This document provides an overview of computers including: 1. A computer is an electronic device that takes in data as input, processes it, and provides output. It gets its name from the Latin word "compute" meaning to calculate. 2. Computers are used in many fields like banking, education, business, science and more. They can also have drawbacks like physical or mental health issues if overused. 3. Computers have great speed, accuracy and storage capacity. Key components include the CPU, memory, hardware and different types of software.

1. Basic of Computer

2. Introduction : Computer word is adopted from “Latin” word “compute” which
means “calculation”.
Definition : Computer is an electronic device in which we input something(data)
& after processing. We get result or output.
Full Form of Computer : C – Calculate / Commonly
O – Operate / Organize
M – Memory / Machine
P – Print / Processing
U – Unit / Used for
T – Training /Technology
E – Education / Edit
R – Research / Random
Computer

3.  Bank
 School/College
 Office/Business
 Mechanical
 Engineering
 Reservation/Air lines
 Science
 Defense
 Medical
 Entertainment
Application of Computer

4.  Physically problem
 Eyes Weakness
 Head pain / Memory loss
 Different parts of body problem
 Addiction problem
 Virus
 System Hang
 Bank A/C Password theft.
Drawback’s of Computer

5. Speed : By nature computer is very fast with calculate data in micro second or
mile second.
1 Millisecond - 10−3
sec
1 Microsecond - 10−6
sec
1 Nanosecond - 10−9 sec
1 Picosecond - 10−12sec
Accuracy : If the input is a valid data and programs is correct, computer will
always produced, an accurate result.
Storage Capacity : We can say or store data in computer for future.
Secrecy : In a computerize system we have more secrecy in compare of manual
system.
Characteristic of Computer

6. Functional Components
1. Input Component
2. Output Component
3. Application
Functional Component
Memory : To store Temporally data and programmed.
Input Device : Input device such as keyboard and mouse, you can enter data
instruction in to a computer.
Output Device : Output device such as monitor, printer or other devices that lots
you see the computer has accomplished.
C.P.U. : The part of computer that executes instruction.

7.  Hardware is a physical part of computer.
Ex. C.P.U., Monitor, Mouse
 The internal parts of computer
Also treated as hardware.
Ex. RAM, ROM, Mother board,
Hard disk etc.
Hardware

8.  Software is a soul of hardware
Set of programs is called software
Set of instruction is called programs
Instruction written by programmer
(with the help of programming language)
Language Ex. : C, C++, Java, VB, .net, Oracle
Software

9. There are two types of Software
1. System Software
2. Application Software
System Software : System Software is also called OS(Operating System). It is a
bridge between user and computer.
Ex. Window, Linux etc.
Application Software : Application programming is used to produce the software,
which provides services to the user. To write instructions
for application software, the programmer must have ample knowledge about
input, storage and retrieval of data, in addition to the Knowledge of computer
circuitry.
Ex. MS Word, PowerPoint, Photoshop, CoralDRAW etc.
Software

10. Computer Memory
Memory Chart
Primary Memory Secondary Memory
RAM ROM Magnetic Disk
SRAM PROM (Ex. – Hard disk, CD/DVD, PD)
DRAM EPROM
EEPROM
Flash ROM

11.  RAM – Random Access Memory
 ROM – Read Only Memory
 SRAM – Statics Random Access Memory
 DRAM – Dynamic Random Access Memory
 PROM – Programmable Read Only Memory
 EPROM – Erased Programmable Read Only Memory
 EEPROM – Electrically Erased Programmable Read Only Memory
Full Form

12.  There are different types of memory. Which are used in computer.
 CPU uses it to store data and instruction for processing. CDROM used to store
data permanently but we requires CD writer to store data in to it.
Primary Memory :
 It is also called main memory our computer. It serve as a temporary storage
area for data and instructions.
 It is made up of a large number of cell, each cell capable of storing one bit.
Secondary Memory :
 The Programs and data that are required to be used again are kept in
secondary memory.
 Secondary Memory also called auxiliary Memory. Ex. Hard disk, Pen drive etc.
Computer Memory

13. RAM(Random Access Memory) - RAM is a read and write memory. Data store
in this memory is erased. When power is cut off. It
is volatile memory. There are two type of RAM.
1) SRAM(Static Random Access Memory) - Static RAM consist of internal flip
flop that store the binary information.
The store information in the RAM remains valid as long as power applied the
unit. SRAM read data in short form so speed is very high.
2) DRAM(Dynamic Random Access Memory) - DRAM is store the binary
information in the form of electric
charges. The store charges on the capister to discharge will limited duration.
Types of Primary Memory

14. ROM(Read only Memory) - ROM is the permanent memory. Its data not be erased,
when power is cut off. It non volatile memory.
Four type of ROM
1) PROM - Programmable Read Only Memory.
2) EPROM - Erased Programmable Read Only Memory.
3) EEPROM - Electrically Erased Programmable Read Only Memory.
4) Flash Memory - Flash Memory is the type of EEPROM but its information can
be erase an written in block instead of bits.
Types of Primary Memory

15. There are two types of Memory.
1. Cache Memory
2. Buffer Memory
1) Cache Memory - The Cache Memory is placed between CPU and Main memory.
It is faster than main memory. It is used to store frequently
data in main memory.
2) Buffer Memory - Buffer Memory is the data share memory. It store cut and
copy data temporally.
CPU(Central Processing Unit) - It is heart of the computer. It process all types all
data and process it then provide result.
Other Memory

16. Control Unit
Output
ALU
Input
Memory Unit
Data Flow
Backing Store
Flow Chart of CPU

17. Control Unit - It controls all input data.
Ex. It convert human language to binary language and again
binary language and again binary language to human
language.
ALU( Arithmetic Logical Unit) – With the help of this unit computer capable to
performing addition, subtraction,multiplication,
division as well as all logical operations.%
Other Memory

18. 1 Character = (Ex. A, b, c… etc.)
1 Character = 8 bit or 1 byte
Binary or Bit = 0, 1
1 Nibble = 4 bit
1 Byte = 8 bits
1 KB (Kilo byte) = 210
𝐵𝑦𝑡𝑒 1 PB (Penta byte) = 1015
𝐵𝑦𝑡𝑒
1 MB (Mega byte) = 220 𝐵𝑦𝑡𝑒 1 HB (Hexa byte) = 1018 𝐵𝑦𝑡𝑒
1 GB (Giga byte) = 230 𝐵𝑦𝑡𝑒 1 ZB (Zenta byte) = 1021 𝐵𝑦𝑡𝑒
1 TB (Tera byte) = 240 𝐵𝑦𝑡𝑒 1 YB (Yenta byte) = 1024 𝐵𝑦𝑡𝑒
Units of Measuring of Memory