain.
3. The Thar Deserts
4. The Peninsular Plateau.
5. The Coastal belts and Islands.
The document summarizes key details about the Ganga and Brahmaputra river systems. It notes that the Ganga is formed by the Bhagirathi and Alaknanda rivers in the Himalayas and flows eastward through the plains. It is joined by major tributaries like the Yamuna, Ghaghara, and Gandak before emptying into the Bay of Bengal through its delta. The Brahmaputra also rises in the Himalayas in Tibet before entering India and flowing south through Assam with major tributaries, depositing large amounts of silt before joining the Ganga delta. Both river systems are prone to flooding during the monsoon season.
The document provides an overview of the physical features of India, including its formation of tectonic plates, major mountain ranges like the Himalayas and Karakoram, rivers such as the Ganges and Indus, northern plains, plateaus including the Deccan and Chota Nagpur, coastal plains along the eastern and western coasts, and deserts such as the Thar. Key geographic elements that have shaped India's landscape and climate are described at a high level.
The northern plain of India is formed by the interplay of three major rivers - the Ganga, Indus, and Brahmaputra. During the Tertiary period, a sea called Tethys extended north and west. Due to the movement of tectonic plates, the Indian plate underthrust the Eurasian plate, causing folding of marine sediments from compressive forces. This created the Himalayas and left the northern plain as a foredeep filled with sediments eroded from the mountains. The three dominant rivers continue depositing alluvial soil, making the plain one of the most fertile regions and important agricultural areas in India.
The document discusses drainage systems in India. It describes the major river systems including the Himalayan rivers like the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra as well as the peninsular rivers like the Narmada, Godavari, and Kaveri. It also discusses important drainage features like water divides, gorges, deltas, and lakes. Finally, it covers the importance of rivers and lakes for irrigation, hydropower, and their role in the economy, as well as the rising issue of river pollution in India.
The document provides information about various mountains, mountain ranges, plateaus and plains located in India and surrounding regions. It discusses the highest peaks in the Himalayan mountain range including Mount Everest, K2, Kanchenjunga, Nanga Parbat, Annapurna, Manaslu, Dhaulagiri and Lhotse. It also describes several plateaus found in India such as the Chota Nagpur Plateau, Deccan Plateau, Malwa Plateau and Mysore Plateau. Additionally, it summarizes key plains like the Indo-Gangetic Plain, Western Coastal Plains and Terai region.
India has significant geographical diversity due to its large size and location in South Asia. It spans a wide range of landscapes from the Himalayan mountains in the north to the Thar Desert in the west. Major rivers like the Ganges and Indus flow from the Himalayas across fertile plains, influencing settlement patterns and supporting agriculture. India experiences distinct seasonal changes including a summer monsoon season that is crucial for crop growth. This diversity of terrain and climate has endowed India with valuable natural resources but also environmental challenges like floods and droughts.
Physiographic divisions of India class IXAnveshaWalve
The document describes the physiographic divisions of India, which were formed by continental drift and tectonic plate movement. It discusses 6 divisions: 1) The Northern Mountains, formed by the Himalayan ranges. 2) The Great Northern Plains, formed by deposition of silt from Himalayan rivers. 3) The Peninsular Plateau, the oldest landmass in India with Central Highlands and Deccan Plateau. 4) The Coastal Plains, formed along the eastern and western coasts. 5) The Indian Deserts, including the Thar Desert. 6) The Islands, which include the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Each division has unique geographical features and importance.
The document discusses the Upper Indus Plain and Lower Indus Plain in Pakistan. The Upper Indus Plain extends from Jehlum River to Mitthan Kot and contains the confluence of the Indus River and its tributaries. It has a network of canals for irrigation and is suitable for agriculture. The Lower Indus Plain stretches from Mitthan Kot to the Arabian Sea, containing only the Indus River which deposits silt as it flows towards the sea and forms features like meanders and ox-bow lakes. It is also suitable for irrigation-based agriculture.
The Peninsular Plateau of India consists of two broad divisions: the Central Highlands and the Deccan Plateau. The Central Highlands lie north of the Narmada River and include the Malwa Plateau and Vindhya Range. The Deccan Plateau is a triangular landmass south of the Narmada that extends over eight states and contains diverse habitats bounded by the Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats, and various mountain ranges. The Western Ghats are higher and more continuous than the dissected and irregular Eastern Ghats.
Physiography and drainage CLASS 10 SSC MAHARASHTRASana Shaikh
This document discusses physiography and drainage systems in Brazil. It defines physiography as the study of physical patterns and processes of the Earth. It describes the Great Escarpment in Brazil, a major geological formation that runs along much of the eastern coast and separates the highland plateau from the coast. It also outlines Brazil's major drainage systems, dividing them into the Amazon Basin, Paraguay Parana System, coastal rivers, and Sao Francisco.
