Otomycosis
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Otomycosis, or fungal ear infection, accounts for 10% of ear infections and is more common in hot, humid climates or after prolonged antibiotic use. It presents with debris-filled discharge resembling wet newspaper and sometimes visible fungal hyphae. Treatment involves removing debris from the ear and using topical antifungal drops. For resistant cases, checking for fungal infections elsewhere and potentially using systemic antifungals is recommended due to the risk of recurrence from untreated primary infections.
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Otomycosis
Otomycosis is a fungal infection of the ear that causes symptoms like itching, pain, and hearing problems. It is more common in warm, tropical areas and among people who swim frequently or have diabetes. The infection is caused by fungi like Aspergillus and Candida growing in the moist, warm environment of the ear. Treatment involves cleaning the infected ear and using antifungal ear drops or oral medication. Prevention includes avoiding getting water in the ears while swimming and drying ears after showers or baths.
Chronic otitis media
This document discusses chronic otitis media, including tubotympanic and atticoantral types. Tubotympanic type is a safe inflammation of the middle ear lining, while atticoantral type involves a cholesteatoma sac. Symptoms include ear discharge and deafness. Examination may reveal perforations or debris in the ear canal. Investigations include culture, endoscopy and imaging. Management involves medical treatment like cleaning or antibiotics, with surgery for more severe cases like mastoidectomy or tympanoplasty.
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Adenoids are masses of lymphatic tissue located in the nasopharynx that can become enlarged. Symptoms of enlarged adenoids include nasal obstruction, mouth breathing, and ear infections. Adenoidectomy is the surgical removal of the adenoids and indications include recurrent infections and airway obstruction. The procedure involves using curettes or microdebriders to gently remove the adenoids under anesthesia. Post-operative care focuses on pain management, antibiotics, and monitoring for potential complications like bleeding or injury.
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CSOM
Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM), also known as tubotympanic disease, is a chronic ear infection limited to the antero-inferior part of the middle ear cavity. It does not cause serious complications as the infection is open at both ends, allowing discharge to flow freely. The most common microorganisms isolated are gram-negative bacilli like Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. Patients experience conductive hearing loss ranging from 30-40dB. Treatment involves aural toileting, topical antibiotics, and occasionally tympanoplasty to reconstruct the ear drum and ossicles. Tympanoplasty uses temporalis fascia grafts underlay or
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This document discusses acute suppurative otitis media (ASOM), an infection of the middle ear. It begins by defining ASOM and explaining that obstructed Eustachian tubes, respiratory infections, and allergies can lead to bacterial contamination of the middle ear. Common bacteria include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. ASOM frequently affects children due to anatomical differences in their Eustachian tubes that make contamination more likely. The document then describes the pathophysiology of ASOM using an analogy of a flask and explains the stages of the infection and its potential complications if not treated promptly with antibiotics.
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Otomycosis
Otomycosis is a fungal infection of the ear that causes symptoms like itching, pain, and hearing problems. It is more common in warm, tropical areas and among people who swim frequently or have diabetes. The infection is caused by fungi like Aspergillus and Candida growing in the moist, warm environment of the ear. Treatment involves cleaning the infected ear and using antifungal ear drops or oral medication. Prevention includes avoiding getting water in the ears while swimming and drying ears after showers or baths.
Chronic otitis media
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Adenoids are masses of lymphatic tissue located in the nasopharynx that can become enlarged. Symptoms of enlarged adenoids include nasal obstruction, mouth breathing, and ear infections. Adenoidectomy is the surgical removal of the adenoids and indications include recurrent infections and airway obstruction. The procedure involves using curettes or microdebriders to gently remove the adenoids under anesthesia. Post-operative care focuses on pain management, antibiotics, and monitoring for potential complications like bleeding or injury.
Csom
Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is a long-standing ear infection characterized by persistent ear drainage through a perforated eardrum. It is more common in developing countries and affects all ages. CSOM can be tubotympanic type, confined to the middle ear space, or atticoantral type, involving the mastoid air cells. Atticoantral disease poses greater risks of complications due to bone erosion and possible cholesteatoma formation. Treatment involves topical and oral antibiotics as well as surgical procedures like myringoplasty, tympanoplasty, and ossiculoplasty to repair damaged structures and stop drainage.
