Wind energy is generated from wind turbines that convert the kinetic energy of wind into electrical energy. Leading wind turbine manufacturers include Vestas, GE, Siemens, and Gamesa. Countries leading in wind energy production are the US, Germany, Spain, China, and India. Government policies such as feed-in tariffs, tax incentives, and renewable portfolio standards affect the wind industry. Wind farms are operated by large utility companies and are sited based on wind resource maps and detailed site measurements.
Solar thermal power generation systems use mirrors to collect sunlight and produce steam by solar heat to drive turbines for generating power. This system generates power by rotating turbines like thermal and nuclear power plants, and therefore, is suitable for large-scale power generation.
A wind mill converts the kinetic energy of moving air into Mechanical energy that can be either used directly to run the Machine or to run the generator to produce electricity.
In this presentation a brief introduction is given on parts of wind turbine, classification of wind turbines, importance of wind turbines, current status like installed capacity (annual and cumulative) . Then there is a explanation on theory behind the design of wind turbine blades i.e, AERODYNAMICS OF WIND TURBINES which includes explanation about shape of an aerofoil, its different parameters, lift force, drag force, different equations about lift drag force, NACA profiles, Blade Element Momentum Theory, etc.
Solar thermal power generation systems use mirrors to collect sunlight and produce steam by solar heat to drive turbines for generating power. This system generates power by rotating turbines like thermal and nuclear power plants, and therefore, is suitable for large-scale power generation.
A wind mill converts the kinetic energy of moving air into Mechanical energy that can be either used directly to run the Machine or to run the generator to produce electricity.
In this presentation a brief introduction is given on parts of wind turbine, classification of wind turbines, importance of wind turbines, current status like installed capacity (annual and cumulative) . Then there is a explanation on theory behind the design of wind turbine blades i.e, AERODYNAMICS OF WIND TURBINES which includes explanation about shape of an aerofoil, its different parameters, lift force, drag force, different equations about lift drag force, NACA profiles, Blade Element Momentum Theory, etc.
How Do Wind Turbines Generate Electricity?
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Tracxn Wind Energy Landscape Report July 2016Tracxn
The top business models are built around power generation (Greenko Group, ReNew Power Ventures), manufacturing (Clipper Wind, Suzlon), and service providers (SITAC Renewable energy, PNE Wind).
Read more about it at:
http://windturbinesllc.blogspot.com/
http://knol.google.com/k/wind-turbines/-/25fjwptfb1ke6/0#knols
Connect with us!
http://twitter.com/windturbinesnet
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Class-13 These slides majorly focus on wind turbine components and wind turbine characteristics. Later based on this basic idea, we will discuss about the various control strategies for wind generators.
Wind power or wind energy is the use of wind to provide the mechanical power through wind turbines to turn electric generators and traditionally to do other work, like milling or pumping. Wind power is a sustainable and renewable energy, and has a much smaller impact on the environment compared to burning fossil fuels.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
4. How is energy generated from wind? Wind Turbines have large airfoil shaped blades. When air passes over the blade there is low pressure above the blade and higher pressure below, pushing it. A force ( lift ) perpendicular to the motion is created. The force of the lift is actually much stronger than the wind's force against the front side of the blade, which is called drag . The combination of lift and drag causes the rotor to spin like a propeller, and the turning shaft spins a generator to make electricity Source: HowStuffWorks (www.howstuffworks.com)
6. Wind turbines: Components Blades Most turbines have three blades. The turning of the blades generate electricity Hub Centre of the rotor to which the rotor blades are attached Rotor Blades and hub referred together Low-speed shaft Turned by the rotor at about 30 to 60 rotations per minute (rpm) Gears Connects low-speed shaft to high-speed shaft and increases rotational speeds from about 30 to 60 rpm to about 1000 to 1800 rpm (the rotational speed required by most generators to produce electricity) Generator Produces electricity High-speed shaft Drives generator Controller Starts up and shuts off the machine Anemometer Measures wind speed and transmits wind speed data to controller Wind vane Measures wind direction and communicates with yaw drive to orient the turbine Yaw drive Keeps rotor facing into the wind as wind direction changes Yaw motor Powers yaw drive Nacelle Contains gear box, low- and high-speed shafts, generator, controller, and brake Tower Made from tubular steel, concrete, or steel lattice . Taller towers generate more power Pitch Blades are turned, or pitched, to control the rotor speed Brake Stops rotor in emergencies
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8. Source: Total Alternative Power (www.totalalternativepower.com) Wind turbines: Dimensions/ definitions/ foundations Specific rating = Turbine’s rotor swept area / rating of the turbine Capacity factor = Amt of actual power produced / Amt of power if turbine operated at full output 100% of the time 25% to 80% is possible for an individual utility turbine Plate foundations/ shallow foundations A commonly used foundation is a large reinforced concrete plate under the earth forms the footing of the generator. Pile foundations The connection between foundation plates with the soft soil.