The document discusses the drainage systems of India. It describes the two major groups of rivers in India - the Himalayan rivers and the Peninsular rivers. The Himalayan rivers originate in the Himalayas and include the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra rivers. They tend to be longer and receive water from rain and snowmelt. The Peninsular rivers are mostly seasonal and have shorter courses, originating within India. Some examples given are the Godavari, Mahanadi, and Krishna rivers. The document also discusses the different drainage patterns seen in river basins.
The major river systems of India originate from three watersheds in the Himalayas. The seven major rivers are the Indus, Ganges, Brahmaputra, Narmada, Tapti, Godavari and Mahanadi. The Himalayan rivers like the Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra flow from north to south through the plains while peninsular rivers flow south through shallow valleys. Many rivers are considered sacred in Hindu mythology like the Ganges, Yamuna and Kaveri which are personified as goddesses.
The document provides information on the Brahmaputra River across 8 paragraphs:
1) It originates in Tibet and flows through India and Bangladesh, averaging 400 meters in height for 13,000 km in Tibet making it the highest major river.
2) It is one of the most powerful rivers based on flow rate and the 5th strongest. It exhibits rare tidal bores that form waves traveling against the current.
3) Majuli, the largest river island, resides in the Brahmaputra in Assam around 100 km in length.
This document provides a summary of a social science presentation on drainage systems and rivers in India. It includes sections on the Himalayan rivers like the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra rivers and their routes. It also discusses the peninsular rivers including the Narmada, Tapi, Godavari, Mahanadi, Krishna, and Kaveri rivers. There is also information on lakes, the role of rivers in the economy, comparisons between Himalayan and peninsular rivers, drainage patterns, river pollution causes and effects, and ways to reduce river pollution.
This document provides a summary of a social science presentation on drainage systems and rivers in India. It includes sections on the Himalayan rivers like the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra rivers and their routes. It also discusses the peninsular rivers including the Narmada, Tapi, Godavari, Mahanadi, Krishna, and Kaveri rivers. There is also information on lakes, the role of rivers in the economy, comparisons between Himalayan and peninsular rivers, drainage patterns, river pollution causes and effects, and ways to reduce river pollution.
This document discusses flood management and provides information about floods and flood alleviation in India. It begins by defining floods and their causes, including heavy rainfall, snowmelt, and storm surges. It then discusses the dangers of floods, including deaths from drowning. The document outlines design floods and the maximum flood a structure can withstand. It provides details about major rivers in India, including their origins and courses. It discusses the types of floods that occur in India and flood-prone areas. The effects of floods are outlined. Finally, it describes methods used for flood alleviation and control structures like levees.
This document provides information about the drainage system and major rivers of India. It discusses the two main types of rivers - the Himalayan rivers and the peninsular rivers. For the Himalayan rivers, it summarizes the key details about the three major rivers: the Indus, Ganga, and Brahmaputra. It describes their sources, tributaries, and courses through India and neighboring countries. It also briefly outlines some of the major peninsular rivers like the Narmada, Godavari, Mahanadi, Krishna, and Kaveri.
- The major rivers of India play an important role in providing irrigation, water, transportation, electricity and livelihoods. Nearly all major cities are located on river banks.
- There are seven major river systems - the Ganga, Indus, Brahmaputra, Narmada, Godavari, Krishna and Mahanadi. Most rivers drain into the Bay of Bengal while some flow west towards the Arabian Sea.
- The rivers are classified based on their origin - the Himalayan rivers originate in the Himalayas and form large basins, while peninsular rivers flow through shallow valleys and many are seasonal.
The document summarizes different types of drainage systems including dendritic, trellis, rectangular, and radial. It then discusses key features of Himalayan and peninsular rivers in India. Specific details are provided about the Indus, Ganga, and Brahmaputra river systems as well as some major peninsular rivers like Godavari, Mahanadi, Krishna, and Kaveri. Finally, it touches on estuaries, deltas, and lakes in India as well as the importance and pollution of rivers.
The document discusses drainage patterns and India's major river systems. It describes the key features of the Himalayan rivers including the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra as well as major peninsular rivers such as the Narmada, Godavari, Mahanadi, Krishna and Kaveri. It explains that the Himalayan rivers are fed by snowmelt and rain and have long courses with many tributaries, while peninsular rivers have shorter courses and drainage basins.
India's drainage systems are divided into two groups - the Himalayan rivers and the Peninsular rivers. The Himalayan rivers are perennial and flow from the Himalayas, while the Peninsular rivers are seasonal and originate in the Western Ghats. Some key Himalayan rivers are the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra, while major Peninsular rivers include the Godavari, Mahanadi, Krishna, and Kaveri. India also has many lakes that vary in size and origin, such as glacial lakes in the Himalayas and coastal lagoons. Rivers and lakes play an important economic and environmental role but are increasingly threatened by pollution.