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Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM), also known as tubotympanic disease, is a chronic ear infection limited to the antero-inferior part of the middle ear cavity. It does not cause serious complications as the infection is open at both ends, allowing discharge to flow freely. The most common microorganisms isolated are gram-negative bacilli like Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. Patients experience conductive hearing loss ranging from 30-40dB. Treatment involves aural toileting, topical antibiotics, and occasionally tympanoplasty to reconstruct the ear drum and ossicles. Tympanoplasty uses temporalis fascia grafts underlay or
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Nasal polyps are non-cancerous masses of swollen nasal or sinus mucosa. There are two main types: bilateral ethmoidal polyps and antrochoanal polyps. Bilateral ethmoidal polyps commonly arise from inflammatory conditions like rhinosinusitis or disorders of ciliary motility. Antrochoanal polyps originate from the maxillary sinus near its opening and grow into the nasal cavity and nasopharynx. Symptoms include nasal obstruction, loss of smell, headache and discharge. Signs include pale grape-like masses seen on nasal examination. Treatment involves polypectomy or endoscopic sinus surgery. Recurrence is less common for antrochoanal polyps if completely removed from their
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This document discusses acute suppurative otitis media (ASOM), an infection of the middle ear. It begins by defining ASOM and explaining that obstructed Eustachian tubes, respiratory infections, and allergies can lead to bacterial contamination of the middle ear. Common bacteria include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. ASOM frequently affects children due to anatomical differences in their Eustachian tubes that make contamination more likely. The document then describes the pathophysiology of ASOM using an analogy of a flask and explains the stages of the infection and its potential complications if not treated promptly with antibiotics.
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This document discusses respiratory tract infections, specifically focusing on infections of the upper respiratory tract. It defines otitis media as an inflammation of the middle ear and describes its three subtypes. Otitis media is common, especially in young children, and can be caused by bacteria like Streptococcus pneumoniae that enter the middle ear following a viral upper respiratory infection. Symptoms include ear pain, fever, and hearing loss. The document also discusses acute bacterial rhinosinusitis, noting that it is commonly caused by the same bacteria as otitis media and that differentiating between viral and bacterial infections is important to avoid overprescribing antibiotics.
4)chronic pharyngeal infections
This document summarizes various chronic pharyngeal infections, including nonspecific chronic pharyngitis caused by smoking, irritants, and stress. It also discusses specific infections like syphilis, tuberculosis, toxoplasmosis, and candidiasis. Treatment options are provided for each infection. HIV/AIDS related head and neck presentations are also covered, such as Kaposi's sarcoma, opportunistic infections, and primary HIV infection.
Paronychia
Acute and chronic paronychia are inflammatory conditions of the fingers or toes. Acute paronychia involves a single digit and results from disruption of the nail fold barrier, presenting with rapid onset pain and inflammation. Treatment depends on severity but may include warm soaks, topical antibiotics, and opening any abscesses. Chronic paronychia involves multiple digits and results from irritant dermatitis. Treatment focuses on removing irritants and controlling inflammation with topical steroids or calcineurin inhibitors. Restoring the natural protective barrier can take weeks to months.
Allergic and immunologic diseases iv / dental implant courses by Indian denta...
Allergic and immunologic diseases iv / dental implant courses by Indian denta...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.comAcute otitis media.pptx
Acute otitis media (AOM) refers to inflammation of the middle ear caused by bacterial infection, usually following a viral upper respiratory infection. Common bacteria include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. Symptoms include ear pain, fever, and bulging of the eardrum. Treatment involves antibiotics or watchful waiting. Otitis media with effusion refers to persistent middle ear fluid for over 3 months causing hearing loss but no other symptoms. Risk factors are similar to AOM. Treatment options include observation, medical therapies, or ear tube surgery.
Premalignant lesions and conditions
This document provides definitions and information about premalignant lesions and conditions of the oral cavity. It discusses leukoplakia, erythroplakia, lichen planus, oral submucous fibrosis, candidiasis, and smoker's palate. For each condition, it describes the etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment options. The document aims to educate about potentially pre-cancerous lesions in the mouth.
Oral candidiasis
Oral candidiasis is caused mainly by Candida albicans and presents in several forms depending on location and predisposing factors. Predisposing factors include antibiotics, immunosuppressants, and diseases that suppress the immune system. Diagnosis involves examining clinical signs, smears, cultures, and histology. Treatment focuses on reducing predisposing factors, improving oral hygiene, and using topical or systemic antifungal medications depending on the type and severity of infection.
B)mouth ulcer
This document provides information on recurrent aphthous stomatitis (canker sores) and other conditions that can cause mouth ulcers. It describes the main types of canker sores, causes, diagnosis, and treatment options. Common causes include genetic factors and nutritional deficiencies. Diagnosis is based on clinical features and symptoms. Treatment focuses on managing pain, reducing healing time, and addressing underlying causes. The document also summarizes information on Behcet's syndrome, infections like herpes and tuberculosis, autoimmune diseases like pemphigus vulgaris, and other conditions that can manifest as oral ulcers.
