P3 RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS
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The document discusses radioactive waste and radioactive decay. It defines radioactive waste as material containing unusable radioactive byproducts from nuclear processes. It describes three types of radioactive waste - low-level waste, intermediate-level waste, and high-level waste. It also explains the three types of radioactive decay - alpha decay, beta decay, and gamma decay.
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RADIOACTIVE DECAY AND HALF-LIFE CONCEPTS
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2) Different types of ionizing radiation like alpha, beta, gamma rays and their properties. Experiments with shielding materials like lead are proposed.
3) Natural and medical sources of radiation and how they contribute to typical human annual radiation doses. Most exposure is from natural background sources like radon.
4) Nuclear reactions like alpha decay, neutron capture, and beta decay are explained. Isotopic notation and how the element changes during these reactions is also covered.
Nuclear-Chemistry-and-Applications-of-Radioactivity.pptx
This document discusses nuclear chemistry and applications of radioactivity. It begins by defining radioactivity and the types of radioactive emissions. It then discusses natural and artificial radioactivity, describing the processes. It describes the three main types of radiation - alpha, beta, and gamma rays - and their properties. The document also covers the causes of radioactivity, units of measurement, nuclear reactions of fission and fusion, and applications of radioactivity in nuclear power, weapons, industry, and medicine. It concludes by discussing radiocarbon dating and the harmful effects of nuclear radiation.
Chapter 21 Nuclear Chemistry Section 2 1Updated (1).pptx
This document discusses types of radioactivity and nuclear decay. It describes alpha, beta, gamma radiation and positron emission. It explains that alpha particles consist of two protons and two neutrons, beta particles are high energy electrons, and gamma rays are high energy electromagnetic radiation without mass or charge. Nuclear decay occurs through radioactive processes like alpha, beta, gamma or positron emission. The rate of radioactive decay is measured by half-life, which is the time for half of a radioactive sample to decay. Radioisotope dating uses half-lives of elements like carbon-14, potassium-40 and uranium-238 to determine the age of materials.
Radio active waste management
Radioactive waste comes from nuclear power generation and other applications of nuclear technology. It is hazardous to human health and the environment. There are three types of radioactive waste - low level waste which exhibits low radioactivity, intermediate waste which requires shielding, and high level waste which is very radioactive. Methods for disposing of radioactive waste include geological disposal by burying it underground, reprocessing to separate useful components, transmutation to convert elements into less harmful forms, and space disposal by launching it into space although this has limitations. A combination of factors must be considered to safely dispose of the large volumes of long-lasting nuclear waste.
The Birth Of Nuclear Medicine
- There are two main systems for measuring radiation - the conventional US system and the International System of Units (SI).
- Radioactivity is measured in curies (Ci) in the US system and becquerels (Bq) in the SI system. 1 Ci equals 37 billion Bq.
- Exposure rate is measured in roentgens (R) per hour in the US system. The SI unit is the coulomb per kilogram (C/kg).
- Absorbed dose is measured in rads in the US system and grays (Gy) in the SI system. 1 Gy is equal to 100 rads.
Nuclear chemistry 2015-2016
* The half-life of I-123 is 13 hours
* We want to know how much is left after 39 hours
* 39 hours is 3 half-lives (39/13 = 3)
* Each half-life, the amount is reduced by half
* Starting with 64 mg:
** After 1 half-life: 64/2 = 32 mg
** After 2 half-lives: 32/2 = 16 mg
** After 3 half-lives: 16/2 = 8 mg
* Therefore, the amount left after 39 hours is 8 mg.
Radiopharmaceuticals
Radiopharmaceutical is topic of subject Pharmaceutical inorganic Chemistry for B. Pharmacy First year students. This slide is presented with an aim to enable the students to easily understand and grasp unfamiliar concept of this topic
Ch 25 notes
Nuclear reactions involve changes to atomic nuclei, whereas chemical reactions only involve rearrangement of electrons. Nuclear reactions can release large amounts of energy and produce new elements, while chemical reactions typically involve smaller energy changes and atoms remain the same elements. Radioactive decay is an example of a nuclear reaction where an unstable atomic nucleus spontaneously transforms into a more stable nucleus by emitting particles or electromagnetic radiation.