The Barind Tract is a Pleistocene physiographic unit covering 7,770 sq km in northwest Bangladesh and parts of West Bengal, India. It consists of reddish clay soils deposited during the last glacial period when monsoon rainfall was heavier and rivers spilled over their banks. The tract is bounded by rivers and separated into units with entrenched dendritic drainage patterns. It underwent uplift and tilting, influencing river courses over time. The Barind Tract is characterized by its elevated terrain, reddish clay soils, and sparser vegetation compared to surrounding floodplains.
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1. International Journal of Research in Advent Technology, Vol.7, No.1, January 2019
E-ISSN: 2321-9637
Available online at www.ijrat.org
5
A Geo-physical background of Ravi River Basin in
Himachal Pradesh
Sharma Nikesh
Assistant Professor of Geography,
Government College Dharamshala,
Himachal Pradesh, India.
Abstract- The Ravi River is one of the main River of Indus River systems and it is originates at an elevation of
4229 meters above mean sea level from Bara Bangal the most interior part of Kangra District. The River flows
in a North-West direction for most of its course. There are 34293 streams of different orders are found in this
basin in Himachal Pradesh. This basin is mostly dendritic pattern but in some places the herringbone drainage
patterns are also found. The Dhauladhar and Pirpanjal are two main mountain ranges in this basin.
Physiographically, the entire basin is mountainous with an altitude ranging from 559 to 5563 meters above the
mean sea level. It lies between 320
11′30"and 330
01′5" north latitudes and 750
48′ and 770
45′ east longitudes. The
Chamba valley is found in lower altitude, while Bara Bangal valley is lies below the source area of this River. In
this basin various types of soils are found like typic- udorthents, dystric-eutrochrepts etc. Due to altitudes
variation, a variety of climate is found from the semi-tropical to the semi-arctic. In this basin the Saluni
formation rocks are mostly concentrated in large portion of entire basin.
Keywords: Drainage, Dendritic, Tropical, Arctic, Altitude.
1. INTRODUCTION
Physiographically, the entire basin is mountainous
with an altitude ranging from 559 metres to 5563
metres above the mean sea level. The habitation is
found only up to 3,000 metres. The Ravi River basin
is a part of the Northern Himachal Himalaya. It lies
between 320
11′30"and 330
01′5" north latitudes and
750
48′ and 770
45′ east longitudes (compile from
toposheets of Chamba and Kangra). This basin is
bounded on the north and west by Jammu & Kashmir
state, on the south-west by Punjab state, on the south
and south-east by Kangra district whereas Lahul &
Spiti district encloses it from east (Census report
2001).
The Ravi River originates from Bara Banghal at an
elevation of 4229 meters above mean sea level, a
propos150 Kilometers North-East of historical
Chamba town. The Ravi flows in steep gradient with
series of loops and bends. In between, main tributaries
like Kalihan, Budhil, Tundah, Seul and Baira
contribute lot of run-off to the Ravi. Bara Banghal
encompass of snow covered peaks at heights ranging
from 3050 meters to 5800 meters above mean sea
level. The basin represents some remarkable physical
features. The River flows in a North-West direction
for most of its course, rises in Baira-Balsio and
continues through Traila and Chhanota to Ulansa,
where it is joined by two of its major tributaries in the
head reaches Viz. Budhil and Tundah. Beyond this,
up to Chhatrari, River flows through a narrow gorge
where it opens out. After passing through Churi,
Bagga, Mehla, Chamba and Udaipur, the River
approaches Rajnagar, and then flows in narrow gorge
to Sherpur. The Siul River, the largest tributary, joins
the Ravi upstream of Chamera Stage-I Dam. The
Sewa River flowing from the north joins the Ravi near
Khairi. It then bends to the South-West and striking
the terminal spurs of the Dhauladhar range, separates
Chamba from Jammu and Kashmir and finally leaves
the territory of Himachal Pradesh up stream of Ranjit
Sagar Dam (Punjab). Budhil nallah has its origin on
the slopes of the mid Himalayas near Kugtipass. At
Harsar, it receives on its left bank the small stream
from sacred Lake of Mani-Mahesh, situated beneath
the peak called the Mani-Mahesh, Kailash at an
elevation of 3952 meters. It passes Village Bharmour
at 14 Kms. downstream and soon afterwards meets
the Ravi near Village Kharamukh. Tundah nallah rises
at Kalicho top Pass, flows through Tundah valley and
joins the Ravi below Kharamukh. The right bank
tributaries are bigger and have more discharge as
compared to the left bank tributaries except Kalihan,
which originates in Dhauladhar range on the left bank
and contributes a good discharge. Both Budhil and
Tundah are about 54 kilometres long each (Central
electricity report, June 2004).