Insect bite reactions
This document summarizes different types of insect bites and reactions. It discusses the epidemiology of insect bites in India and describes the bites and allergic reactions caused by mosquitoes, ticks, bugs, fleas, and other insects. It concludes with recommendations for preventing insect bites, including the use of protective clothing, insecticides, and repellents while noting some health risks of mosquito coil smoke.
Oral Bacterial and Viral Infections for Dental ug students
The document discusses tuberculosis (TB), a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Key points include:
- TB most commonly affects the lungs and can spread to other organs like cervical lymph nodes and larynx.
- Clinical signs include fever, weight loss, and cough. Oral lesions are uncommon but can include ulcers or swellings.
- Pathogenesis involves macrophages ingesting TB bacteria which then spread to lymph nodes. This triggers a cell-mediated immune response forming granulomas around infected areas.
- Diagnosis is via smear or culture of clinical samples, tuberculin skin test, radiography showing lesions or calcified lymph nodes. Histopathology shows characteristic case
dermatological infections.pptx
Dermatological infections can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. Common bacterial infections include impetigo, cellulitis and abscesses which are usually treated with antibiotics. Viral infections like herpes simplex and zoster typically require antiviral medication. Fungal infections such as ringworm and candidiasis respond to topical antifungal creams. Parasitic infections like scabies and head lice can be treated with scabicides or pediculicides. Proper treatment aims to eliminate the infecting pathogen and relieve symptoms.
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A)benign oral & tg,atypical facial pain,burning pain syndrome
A)benign oral & tg,atypical facial pain,burning pain syndrome
Lecture xiii ju-oral pathology-lecture xiii-perio5
Lecture xiii ju-oral pathology-lecture xiii-perio5
Allergic and immunologic diseases iv / dental implant courses by Indian denta...
Allergic and immunologic diseases iv / dental implant courses by Indian denta...
Oral Bacterial and Viral Infections for Dental ug students
Oral Bacterial and Viral Infections for Dental ug students
More from Shekhar Krishna Debnath
Pta(sbo 3)
The Pure Tone Audiometry (PTA) test is used to determine a person's hearing threshold levels using pure tone pulses presented at standardized frequencies from 125-8000Hz. The threshold is the lowest sound level at which a person detects 50% of tones. Specific test conditions include the type and presentation of tones. Tones are presented one ear at a time through earphones to determine if hearing loss is present and what type based on the audiogram configuration. Sources of error in PTA tests include physiological, psychological, methodological, physical/acoustic factors, and ambient noise levels.
Vertigo
This document summarizes different types of vertigo and nystagmus. It describes 7 causes of vertigo: 1) Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo, 2) Meniere's disease, 3) Vestibular Neuronitis, 4) Perilymph Fistula, 5) Vestibulotoxic drugs, 6) Labyrinthitis, and 7) Acoustic Neuroma. It also defines nystagmus as involuntary eye movements and classifies the degree of nystagmus into three levels based on the components of eye movement involved.
Stridor vol 1
Stridor is an abnormal noise caused by partial airway obstruction. The document discusses different types of stridor and common causes of stridor in children, including croup (laryngotracheobronchitis), epiglottitis, and spasmodic croup. Croup most often affects children ages 3 months to 3 years and is caused by influenza viruses. Epiglottitis typically affects children ages 3 to 6 years and can cause drooling, muffled voice, and stridor. Management of airway obstruction may include oxygen, humidification, steroids, nebulizers, and intubation or tracheostomy in severe cases.
Obstuctive sleep apnoea in children
Obstructive sleep apnea in children is defined as cessation of breathing for 6 seconds or more during sleep, which can lead to hypoxia and hypercapnia, disrupting normal sleep patterns. The severity of obstructive sleep apnea is classified based on the number of apneas per hour as mild, moderate, or severe. Obstructive sleep apnea can be caused by blockages at four levels - the adenoid pad, tonsils, tongue base, or supraglottic area. Treatment depends on the site of obstruction and may include adenoidectomy, tonsillectomy, use of nasal airways or mandibular advancement devices, or laser procedures. Adenotonsillectomy c
Nose
The nose has important anatomical structures that allow it to carry out its key physiological functions. Externally, the nose is made up of bone and cartilage, including the nasal bones and lateral cartilages. Internally, the nasal cavity contains three turbinates that divide it into air passages. The osteomeatal complex includes structures like the agger nasi and ethmoid bulla that are involved in drainage and ventilation of the paranasal sinuses. Physiologically, the nose conditions inhaled air by warming, humidifying and filtering it. It also plays a role in respiration and protects the lower airways through mucociliary clearance.