Nuclear power standard
The document discusses key terms related to nuclear power including elements, isotopes, radioactivity, and the nuclear fuel cycle. It describes how a nuclear reactor works through nuclear fission to create heat and generate electricity. It also covers the advantages and disadvantages of nuclear power as an energy source and issues around long-term storage of radioactive waste.
Nuclear chemistry
Marie Curie discovered radioactivity through her work on atoms and their structure. Nuclear reactions involve changes to the nucleus through loss of particles and rearrangement of protons and neutrons, releasing significant energy. There are three main types of radiation emitted in radioactive decay: alpha, beta, and gamma. Half-life refers to the time it takes for half of a radioactive sample to decay and is used in radioactive dating. Radiation is dangerous as it can ionize atoms and damage DNA, disrupting cells.
Nuclear chemistry and radiation
Marie Curie discovered radioactivity through her work on atoms and their structure. Nuclear reactions involve changes to the nucleus through loss of particles and rearrangement of protons and neutrons, releasing tremendous energy. There are three main types of radiation emitted in radioactive decay: alpha, beta, and gamma. Half-life refers to the time it takes for half of a radioactive sample to decay and is used in radioactive dating. Radiation is dangerous because it can ionize atoms and damage DNA, disrupting cells.
Radioactivity
Radioactivity is the spontaneous emission of radiation from unstable atomic nuclei. It occurs due to instability in the nucleus caused by the repulsion between protons and strong nuclear forces. There are three main types of radiation emitted: alpha, beta, and gamma. Alpha particles consist of helium nuclei, beta particles are electrons, and gamma rays are high-energy photons. Radioactivity has many useful applications in fields like medicine, industry, power generation, and research.
Radiopharmaceuticals
radiopharmaceuticals introduction isotopes types of radioisotopes measurement of radioactivity handling and storage of radioactive material applications
Isotopes And Radioactivity 09
The document discusses the structure of atoms including subatomic particles like protons, neutrons and electrons. It describes atomic number and mass number, isotopes, radioactive decay, and different types of radiation (alpha, beta, gamma). It explains how radiation can be detected and some uses and biological effects of radiation including cancer risks from ionizing radiation. The concept of half-life is introduced with examples of how radioactive materials decay over time in a predictable pattern.
Radio isotope
1) The document discusses various topics related to radioisotopes including their basic properties, production, instruments used to detect them, and their applications.
2) It describes the different types of radiation emitted by radioisotopes including alpha, beta, and gamma rays.
3) The document also covers the use of radioisotopes in areas like medical diagnosis and therapy, research, and sterilization.
Basic Radiation Physics - Mr. D.S. Patkulkar.pdf
This document provides an overview of basic radiation physics for radiation safety officer (RSO) certification. It defines ionizing radiation and different types including alpha, beta, gamma, x-rays and neutron radiation. It describes the composition of atoms and isotopes. Unstable nuclei undergo radioactive decay through emission of particles or photons. Radiation has sufficient energy to ionize atoms. The document covers radiation quantities, units of measurement, radiation interactions with matter and shielding. Understanding basic radiation physics is essential for RSOs to safely control and use radioactive sources.
Radioactivity ppt.pptx
This document provides an overview of radioactivity including its discovery, sources, applications, and health effects. It discusses how radioactivity was discovered by Becquerel and the Curies. Sources include primordial radionuclides in the Earth, cosmogenic radionuclides from cosmic rays, and anthropogenic radionuclides from nuclear activities. Applications include uses in medicine, industry, electricity generation, space exploration and food preservation. Examples of nuclear disasters like Chernobyl and Fukushima are provided along with effects of radiation exposure.
17 Mar 31 Radioactivity For Slideshare
This document provides an introduction to radioactivity and nuclear physics. It discusses goals of learning about the physics of radioactivity, nuclear reactions, and their applications. It also covers hazards and safety mechanisms. Examples discussed include observing particle trails in a cloud chamber, the properties of alpha, beta and gamma radiation, and how intensity of radiation follows the inverse square law.
radioactivity ppt.PPT
This document provides information about radioactivity including:
- Radioactivity occurs when an unstable atom nucleus decays and emits particles or energy.
