The document discusses the Upper Indus Plain and Lower Indus Plain in Pakistan. The Upper Indus Plain extends from Jehlum River to Mitthan Kot and contains the confluence of the Indus River and its tributaries. It has a network of canals for irrigation and is suitable for agriculture. The Lower Indus Plain stretches from Mitthan Kot to the Arabian Sea, containing only the Indus River which deposits silt as it flows towards the sea and forms features like meanders and ox-bow lakes. It is also suitable for irrigation-based agriculture.

1. Dr. Zafar Iqbal, PhD,
zafarsst@gmail.com

2. Plains of Pakistan
• Topographically in Pakistan there two
plains.
• UPPER INDUS PLAIN
• LOWER INDUS PLAIN
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3. Location
• UPPER INDUS PLAIN
• It stares from Jehlum and ends at Mitthan
kot.
• LOWER INDUS PLAIN
• While from Mitthan Kot to the sea is called
lower Indus Plain.
Dr. Zafar Iqbal, PhD,
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4. Dr. Zafar Iqbal, PhD,
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5. Upper Indus Plain
Dr. Zafar Iqbal, PhD,
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6. Dr. Zafar Iqbal, PhD,
zafarsst@gmail.com

7. Upper
Indus
Plain
Potwar
Plateau
N
Rajistan of
India
Cholistan
DesertLower
Indus
Plain
Northern
Balochistan
Some part
of NWFP
Kohat Valley
Location of Upper Indus
Plain
Sialkot and
Kashmir
Dr. Zafar Iqbal, PhD,
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8. Dr. Zafar Iqbal, PhD,
zafarsst@gmail.com

9. Hydrology of Upper Indus Plain
• The rivers of the Punjab (River Indus and its
tributaries) are the source of canal irrigation in
the Punjab.
• There exist a large network of perennial canals
ensuring irrigation water supply throughout the
year.
• These canals were taken out from barrages and
headworks.
• These development have taken place after 1960.
• After the Indus Water Treaty (1960), two large
dams, the Mangla Dam and Tarbela Dam were
built to store flood water during summer season
and to supply irrigation water during the winter
when the flow in the river is very low.
• Dr. Zafar Iqbal, PhD,
zafarsst@gmail.com

10. Hydrology of Upper Indus Plain
• Five barrages (Rasul Barrage, Marala Barrage,
Qadirabad Barrage, Trimmu Barrage and
Chashma Barrage) were built under this treaty.
• Eight Link Canals were built and two gated
siphons to transfer water from the three western
rivers to River Ravi and River Sutlej.
• The scheme proved very successful.
• Not only the amount of water for irrigation has
increased, but the area under cultivation has
also increased.
Dr. Zafar Iqbal, PhD,
zafarsst@gmail.com

11. Hydrology of Upper Indus Plain
• Besides the perennial canals, thousands
of tubewells were installed after 1960.
• The tubewells supplement canal water
for irrigation and also help to control water
logging and salinity in the province.
• In this way the ground water resource
has been used for irrigation.
Dr. Zafar Iqbal, PhD,
zafarsst@gmail.com

12. Flash Flood
• A sudden flood usually
caused by a very heavy
burst of rain is called Flash
Flood, in the Monsoon
season most frequently
come in upper Indus Plain.
Dr. Zafar Iqbal, PhD,
zafarsst@gmail.com

13. Dr. Zafar Iqbal, PhD,
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14. Four IMPORTANT DOABS
• The four important Doabs of the Punjab i.e.
1) Chaj Doab,( it is between river Jhelum and river Chenab)
2) Rechna Doab( it is between river Chenab and
river Ravi)
3) Bari Doab. It is between river Sutlej and
river Ravi.
4) Sindh Sagar Doab:
it is between Indus and river jhelum and some
part of the river Chenab.
.5) Neli Bar in district Multan and
•
Dr. Zafar Iqbal, PhD,
zafarsst@gmail.com

15. Suitible Natural Inputs
• This is the most productive area of the
Punjab plain.
• The land is flat and level and is suitable
for farming.
• The alluvial soil is fertile and supports
profitable agriculture.
• The climate suits both the summer and
winter crops.
• There is a good network of canals for
irrigation (Water).
• . Dr. Zafar Iqbal, PhD,
zafarsst@gmail.com

16. Dr. Zafar Iqbal, PhD,
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17. Active flood Plain ?
• The narrow strip of land on
both sides of the rivers is
called Active Flood Plain. It is
locally known as bet or
Khaddar land. Active flood
plains are in large number.
Both sides of the river Indus
and its tributaries.
Dr. Zafar Iqbal, PhD,
zafarsst@gmail.com

18. Old Flood Plain
• Meander and cover flood plains cover
the area between the alluvial terraces
and the active flood plains.
• They are only flooded when there is
heavy monsoon rainfall.
• Old flood plains are in large
number.
• Both sides of the river Indus and
its tributaries.
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zafarsst@gmail.com

19. Meanders
• A winding curve, bend or loop
along the course of a stream
or river.
• Countless meanders of the all
five rivers are there.
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20. River Terrace
• A raised flat Area running
along and parallels to valley
walls. It is a part of a former
flood plain, left behind as river
cut down through the valley
flood are also found in upper
indus plain.
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zafarsst@gmail.com

21. Oxbow Lakes
• Some where in the upper Indus Plain
these are seen due to changing the river
course.
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zafarsst@gmail.com