There are total 34293 streams and out of this
27701 streams of first order, 5162 of second order
streams, 1094 of third order, 253 of fourth order, 62
of fifth order, 17 of sixth order, 3 of seventh order
and 1 of eighth order streams in Ravi River basin in
Himachal Pradesh (Figure 1).
2. International Journal of Research in Advent Technology, Vol.7, No.1, January 2019
E-ISSN: 2321-9637
Available online at www.ijrat.org
6
Figure 1
2. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
In this Research Paper the Geo-Physical background
aspects of Ravi River Basin area in Himachal Pradesh
have been analyzed.
3. METHODOLOGY
The Research methodology of this research paper is
qualitative as well as quantitative. The data of this
research paper are obtained from topographical sheets
of Kangra and Chamba Districts of Himachal Pradesh.
The other data obtained from Census report 2001,
Central electricity report, 2004, Hydro electricity
report, 2004 etc.
4. DATA ANALYSIS/ FINDING
4.1 Drainage Pattern
The drainage pattern means the form of the
drainage systems and the spatial arrangement of
streams in a particular locality or region. The location,
number and flow directions of different streams of a
particular region depends on the nature of slope,
structural control, lithological characteristics, tectonic
factors, climatic conditions, vegetal characteristics
etc. (Singh, Savindra 1997). In this basin the dendritic
or tree shaped pattern is mostly common due to
mountainous dissected topography. The pattern is
called dendritic on the ground that the network of
tributaries of various orders and magnitudes of the
trunk or master stream resembles the branches and
roots and rootlets of a tree. The dendritic pattern is
associated with the areas of homogenous lithologies.
Though dendritic pattern is independent of structural
and lithological controls but almost uniform lithology
presents most ideal condition for the development of
dendritic drainage pattern. This pattern develops in a
variety of structural and lithological environments
such as in the mountainous and hilly areas such as
Himalayas (Singh, Savindra, 1997). In some areas of
this basin the herringbone drainage pattern is also
found. Herringbone drainage pattern, also known as
Rib pattern is developed in mountainous areas where
broad valleys are flanked by parallel ridges having
steep hillside slopes. The longitudinal consequent
streams, as master streams are developed in the
3. International Journal of Research in Advent Technology, Vol.7, No.1, January 2019
E-ISSN: 2321-9637
Available online at www.ijrat.org
7
longitudinal parallel valleys while tributaries, lateral
consequent, after originating from the hill slopes of
the bordering parallel ridges join the longitudinal
consequents almost at right angle. The courses of the
tributaries are straightened because of slope factor and
little distance between the ridges and the longitudinal
consequents occupying the valleys and thus the
tributaries are not allowed to adapt sinuous course and
join the longitudinal consequents at acute angles
(Singh, Savindra, 1997). The study area has dendritic
drainage type pattern, but in some part of basin it is
also a herringbone pattern appear like in Budhil,
Tantgari, Bhadal etc. tributaries of Ravi River. The
occurrence of this drainage system indicates
homogeneous, uniform soil and rock material.
4.2 Topography of Ravi River Basin in Himachal
Pradesh
Lying mostly on both sides of the Pirpanjal
and touching the Dauladhar on the southern fringe,
the Ravi catchment area is rugged and covered with
the spurs of the high ranges. The Dhauladhar range
separating the basin of the Beas from that of the Ravi,
the Pangi or Pirpanjal range dividing the Watershed
between the Ravi and Chenab are the two well
defined snowy ranges, constituting the main
topographical features of the area. The Dhauladhar
range running in North-West direction forms the
boundary between Mandi and Kullu Districts, at the
point where it gives off Bara Banghal branch to join
the mid Himalayas. It makes a sudden bend west-
ward and for the first time touches Chamba District,
on the southern border. From this point, it continues
for about 50 Kms. forming the boundaries between
Kangra and the Chamba Districts. It begins on the
right bank of the Beas and running north to west
forming the boundary between Kullu and Mandi.
Dhauladhar forms a lofty mountain barrier with peaks
from 4,300 meters to 5,200 meters. The passes are
from 2,400 meters to 4,600 meters and here some
important passes are chauri, Jalsu, Baleni, Indrahar,
Tori and Talang pass etc. The lower slopes are
covered with forests of oak and pine. The sites are
seamed with winter coarses. The lofty peaks rise in
stern and rugged grandeur covered by wastes of snow.
The Pirpanjal range known as the Pangi
range within the Chamba District after separating
Kullu from Lahaul-Spiti, enters Chamba district on
the western border of the Bara Banghal and traverses
the district from South-East to North-West for more
than 100 Kms. On the North-Western border, where
the Pangi range leaves the territory, it gives off a
branch to the South-West called the Daganidhar
which forms the boundary between Chamba and
Bhadrawah of Jammu and Kashmir. At its western
extremity, this branch is connected by a short ridge, in
which the Padri and the Chatardhar passes.