9. Power from a turbine is dependent on: - Swept area of blades - Wind speed Power Wind speed 3 Power Swept area Blade diameter 2 The power curve shows power production as a function of wind speed. X – wind speed (mph) Y – power (kW) Cut out wind speed (usually above 55mph) stops power production as high speeds may cause damage to the turbine Cut in wind speed (usually 8-16 mph) starts power production Rated power (approximately 29 mph) Rated power Wind speed Relation of Wind Speed to Power Production
13. A 1.5MW wind turbine ( 344ft) is taller than the Statue of Liberty (306ft). Manufacturers: Product comparison Source: Respective company websites N90 (2.3MW) N80 (2.5MW) N90 (2.5MW) N100 (2.5MW) N90 Offshore (2.5MW) S77 (1.5MW) S70 (1.5MW) Nordex SWT-3.6-107 SWT-2.3-82VS SWT-2.3-93 Siemens Goldwind Vensys Energy < 1MW S43/600kW S48/750kW 1-2MW Goldwind 62/1.2MW Goldwind 70/1.5MW Vensys 62 (1.2MW) Vensys 64 (1.2MW) 2-3MW > 3MW
14. Manufacturers: Key innovations Innovation Objective Company examples Weight Lowers production and system costs Vestas: uses lightweight carbon fibres in the blades and a tower with magnets Siemens’s IntegralBlade®: blades are made of fibre glass, reinforced epoxy resin and manufactured in one piece using a closed process Gamesa: blades made with epoxy resin and carbon fibre components Variable speed regulation Allows the rotor's rotational speed to vary to minimise strain and reduce noise levels Vestas: uses OptiSpeed® technology GE’s: Variable Speed System, and active damping (less tower osscilations) Gamesa: also supports variable rotation speed Pitch regulation Adjusts the angle of the turbine blades to ensure the optimal position in relation to wind Vestas: uses OptiTip® technology Siemens: CombiStall®, used in constant speed turbines and CombiPitch, used in variable speed turbines GE Wind: Control System Gamesa: variable pitch technology
15. Manufacturers: Key innovations Innovation Objective Company examples Failsafe protection Minimizes loads and controls output in all conditions and above its rated wind speed Vestas: Hydraulic ActiveStall® GE Wind: LVRTC (Low Voltage Ride thru), feeds reactive power during lightning strikes, equipment failures, and downed power lines Gamesa: Active Crowbar Net converter Allows generators to operate at variable speed, frequency and voltage, to supply power at constant frequency and voltage to the grid Siemens: NetConverter® power conversion system GE Wind: WindVAR (Wind Volt-Amp-Reactive) system, supplies reactive power Gamesa DFIM technology (Doubly Fed Induction Machine) and Gamesa SGIPE system: allows active and reactive power Lightning protection Protecting the blades, nacelle, controller and tower Siemens: blades have a lightning termination pad system and the other components are grounded Noise control system Compliance to local regulation Gamesa NRS® noise control system
16. Manufacturers: Key innovations Area Objective Company examples Positioning of the tubines Evaluates the best layout for turbines based on airflows around the blade Vestas: Compuational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) techniques for wind mapping Monitoring system Provides standardized and customized reports on wind turbine data, electrical and mechanical data, statistical data, meteorological data and grid data Siemens: WebWPS SCADA system, has a communication driver, a database management system and web server Gamesa: WindNet®, has a web interface Predictive maintenance system Allows early detection of faults in component Gamesa SMP
17. Gaining a toehold in the wind market Year Major Deals 2002 GE acquires Enron Wind from bankruptcy proceedings to enter the wind business 2004 Siemens acquires Danish firm Bonus to enter the wind business 2006 Suzlon acquired Hansen Transmissions, Belgian gearbox company Iberdrolo, Spanish utility company, bought wind assets from Gamesa, a Spanish turbine manufacturer, assets included US Wind farms 2007 Suzlon acquired REPower, German wind turbine company Iberdrolo, Spanish utility, acquires UK wind farm owner and utility, Scottish Power Areva, a French nuclear energy company acquires German offshore wind turbine maker Multibird Italian utility Enel and Spanish builder Acciona acquire Spanish energy company Endesa, which is the largest private utility in Latin America Energias de Portugal (EDP) took over Horizon Wind, Texan-based wind power producer, making EDP a major player in the wind market Alstom, French engineering company, bought Spanish wind turbine company, Ecotècnia, which previously ranked second in Europe 2008 Iberdrolo and Gamesa, form 2 JVs to pool their businesses in Spain and continental Europe respectively.