- There are three main types of radiation: alpha, beta, and gamma. Different materials can block each type.
- The half-life of a radioactive isotope is the time for half the atoms to decay. After multiple half-lives, the fraction of original atoms decays exponentially.
- Radioactivity has uses like radiotherapy, dating artifacts, thickness gauges, and is both helpful and hazardous depending on dose and isotope.
P3 lesson part two
The document outlines a 12-lesson course on radioactive materials and energy. Lesson 7 focuses on nuclear power, including how unstable atoms like uranium-235 can undergo fission to release huge amounts of energy. This energy can be harnessed at nuclear power stations to generate electricity through heating water into steam. Control rods are used to regulate the fission rate. While nuclear power is a carbon-neutral source of electricity, nuclear waste disposal and safety concerns remain issues.
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P3 RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS
- 3. RADIOACTIVE WASTE AIMS To make students aware of nuclear waste shipments and the safeguards in place. To know the sources of radioactive waste, how they are handled and their disposal. To discuss radioactive wastes and the ethics
- 4. RADIOACTIVE WASTE Class Discussion (4 minutes) Radioactive waste Why is this such a problem? Please remember to make notes. www.sciencetutors.zoomshare.com
- 5. RADIOACTIVE WASTE LLW radioactive wastes 4 minutes Class Discussion Why are there special sites for disposal of low-level wastes? Write down examples of High Level Radioactive Waste (LLW) www.sciencetutors.zoomshare.com
- 6. RADIOACTIVE WASTE What are radioactive wastes? Material containing the unusable radioactive by products of the scientific, military, and industrial applications of nuclear energy.
- 7. RADIOACTIVE WASTE What are radioactive wastes? Another Definition Radioactive by-products from the operation of a nuclear reactor or from the reprocessing of depleted nuclear waste.
- 9. RADIOACTIVE WASTE Radioactive waste is a waste product containing radioactive material. It is usually the product of a nuclear process such as nuclear fission.
- 12. RADIOACTIVE WASTE LLW EXAMPLES Low Level Waste (LLW) Examples of LLW are contaminated pieces of equipment used gloves, shoes, paper towels used to clean radioactive materials, and clothes (i.e discarded protective clothing) from nuclear stations www.sciencetutors.zoomshare.com
- 13. RADIOACTIVE WASTE High Level Waste (HLW) www.sciencetutors.zoomshare.com The majority of HLW radioactive materials are long lived hence they can be buried deep in the ground or mixed and stored with glass.
- 14. RADIOACTIVE WASTE www.sciencetutors.zoomshare.com Facts And Characteristics of Low Level Waste The waste are slightly radioactive and gives off small amounts of radiation hence it’s called LLW. Low-level waste is produced by most hospitals, universities, companies, and nuclear energy plants.
- 15. PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCES Primary energy is energy found in nature that has not been subjected to any conversion or transformation process.
- 17. This question is about generating electricity. You need a primary Energy source to generate electricity. JANUARY 2008 GCSE F-TIER
- 19. GCSE JAN 2008 ANSWERS
- 20. Which one of the readings in the table is an Outlier? And Why Q6 JUNE 2007 F-TIER PAPER
- 25. Q1. Here is some information about people who have contact with sources in the hospital. Who is likely to receive the largest life time dose if not specially protected? And why? Q2. Disposal of nuclear waste raises ethical problems: Write down any two ethical problems or issues related to the disposal of nuclear waste.
- 26. There are three types of radiation produced by radioactive sources. Which type of radiation would be best for each of the following hospital uses? And Why?
- 27. ANSWERS
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- 30. Q6 c)
- 31. Answers to Q6a), Q6b) and Q6c) 6b) Chain Reaction Q6a) 6c)
- 40. Copy and complete the block diagram below showing how a coal fired Power Station produces electricity. GCSE 2010 Q7 H-TIER PAPER
- 41. ANSWER TO GSCE Q7
- 42. ANSWER TO Q1c JAN 2009
- 43. ANSWER Q6 JAN 2009