The document discusses key features formed by rivers in their upper, middle, and lower courses. In the upper course, waterfalls are formed where harder rock overlays softer rock. As the river erodes the softer rock faster, it forms a curved ledge and plunge pool underneath. Over time, the waterfall retreats upstream as it continues eroding. Gorges are also formed in the upper course through water erosion. In the middle course, rivers form meanders as the gradient decreases, causing the fast water to erode the outside of bends. Slip off slopes also form in the middle course when the river's energy is too low to carry sediment, causing deposition along banks.

1. A Presentation by Group ONE, Ansh Jindal a.k.a. JD,
IX - A
DRAINAGE

2. Drainage
Drainage is the natural or
artificial removal of
surface and sub-surface
water from an area. Many
agricultural soils need
drainage to improve
production or to manage
water supplies.

3. Drainage Basin
A drainage basin is an
extent or an area of land
where surface water from
rain and melting
snow or ice converges to a
single point, usually the exit
of the basin, where the
waters join another water
body, such as river, lake,
reservoir, estuary, wetland,
sea, or ocean.

4. Water DivideA drainage divide, water
divide, divide or (except
in North America)watershed is
the line that separates
neighboring drainage
basins(catchments).
In hilly country, the divide lies
along topographical ridges and
may be in the form of a single
range of hills
or mountains (known as
a Dividing range). In flat
country—especially where the
ground is marshy—the divide
may harder to define

5. Amazon River
The Amazon River in South
America is the second longest river
in the world and is by far the largest
by water flow with an
average discharge greater than the
next seven largest rivers
combined.The Amazon, which has
the largest drainage basin in the
world, about 7,050,000 square
kilometers (2,720,000 sq mi),
accounts for approximately one-fifth
of the world's total river flow. In fact,
the river becomes biggest in the
world even just entering Brazil, at
only 1/5 of its final discharge into
the Atlantic.

6. Find Out – Ganga Basin
The river Ganges is a part of the composite Ganges-Brahmaputra-
Meghna basin draining 1,086,005 square kilometres in Tibet, Nepal,
India the Ganges-Brahmaputra divide. On the west the Ganges Basin
borders the Indus basin and then the Aravalli ridge. Southern limits are
the Vindhyas and Chota Nagpur Plateau. On the east the Ganges
merges with the Brahmaputra through a complex a system of common
distributaries into the Bay of Bengal. Its catchment lies in the states
of Uttar Pradesh (294,364 km²), Madhya Pradesh (198,966 km²) ,
Bihar (143,961 km²) , Rajasthan (112,490 km²) , West
Bengal (71,485 km²) , Haryana (34,341 km²) , Himachal Pradesh
(4,317 km²) and Delhi (1,484 km² ), the whole of Bangladesh
, Nepal and Bhutan. Several tributaries rise inside Tibet before flowing
south through Nepal. The basin has a population of more than 500
million, making it the most populated river basin in the world.

7. Find Out – Ganga Basin
The river Ganges
is a part of the
composite
Ganges-
Brahmaputra-
Meghna basin
draining 1,086,005
square kilometres
in Tibet, Nepal,
India the Ganges-
Brahmaputra
divide. On the west
the Ganges Basin
borders the Indus
basin and then the
Aravalli ridge.

8. The Major Himalayan Rivers are : The Indus , the Ganga , and the
Brahmaputra.
The Himalayan Rivers

9. Indus River System
The Indus River flows from Tibet,
into Jammu and Kashmir and the rest
of Pakistan. The river is the greatest
river on the western side of
the subcontinent, and is one of the
seven sacred rivers of Hindus. It was the
birthplace of the early Indus Valley
civilization.
The total length of the river is 3,180 km
(1,980 mi). It is Pakistan's longest river.
The river has a total drainage area
exceeding 1,165,000 km2 (450,000 sq
mi). Its estimated annual flow stands at
around 207 km3 (50 cu mi), making it the
twenty-first largest river in the world in
terms of annual flow.

10. Ganga River System
The Ganges an anglicized word for Ganga , is
a trans-boundary river of India and Bangladesh.
The 2,525 km (1,569 mi) river rises in the
western Himalayas in the Indian state of
Uttarakhand,and flows south and east through
the Gangetic Plain of North India into
Bangladesh, where it empties into the Bay of
Bengal. It is the longest river of India and is the
second greatest river in the world by
water discharge
The Ganges basin is the most heavily
populated river basin in the world, with
over 400 million people and a population
density of about 1,000 inhabitants per
square mile (390 /km2).