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19. Position change from 2007 Top 5 total installed capacity (2008) 5. India 4. China No change 3. Spain 2. Germany 1. US China may overtake Spain and Germany to reach 2# by 2010. Europe 8.9GW North America 8.9GW Asia 8.6GW + + = 27GW 36% Growth of New Installed Capacity in 2008 Source: GWEC (Global Wind Energy Council) Country front runners
20. The global wind market in 2007: € 25 bn (US$37 bn) in new generating equipment € 34 bn (US$50.2 bn) of total investment. Country front runners: Growth comparisons Source: GWEC (Global Wind Energy Council) China’s growth rate is very high up, and the US is catching up.
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26. Wind Policy: Definitions Feed in tariff Electricity utilities are obliged to purchase electricity from a renewable source at above market rates set by the government as an incentive to the producers Government targets Commitment to produce x% of renewable electricity by 2010 Renewable portfolio standard Electricity utilities are obliged to produce x% of electricity from RE sources Fiscal/tax Incentives Companies which have invested in RE can write off the investment against other revenues Voluntary agreements Guidelines to create an attractive environment for export, purchase, wheeling and banking of wind power Concession scheme RE is given priority for grid connection, distribution and transmission access and power dispatch Production tax credits (PTC) Companies which have invested in RE can get credits from energy produced
27. Wind Policy: Country comparison This is an indicative analysis. More information on policy will be available on www.regainparadise.org Policies EU Denmark Germany China Spain India Canada US France Feed in tariff Government targets Renewable portfolio standard Fiscal/tax incentives Contribution programs Voluntary agreements Concession scheme Production tax credits (PTC)
33. Global operators: Financials Source: Respective company websites 10% 39m 414m Aus $ Babcock and Brown Wind Partners (2008) 1% 339 m 4 m € EDP Renováveis (2007) 19% 390.2 m 2030.3 m € Iberdrola Renovables (2008) Net profit as a % of revenue Net Profit Revenue Currency
34. Global operators: Sample large farms Source: Respective company websites Wind farm Operator Location Commissioned Capacity (MW) No. of turbines Turbine manufacturer Lone Star RES, EDP Texas, US 2006 400 200 Gamesa Maple Ridge EDP New York, US 2006 321.75 195 Vestas Cedar Creek Babcock & Brown, BP AlternativEnergy Colorado, US 2007 300.5 221 Mitsubishi King Mountain RES Texas, US 2001 278 214 Bonus Sweetwater 4 Babcock & Brown Texas, US - 240.8 181 Mitsubishi, Siemens Ararat [in development] RES Ararat, Australia 2008 228 76 - Lake Bonney Stage 2 Babcock & Brown Woakwine Range , Australia 2008 159 53 Vestas P.E. Campollano EDP Castilla-La Mancha, Spain - 124.1 146 Gamesa
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36. National Wind Power Companies Large national operators have similar sized wind portfolios compared to large global operators. Possibility for M&As? Source: Respective company websites Company Area of operation Wind power portfolio No. of wind farms Clipper Windpower US, Latin America, Europe 6500MW [develops 2.5MW wind turbine - NextEra Energy Resources [part of FPL Group] North America > 6300MW 65 Noble Environmental Power US 3850MW 13 Invenergy LLC North America, Europe 836MW [additional 600MW in development] 8 [5 in development] Terra-Gen Power [RE Projects] US 831MW 21 Airtricity Europe 400MW 14 First Wind US & Hawaii 92MW 3
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42. Source: Wind Power Costs, EWEA publication The costs of Wind energy varies from US$ 0.048 at sites with speeds of 7.15 mps to US$ 0.026 at sites with speeds of 9.32 mps The costs of a 3 MW turbine versus a 51 MW farm are US$ 0.059 versus US$ 0.036 (costs include production tax credits) Source: The Economics of Wind Energy, AWEA publication How much does wind energy cost? Capital Cost The average installation cost varies from 900 €/kW to 1,150 €/kW Operational Cost Factors Operation Cost The costs of wind energy varies from 9 c€/kWh to 4 c€/kWh, depending on location of plant and discount rate
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