Topographically, the Dagnidhar and the Chatardhar
are different sections of one continuous offshoot,
forming with the Pangi Range, the water shed
between the Ravi and the Chander-Bhaga (Chenab)
(Hydro Electricity Report, 2004). The second one is
Pirpanjal and this range (Census report, 2001) divides
Chamba from Lahaul and Spiti district in north east
direction. In this range covering most of parts of
Bharmour and Chaurah tehsils and some parts of
Chamba and Holi are also covered in this range
(Census Report, 2001). This mountain range separates
the Basin of Ravi River and Chenab River and some
important passes of this range are Darati, Kalicho,
Chobia, Shipting, Duggi, and Chobu etc.
4.3 Valleys of Ravi River Basin in Himachal
Pradesh
There is Ravi valley or Chamba valley which
is located in the lower reach and is not much fertile.
The Ravi or Chamba valley, as a whole is adequately
open and presents many amusing contrasts. In the
lower areas of the valley, vegetation is semi-tropical
and at the higher elevation the trees belonging to
pinus longifolia, oak and chestnut are found and
above, there are birch and juniper. In this valley the
villages are diminutive. In the villages up to an
altitude of 2,100 meters two crops are sown while in
the villages above 2,100 meters only one crop is
grown. With the addition at small portion of the lower
Ravi valley forms the Bhattiyat and Dalhousie tehsils.
It is most populous and fertile valley of the district. Its
vegetation is semi-tropical and the bamboo, pipal and
the mango flourish luxuriantly in the course of
proximity of the fir, the barberry and the oak.
Generally, two crops are sown in a year (Census
report, 2001).
The Bara Bhangal Valley adjoining to the
Kangra Valley and lies between the Dhauladhar and
Pirpanjal Ranges. It is partly in Kangra and partly in
Chamba district. The Ravi River rises from the slopes
of this Valley (Balokhra, J.M, 2000).
4.4 Micro Sub-Regions of the Basin
Physiographically, the entire basin is mountainous
with an altitude ranging from 559 meters to 6,162
meters above the mean sea level. The habitation is
found only up to 3,000 meters. The climate is found
varying from semi-tropical to semi-arctic. In lower
areas, climatic conditions are similar to those of
Kangra district, while in higher altitude the climate is
of temperate type. The geological structure is mostly
formed by Jutogh group/Vaikrita group and Central
gneiss types besides other groups like Granites
(unclassified), Blaini/Infra-Krol formations, Shimla
group, Panjal traps and Siwalik formations. It has also
shale types of rocks, slate, sand stone, lime stone,
conglomerates and quartzites. The types of soils found
in this region as classified by the N.B.S.S. & L.U.P.
(I.C.A.R.) Nagpur, are Udalfs, Ochrepts, Ochrepts-
4. International Journal of Research in Advent Technology, Vol.7, No.1, January 2019
E-ISSN: 2321-9637
Available online at www.ijrat.org
8
Orthents, Ochrepts-Orthents-Ustalfs and Udolls.
Forests have great importance in the economy of the
Himachal Pradesh as a whole and Ravi basin in
particular. In lower areas of the valleys, vegetation is
of semi-tropical type and at the higher elevation, the
Deodars, Pine/Blue Pine, mixed coniferous and oak
forests are found and above these elevation Moist
Alpine scrub or meadows are seen. On the basis of
physiography, climate, soils, vegetation and geology,
this basin is divided into sub-micron regions, the
details of which are given below:
4.4.1 Pirpanjal Range
This region is situated extending longitudinally from
north-west to south-east direction covering the major
parts of Chaurah and Brahmaur tehsils and also small
areas of Chamba tehsils and Holi sub-tehsil. It makes
its boundaries with Jammu & Kashmir in the north
and north-west, with the Ravi Basin in the south, with
Kangra district in the south-east and the Chandra
valley and Lahul & Spiti district in the north-east.
Physiographically, the region has many hill
ranges/Dhars and prominent among them are Pangi
Dhar, Drabla Dhar, Deorah Dhar, Dodana Dhar,
Sanini Dhar, Manimahesh Dhar etc. The region has an
altitude varying between 2,698 metres and 5,857
metres above the mean sea level. The maximum
height of 5,857 metres is at Bar Kanda in the northern
Bharmour tehsil. Sach pass (4,313 metres high), the
only way to Pangi tehsil from west, is also located in
this region. The higher areas of the region remain
covered with snow during most part of the year are
barren. Nikora and Tal glaciers are located in the
south-western part of the region. Some tributaries of
Ravi River, namely, Tundah Nala and Budhil Nala
also originate from this region. The Himalayan Sub-
Alpine type of forests mainly of Fir and Birch grow in
the region. However, the higher slopes are covered
with grassy meadows.