11. Brahmaputra River System
The Indus River flows from Tibet,
into Jammu and Kashmir and the rest
of Pakistan. The river is the greatest
river on the western side of
the subcontinent, and is one of the
seven sacred rivers of Hindus. It was the
birthplace of the early Indus Valley
civilization.
The total length of the river is 3,180 km
(1,980 mi). It is Pakistan's longest river.
The river has a total drainage area
exceeding 1,165,000 km2 (450,000 sq
mi). Its estimated annual flow stands at
around 207 km3 (50 cu mi), making it the
twenty-first largest river in the world in
terms of annual flow.

12. The Major Himalayan Rivers are : Godavari, Mahanadi, Penner, Krishna,
Cauvery
The Peninsula Rivers

13. Peninsular Rivers
Peninsular India is sapped by five important river systems
The geography and weather of Peninsular India are two superseding
forcible checks influencing the rivers of Pensinsular India. Through
influencing the flora and soil of the territory, the weather and geography
become two important deciding elements of the sedimentological
natures and the entire procedure of soil corrosion, silting, and transfer
factors in every catchment area of the river.
The spare flora of the flat terrain has a lot of differences with the
reasonably abundant flora of the river basins. Given below are the brief
accounts of some important peninsular rivers in India:

14. Features Made by Rivers
Feature Formed in Upper Course.
Feature Formed in Middle Course.
Feature Formed in Lower Course.

15. Features
formed in the
upper course
of a River.

16. WATERFALLS

17. WATERFALL FORMATION
 In this world waterfalls are
found anywhere.
 Rivers or streams run
through rocky landscapes.
 Waterfalls are also human
attractions but some times
they are dangerous.

18. WATERFALL FORMATION
Where are waterfalls
common found?
 Waterfalls are often found
on rivers or streams that run
through rocky landscapes.
 But not just on every
landscape the land it
should have a harder rock
overlays a layer of softer
rock.
Softer
rock
Harder
rock

19. Waterfall formation
 As the river continues to passes over the sorter rock, it is
able to erode the soft rock at a faster rate because it is not
strong enough to hold the volume of the water
 Because of that the soft rock is slowly eaten away or
eroded forming a curved ledge underneath the hard rock.
Collapsed rocks

20.  When this happens a plunge pool can be
formed at the bottom once the water had
started tumbling down.
 when the water starts tumbling down some of
the water goes under the waterfall and under
cuts the soft rock.
 when more of the soft rock is eroded there
isn’t enough support under the harder rock
and it collapses into the plunger pool.

21. WATERFALL FORMATION
• The processes of erosion continues further
eroding the notch and plunge pool.
• The harder rock above will collapse
again meaning the waterfall will retreat
upstream over time and it looks like this.

22. What is a gorge?
A canyon or gorge is a deep ravine
between cliffs often carved from the
landscape by a river. Rivers have a
natural tendency to reach a baseline
elevation, which is the same elevation as
the body of water it will eventually
drain into.

23. How is a gorge formed?
Most gorges are formed through water erosion.
For example, waterfalls erode the rocks they
fall over and the falls move gradually back -
leaving a gorge behind them. Some gorges are
formed as rift valleys; land stretches and a
central area drops down - this has formed the
Great Rift Valley in Africa and the Great Glen
in Scotland.

24. Three stages in gorge formation
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3

25. Features formed
in the Middle
course of a
River.

26. Slip off slope
A slip off slope is formed when the rivers’
energy is too low. The current is too slow
when the river energy is low so the river
cannot carry any load.
The slip off slope is formed as a result of
deposition along the river bank. Material
that was being transported is deposited
because friction between the water and the
bank is greater on the inner bank.

27. Slip off slope

28. Slip off slope

29. Meanders
A meander is a bend in the river, it is
usually in the lower and middle course of
the river where the water slides from one
side of the river to the next, this erodes one
side of the river bed and deposits sediment
on the other to make a bend.

30. How it is formed.
As water in the
river flows in the
middle course of
the river the
gradient of the
river is less steep
so the river
begins to
meander.

31. This is because the fast flowing water on
the outside of the bend erodes the side
the side of the river.

32. Thank YOU
This PPT is
originally made
by Ansh Jindal
but given name
as Group One
© Copyrighted Group One Ansh Jindal a.k.a. JD