22. Piedmont Plains
• Piedmont Plains and alluvial fans are also
found in both sides of the river indus.
• These are formed due to slow pressure of
water in the upper indus plain where
heavy material is not carry out by the
water, so it deposits and makes piedmont
plain and alluvial fanses.
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zafarsst@gmail.com

23. Soil of the Upper Indus Plain
• Alluvial Soil is there in the upper Indus
plain that is the best soil of the Pakistan
for the agriculture.
• It is fertile and suits for the crops.
Dr. Zafar Iqbal, PhD,
zafarsst@gmail.com

24. Economic Activities in Upper Indus
Plain
• This is a very productive region and has
attracted large population.
• Density of population in Punjab is very high
due to same reason.
• Good agricultural production has attracted
large population.
• It has resulted in a large number of collecting
and distributing centers i.e. commercial towns
which have gradually developed into important
industrial centers
Dr. Zafar Iqbal, PhD,
zafarsst@gmail.com

25. Why the large quantity of silt carried by
rivers in the Upper Indus Plain?
• Large rivers carry a large amount of silt.
This is the result of erosive work of the
rivers in the mountains where the river
erodes its bed and banks.
• The quantity of silt increases during the
floods because of the increase in volume
of water
Dr. Zafar Iqbal, PhD,
zafarsst@gmail.com

26. Dr. Zafar Iqbal, PhD,
zafarsst@gmail.com

27. Lower Indus
Plain
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28. Location
Lower
Indus
Plain
Upper
Indus
Plain
Arabian
Sea
Therparker Desert
Cholestan Desert
Nara Desert
Makran
Coastaline
Balochistan Plateau
Northern
Balochistan
Dr. Zafar Iqbal, PhD,
zafarsst@gmail.com

29. Hydrology of Lower Indus Plain
• Only river Indus flows.
• River Indus flows into the Arabian Sea
south of Thatta through its distributaries
which flow across the delta.
• Width of the River Indus is 1.6km
• River Indus is in lower course
• Deposition is the main function of the
River Indus.
• No Doab is there.
Dr. Zafar Iqbal, PhD,
zafarsst@gmail.com

30. Geographical Features
• Meander,
• ox-bow lakes,
• braided channels levees are present.
• Alluvial terraces or bars do not exist as
the Indus flows alone.
• Piedmont Plain with alluvial fans to the
west.
Dr. Zafar Iqbal, PhD,
zafarsst@gmail.com

31. Dr. Zafar Iqbal, PhD,
zafarsst@gmail.com

32. Dr. Zafar Iqbal, PhD,
zafarsst@gmail.com

33. Population of Lower Indus Plain
• In Lower Indus plain the road network is
thick near river Indus on both sides of
the river.
• Away from river Indus there is thin
population and density of road network is
also thin.
• Ideal for agriculture with irrigation.
Dr. Zafar Iqbal, PhD,
zafarsst@gmail.com

34. Cities in Lower Indus Plain
• Karachi and Hyderabad are the biggest
cities of the lower Indus Plain.
• Urban areas has dense population.
• Rural area is less populated.
• Great contrast can be seen here between
the difference of rich and poor or Urban
and rural area.
Dr. Zafar Iqbal, PhD,
zafarsst@gmail.com

35. Sea Breeze
• There in the coastline up to 180km sea
breeze remains moderate the
temperature.
• Upper part of the Lower Indus Plan is
hotter than the lower part due to sea
breeze.
• Average rainfall of the lower Indus plain is
25mm
Dr. Zafar Iqbal, PhD,
zafarsst@gmail.com

36. UPPER INDUS PLAIN LOWER INDUS PLAIN
Located in the northern
part of the Indus plain.
Located in the southern
part of the Indus plain.
River Indus and its major
tributaries flow here.
The River Indus flows
alone.
The Jehlum,Ravi and
Sutluj have joined the
Chanab at Panjnad to join
ti Indus River near
Mithankot.
River Indus flows into the
Arabian Sea south of
Thatta through its
distributaries which flow
which flow across the
delta
The average width of the
Indus is 1.4 km till Kalabagh
and 1.6km at Sukkur
Width of the River Indus
is 1.6km
Dr. Zafar Iqbal, PhD,
zafarsst@gmail.com

37. UPPER INDUS PLAIN LOWER INDUS PLAIN
River Indus is in its
middle course in the north
And enters in its lower
course.
River Indus is in lower
course
Both erosion and
deposition take place with
deposition becoming
increasingly dominant
southward.
Deposition is the main
function of the River
Indus.
Meander, ox-bow lakes,
braided channels levees
are present.
Meander, ox-bow lakes,
braided channels levees
are present.Dr. Zafar Iqbal, PhD,
zafarsst@gmail.com

38. UPPER INDUS PLAIN LOWER INDUS PLAIN
Alluvial terraces or bars
are formed between the
rivers.
Alluvial terraces or bars
do not exist as the Indus
flows alone.
Piedmont Plain with
alluvial fans to the north
and west.
Piedmont Plain with
alluvial fans to the west.
Ideal for irrigation with a
network of link canal
irrigation.
Ideal for agriculture with
irrigation.
Dr. Zafar Iqbal, PhD,
zafarsst@gmail.com

39. Dr. Zafar Iqbal, PhD,
zafarsst@gmail.com

40. Dr. Zafar Iqbal, PhD,
zafarsst@gmail.com