The region has the geological structure of Jutogh
group Vaikrita group/Central gneiss and Granites
(unclassified). Udalfs soils are found in the northern
and eastern parts of the region while southern part has
Ochrepts Orthents type of soils.
4.4.2 Dhauladhar Range
This region is situated in the southern part of Chamba
district covering some portion of Bhattiyat tehsil
(except north-west portion), southern part of Chamba
tehsil and Holi sub-tehsil and south-western tip of
Bharmaur tehsil. It makes its boundaries with the Ravi
Basin in the north-west; north and north-east, Punjab
and Kangra district surround it from south-west, south
and south-east, respectively.
Physiography of the region reveals that the
Dhauladhar in Chamba district forms a mountain
barrier with high peaks. Hathidhar is another
important lower hill range which runs parallel to
Dhauladhar, in its south. A narrow tract formed
between Dhauladhar range and Hathidhar is plain and
fertile. Talang glacier is also located in south-western
part of the region. The region has an altitude varying
between 1,188 metres and 4,692 metres above the
mean sea level. In the lower part of the region, the
climatic conditions are similar to Kangra district and
Siwalik areas while in the higher portion, it is
temperate. During winter, snowfall on the Dhauladhar
range is very heavy. This range also receives very
high rainfall during monsoon.
The region has formation of Granites
(unclassified), Jutogh group/Vaikrita group/Central
gneiss, Siwalik, Murree Series, Panjal Traps and
Shimla group of geological structure. The region has
Ochrepts-Orthents type of soils in the eastern part
while Ochrepts-Orthents-Ustalfs types of soils are
found in the western part of the region (Census report,
2001).
4.5 Soils of Ravi River Basin in Himachal Pradesh:
At the higher elevations the soil is well
supplied with organic matters. Its extent is low at mid
elevation and minimum in the low lying valleys. In
Ravi River basin different types of soil are found. In
sub-mountain and low hills, the soils are neutral in
reaction and coarse in texture. In mid hill soils are
acidic and coarse in texture. The high hills covering
temperate dry zone, the soils are acidic in reaction,
shallow in depth and sloppy. Whereas in high hills
covering temperate wet zone, the soils are neutral and
coarse in texture (Director of agriculture Chamba and
Kangra). The typic udorthents and dystric
eutrochrepts soils only available in Saluni and
Chaurah areas of this basin. Typic-hapludolls soil is
found in Chamba, Bhalai and Dalhousie tehsil areas
of this basin in small portion of land. The dystric-
fluventic-eutrochrepts soil is only found in Dalhousie
tehsil adjoining to Punjab State and in some portion of
Bhattiyat areas of this basin. The lithic-udorthents and
dystric-eutrochrepts types Soil are only found in
Chamba and Chaurah tehsil areas of this basin (ICAR,
Nagpur). The typic-udorthents soil is found in
pirpanjal areas of Chamba, Bharmour Chaurah and
Multhan tehsil and in some little bit in Saluni, Bhalai
and Dalhousie tehsil areas of Dauladhar range of Ravi
River basin. The typic-gryorthents soil is concentrated
in Multhan, Bharmour, Chamba, Saluni and Chaurah
tehsil areas adjoining to Lahaul and Spiti, Kullu,
Pangi tehsil and Jammu and Kashmir State (Singh,
R.B, 2014) (Fig. 2).
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Source: Modified after Singh, R.B. (2014)
Figure 2
4.6 Climate of Ravi River Basin in Himachal
Pradesh
As the Ravi River basin is wholly
mountainous, with altitudes ranging from 559 meters
to 5563 meters above mean sea level, a variety of
climate is found from the semi-tropical to the semi-
arctic. In the lower part of Bhattiyat tehsil, the
climatic conditions are similar to those of Kangra and
the Shivalik area. The temperature begins to increase
rapidly after the middle of April and this rise
continues till the break of rains in July. In the Ravi
valley the climatic conditions vary with altitude.In the
lower portion of the valley from the capital
downwards they are semi-tropical. The heat is there
and the rainy season well marked, while winter is
mild and the snowfall light.
In Bharmour, Holi and Bara Bhangal areas
summer is exceedingly mild and pleasant. Owing to
the scarce rainfall the percentage of humidity is
always low. The winter is very severe and snowfall
starts in October and continues till March and April.
The district is having rainy season from middle of
June to the middle of September and has vastness of
the rainfall during this season. Snow may fall as early
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as the beginning of October. The snowfall on the
Dhauladhar and and Pirpanjal range is heavy and in
severe winter it lasts from the early November to late
March (Census report, 2001).
