This will give you an exciting and entertaining yet Informative detail about the chapter Drainage of class drainage systems OF India, drainage patterns, the Himalayan drainage, the Peninsular Drainage Basins, Lakes and River Pollution are the topics covered.

1. DRAINAGE Class 9
By Shivangi Sehgal

2. • Drainage is referred to as the river system of an area.
• A river along with its tributaries is called a River system.
• Drainage basin is the area drained by a single river system.
• Any upland which separates two drainage basins is
called a water divide. (Example below)
Stream A Stream B
•The River systems of India are divided into two groups:
Himalayan River Systems & Peninsular River Systems
Introductory Terms
=> Next. Types(Patterns) of Drainage Systems

3. Patterns of Drainage
•Dendritic: River channel follows the slope of terrain— Tributaries along with stream
resemble the branches of a tree and for this, it gets its name Dendritic.
•Rectangular: A river joined by tributaries at approximately right angles
•Trellis: Developed on a strongly jointed rocky terrain—Hard and soft rocks are arranged
parallel to each other.
•Radial :Streams flow in different directions from a central peak or a dome like structure.
Patterns depend upon slope of
land—rock structure underneath - as
well as climate.
There are mainly 4 types of drainage
patterns namely Dendritic,
Rectangular, Trellis and Radial.

4. Features made By Rivers^
Next => Himalayan River Systems
Middle Course
Lower
Course
Meander*
Ox Bow Lake*
*points included in NCERT class 9
^ Mentioned for Himalayan Rivers in NCERT class 9
Flood Plain

5. The Himalayan rivers
•These are perennial rivers, i.e. , they flow throughout the year.
• There are three major Himalayan rivers namely the Indus, the Ganga & the Brahmaputra. Of
which two—Indus and Brahmaputra originate from the north of Himalayas. They cut through
The mountains and make gorge.
•The Himalayan rivers perform intensive erosional activities and carry huge loads of salt and
sand from/in their upper course.
The Indus River System
•Just a little more than 1/3rd of it is located in India and rest in Pakistan.
•It rises in Tibet near Mansarowar Lake
•It enters in India flowing west, through Ladakh.
•It has several tributaries like, Zaskar ,Nubra ,Shyok & Hunsa, which meet in Kashmir.
•The Satluj, Beas, Jhelum, Chenab & Ravi join it in Mithankot, Pakistan.
•It reaches Arabian Sea flowing southwards in east of Karachi.
•One of the longest rivers—with length 2900km.
According to Indus Water Treaty, India can only use 20% of Indus’ Water (which is
used for agricultural purposes in Punjab, Haryana & Rajasthan).

6. TheGangaRiverSystem
•The head waters of Ganga, known as Bhagirathi originates from the
Gangotri Glacier.
•Bhagirathi is joined by Alaknanda at Devaprayag.
•Yamuna,Ghaghara,Gandak & Kosi are some famous tributaries of it.
•Yamunotri Glacier is the source of Yamuna.
•Flowing parallel to Ganga as right bank tributary, Yamuna meets Ganga at
Allahabad.
•the other mentioned tributaries are from Nepal Himalayas.
•Though these flooding northern rivers cause damage to life and property,
but they enrich soil fertility for agriculture.
•Chambal, Son & Betwa are its main peninsular tributaries.
•Ganga ends flowing in Farakka, West Bengal.
•Meghna, the mighty river consisting of Ganga and Brahmaputra flows into
Bay of Bengal, forming the world’s largest delta, the Sunderban Delta.

7. The Brahmaputra River System.
•It also rises from Tibet, east of Mansarower.
•Longer than Indus.
•It flows parallel to Himalaya in eastwards direction.
• Reaching Namcha Barwa, it takes a U turn to Arunachal Pradesh, through Dihang gorge.
•It has smaller volume of water and silt in Tibet ‘cause of having a cold and dry
•environment, Whereas it has more amount of the same in India as it passes through
high rainfall-regions.
•It over floods Assam and Bangladesh every year, causing widespread damage.
Views of Namcha Barwa from different angles.
Brahmaputra River

8. The Peninsular Rivers
•They are seasonal rivers and depend upon rainfall.
•They are smaller in size than Himalayan Rivers.
•Western Ghats form the main water divide for the peninsular rivers.
•All major river rivers—Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri flow in
eastwards direction and deposit in Bay of Bengal.
•Narmada and Tapi are the only long rivers which flow west and make estuaries.
The Narmada Basin
•Sourced in Amarnathik hills , it flows west in a rift due to formation of faulting.
•‘Marble Rocks’ near Jabalpur & ‘Dhuadhar falls’ are some picturesque locations.
•It has a rectangular drainage system.
•Flows through MP and Gujarat.
•It flows parallel to Narmada in Satpura ranges.
•Flows through Gujarat, Maharashtra and MP.
The Tapi Basin
Coastal Rivers : Short Rivers. Examples ~ Sabarmati, Mahi and Bharathpuzha.

9. The Godavari Basin
•Largest Peninsular River.
•Sources from Nasik, Maharashtra.
•Length be 1500 km. Drains in Bay of Bengal.
•Flows through Maharashtra(50%), Odisha, MP and Andhra Pradesh.
•Wainganga, Manjra and Penganga are its largest tributaries.
•It covers a very large area and has quite huge length , for this reason it is also called
‘Dakshin Ganga’.
The Mahanadi Basin
•Rises from Chhattisgarh highlands,
•Drains in Bay of Bengal, flowing
through Orissa..
•Length be 860 km . Covers Maharashtra,
•Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Orissa.
The Krishna Basin
•Length be 1400 km.
•Sources from Mahabaleshwar.
•Tributaries include Tungabhadra,
the Koyana, the Ghatprabha, the
Musi and Bhīma.
•Covers Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka
& Maharashtra.
The Kaveri Basin
•Source from Brahmagiri and ends up in Bay of Bengal, in south of Cuddalore, TN.
•Length : 760 km. Covers Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
•Amravati, Bhavani, Hemavati are some tributaries of it.
Subarnarekha, Brahmani, Damodar and Baitarani are some smaller east flowing rivers

10. Lakes
Lakes are very helpful for humans.
•It regulates the flow of river.
•It prevents flooding during heavy rainfall
•Also help in producing hydro-electricity.*
•Irrigation and navigation facilities.*
•Maintain climate.
•Enhance natural beauty—Tourism and
Recreation spots.
*These points also apply in “How can rivers rise Economy?”

11. River Pollution
If heavy loads of untreated sewage and industrial effluents are emptied into
Rivers, affect not only the quality of water but also self – cleansing capacity of river.
Various action plans have been launched to put a hault on River Pollution.
The Ganga Action Plan , is one such.
Life of human beings without freshwater is impossible.
Neither we nor the aquatic life would be able to survive without fresh water.
So we should start improving ourselves first then others, in taking charge of cleanliness and
Lesser wastage of water.

12. Thank You
Presentation By :
Shivangi