4.7 Elevation of Ravi River Basin in H.P.
The elevation of Ravi River basin in H.P
varies from 559 meters to 5563 meters. The elevations
of 1000 meter or below are found in Bhalai, Chamba,
Bhattiyat and Dalhousie tehsil of Ravi River basin.
The elevations between 1000 meters to 3000 meters
are concentrated in all the tehsils of Ravi River’s
tributaries bed and low lying areas. It is found out
from contour map the elevation between 3000 meters
to 5000 meters are found in upper areas of Bharmour,
Chamba, Holi and Chaurah tehsils and adjoining areas
of Saluni to Jammu and Kashmir State and this class
of elevation does not appear in Bhalai, Dalhousie and
Bhattiyat tehsil of Ravi River basin in H.P. It is also
found out from contour maps of Chamba and Kangra
District of Himachal Pradesh that the elevation above
the height of 5000 meters are only found in Multhan,
Holi and Bharmour tehsil’s adjoining areas of Lahaul
and Spiti, Kangra and Kullu District (Figure 4).
Figure 3
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Figure 4
4.8 Slope of Ravi River Basin in Himachal
Pradesh
Slope defined as angular inclination of
terrain between Mountain tops and Valley bottoms,
resulting from combination of many causative factors
like Geological structure, absolute and relative relief,
Climate, Vegetation cover, drainage texture and
frequency, dissection index etc. are significant
morphometric attributes in the study of landforms of a
drainage basin (Singh and Srivastava, 1975). The
Slope of Ravi River basin in Himachal Pradesh
categorizes may be further regrouped into five classes
as follows: 1) 5° gentle Slope, 2) Moderate Slope 5°
to 10°, 3) Moderately steep Slope 10° to 15°, 4)
Moderately steep Slope 15° to 30° and 5) above 30°
are steep Slope. The gentle slope areas of Ravi River
basin in Himachal Pradesh are concentrated in
Chamba tehsil’s area near Ravi River catchment,
Bhalai and Dalhousie tehsil areas of Ravi vicinity. In
these areas the slope angle is less than 5°. The 5° to
10° moderate slope areas are concentrated in low
lying areas of Bharmour, Holi and Chamba tehsil. The
moderately steep slope areas where slope is 10° to 15°
are concentrated in all the tehsil’s of Ravi River basin
in Himachal Pradesh. The steep slope areas are
concentrated to almost the entire basin in Himachal
Pradesh because the entire Ravi basin belongs to
dissected topography areas (Figure 5).
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Figure 5
4.9 Regional Geology of Ravi River Basin in
Himachal Pradesh
The Ravi Basin of Himachal Pradesh is
located in lesser Himalaya and it is characterized by
sharp crested ridges and deeply dissected valleys. The
main drainage in this basin area is provided by the
River Ravi which originates in Bara Bhangal area and
its tributaries which are originate in Pirpanjal and
Dhauladhar Ranges of Lesser Himalayas. The River
initial reaches up to Khadamukh between Tipri–
Chamba and Raj Nagar Khas flows along the regional
strike of rocks and cuts across the strike between
Khadamukh and Tipri. The influence of lithology and
structure is clearly evident from drainage by its
semidendritic and rectangular pattern geologically the
region exposes rocks ranging in age from early
Proterozoic to Mesozoic. The rocks of this basin area
are extensively covered by slope debris, fluvial
terraces and fan of the deposits of Quaternary recent
origin.
The area from the confluence of Siul River
with the Ravi River south of Bhalai-Koti-Pukhri-
Masrund-Kiani, between Chamba-Braur along the
Saho Nalla and between Chamba-Gehra- Chatrari
along Ravi River is underlain by the interstratified
sequence of slate, phyllite, Schist, siltstone, quartzite
of the Vaikrita Group. The conglomerate of the
Manjir Formation is exposed south of Manjir, a little
east of Masrund, between Baraur-Saho and east of the
Saho and east of Balu nallah with Ravi River, north of
Gehra. Further east Masrund, east of Saho and east of
Balu nalla the area is underlain by carbonaceous slate,
phyllite, Schistone quartzite, siltstone,
limestone/magnesite of the Katarigali Formation. The
basic volcanics (Panjal Formation) is exposed as
linear belt east of Masrund and Saho and show
closure upstream of Kiri nallah. Further east, the
carbonaceous shale, state siltstone, phyllite, quartzite
and limestone of the Salooni Formation are exposed
and show closure upstream of Kiri nallah east of
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Saho. The Kalhel Chhatri area is dominated by the
limestone of kalhel Formation which show closure
north of Saho around Shilla-Gharat area.Further east,
the area is underlain by the rocks of Katarigali
Formation. Then a big stretch of area extending from
a little south of Mangla and Mehla along the higher
reaches bordering Kangra District is underlain by
granite gneiss and granite. Further west of Rajnagar
towards Bhalai, these granites extend as narrow belt.
The lithology of this formation is predominantly
characterised by intersbedded grey to green malasilt
stone, quartzite, slate, phyllite and greywake. In
Sangned area, this formation is exposed in a series of
low plunging anticlines and synclines with fold axes
trending in NW-SE direction. The slate bears
limonitic encrustations due to leaching of ferruginous
matter. The schist in general consists of quartz,
sericite, biotite and chlorite. Chlorite at places is
developed as an altered product of biotite (Hydro
Electricity Report, 2004).
The Saluni formation rocks are concentrated
in large portion of entire basin excluding Bhattiyat
areas, but it is found in Bharmour, Holi, Chamba and
Multhan areas of this basin. Manjir formation rocks
are available in some areas of basin in little portion
excluding Bhalai, Dalhousie and Bhattiyat areas. The
shiwalik formation rocks are only found in Dalhousie
and Bhattiyat areas of this basin. The Mandi
formation rocks are found in Saluni, Dalhousie and
Bhalai areas of this basin. The Karol formation rocks
are only found in Saluni and Chamba tehsil areas in
very diminutive portion. The Dauladhar formation
rocks are only found in Dalhousie, Chamba and Holi
tehsil’s high altitude areas of Dauladhar mountain
range. The Zulughz formation rocks are only found in
Chaurah, Saluni, Bhalai, Dalhousie, Chamba and Holi
tehsil areas of this basin (Fig. 6).
Source: Modified from central ground water board map.
Figure 6
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5. CONCLUSION
A geophysical background of Ravi River basin study
are very useful to analyse and identify immense
utility in drainage basin, elevation, watershed
prioritization for soil and water conservation, flood
Prediction and natural resources management.
Application of Morphometric approach revealed that
there are total 34293 streams grooved with each other
from order 1st to 8th sprawled over 5451 km2 area of
the basin in Himachal Pradesh. Detailed study of Ravi
River basin gives a useful direction for surface runoff
and helps for natural resource development.
Bifurcation ratio indicates that the drainage has
covered by impermeable sub surface and high
mountainous relief. The study area shows that terrain
is made up of mainly basaltic rock and exhibits
dendritic and Herringbone drainage pattern is
classified as highly sloping and high runoff zone
which give rise to high drainage discharge. Lying
mostly on both sides of the Pirpanjal and touching the
Dauladhar on the southern fringe, the Ravi catchment
area is rugged and covered with the spurs of the high
ranges. The Dhauladhar range separating the basin of
the Beas from that of the Ravi, the Pangi or Pirpanjal
range dividing the Watershed between the Ravi and
Chenab are the two well defined snowy ranges,
constituting the main topographical features of the
area. At the higher elevations of this basin the soil is
well supplied with organic matters. Its extent is low at
mid elevation areas but it is very less in the low lying
valleys. In sub-mountain and low hills, the soils are
neutral in reaction and coarse in texture. In mid hill
soils are acidic and coarse in texture. The high hills
covering temperate dry zone, the soils are acidic in
reaction, shallow in depth and sloppy. Whereas in
high hills covering temperate wet zone, the soils are
neutral and coarse in texture. As the Ravi River basin
is wholly mountainous, with altitudes ranging from
559 meters to 5563 meters above mean sea level, a
variety of climate is found from the semi-tropical to
the semi-arctic. The influence of lithology and
structure is clearly evident from drainage by its
semidenritic and rectangular pattern geologically the
region exposes rocks ranging in age from early
Proterozoic to Mesozoic. The rocks of this basin area
are extensively covered by slope debris, fluvial
terraces and fan of the deposits of Quaternary recent
origin.
REFERENCES
[1] HydroElectricity Report. (2004), Himachal
Pradesh, pp.47-48.
[2] Singh, S. (1997), Physical Geography, Prayag
Pustak Bhawan, Allahabad, pp.226.
[3] Singh, S. (1997), Physical Geography, Prayag
Pustak Bhawan, Allahabad, pp.226-227.
[4] Singh, S. (1997), Physical Geography, Prayag
Pustak Bhawan, Allahabad, pp.230-231.
[5] Hydro Electricity Report. (2004), Himachal
Pradesh, pp. 46-47.
[6] Balokhra, J.M. (2000), The Wonderland
Himachal Pradesh, H.G. Publication, New Delhi,
pp. 55.
[7] Hydro Electricity Report,(2004), Himachal
Pradesh, pp. 35-36.
[8] Singh, R.B. and Kumar, P. (2014), Geographic
and Socio-Economic Realities of Himachal
Pradesh, Northwestern Himalaya, Springer, Vol.
viii, p. 16.