Diseases of the tonsils 2
This document discusses diseases of the tonsils, including recurrent acute tonsillitis and chronic tonsillitis. It outlines indications for tonsillectomy in cases of recurrent tonsillitis. The normal flora found on the tonsils is described, as are complications of tonsillitis like scarlet fever and rheumatic fever. Treatment approaches for acute and chronic tonsillitis are discussed. The role of the tonsils in immunity is covered. Finally, potential transmission of prion diseases like Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease via contaminated tonsillectomy instruments is mentioned.
Disease of tonsils
The tonsils are lymphoid tissues located in the throat that help protect the respiratory and digestive tracts from infection. Common pathogens found in the tonsils include streptococcus and other bacteria. Acute tonsillitis is usually caused by streptococcus and presents with fever, sore throat, and painful swallowing. It is generally self-limiting but complications can include abscesses or spread of the infection. Chronic or recurrent tonsillitis may require treatment like antibiotics or tonsillectomy.
Corticosteroid in otolaryngology
Corticosteroids readily diffuse into cells and bind with glucocorticoid receptors to form complexes that interact with proteins and act as transcription factors, reducing inflammation. Intranasal corticosteroids become effective within 3 hours and are most effective for symptoms like itching and sneezing, while systemic corticosteroids are more effective for blockage and anosmia. Methylprednisolone and dexamethasone are preferred for intravenous use due to their minimal mineralocorticoid effects. Prednisone is converted to prednisolone in the liver, while dexamethasone has minimal mineralocorticoid effects.
Viruses & antiviral agents
The document discusses several viruses that cause respiratory infections including influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza, adenovirus, rhinovirus, and coronaviruses. It notes that respiratory tract infections are very common worldwide and responsible for many lost work days. Diagnosis methods include enzyme immunoassays, immunofluorescent antibody tests, and PCR tests. Treatment depends on the virus but may include antivirals like acyclovir, oseltamivir, ribavirin, and interferon. Herpes simplex virus, Epstein-Barr virus, human papillomavirus, and others are described in relation to various diseases. Conditions with possible viral etiologies include Bell's p
Tumours of the head & neck in the childhood
The document discusses several types of tumors that can occur in the head and neck region of children. Lymphoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, and neuroblastoma are some of the tumors mentioned. For lymphoma, the most common presentation is cervical lymphadenopathy, while rhabdomyosarcoma often presents with pain and swelling in locations like the orbit or paranasal sinuses. Diagnosis involves biopsy along with imaging and lab tests. Treatment depends on the specific tumor but may involve chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery. All childhood cancer cases should be referred to a specialist center.
The adenoid & adenoidectomy
The document discusses the adenoid and adenoidectomy procedure. It covers the anatomy and function of the adenoid, including its role in immunity. It describes pathological effects like otitis media, upper airway obstruction, and rhinosinusitis. The assessment, management, and complications of adenoidectomy are outlined. While adenoidectomy is effective for upper airway obstruction and otitis media with effusion, its efficacy for other issues like recurrent ear infections, sleep apnea, and sinusitis requires more research. Mild adenoid hypertrophy does not always require surgery.
Otitis media with effusion
This document provides information on otitis media with effusion (OME), including its definition, causes, characteristics, diagnosis, and epidemiology. Specifically:
- OME is the chronic accumulation of fluid in the middle ear for at least 12 weeks, usually presenting as hearing impairment. It is often preceded by acute otitis media or upper respiratory infection.
- The fluid results from inflammation of the Eustachian tube epithelium that prevents drainage of the middle ear. Histological examination shows replacement of normal epithelium with mucus-secreting cells.
- Diagnosis involves otoscopy, pneumatic otoscopy, and tympanometry which can classify effusions. Type B
Gastro oesophageal reflux & aspiration
This document defines and discusses gastro-oesophageal reflux, aspiration, their causes, symptoms, diagnostic tests and treatments. It notes that reflux is common in infants and usually physiological, but can become pathological if harming the child. Aspiration risks include impaired swallowing coordination or laryngeal protection. Diagnostic tests are videofluoroscopy and fibreoptic evaluation of swallowing. Treatments include positioning, thickened feeds, acid suppression, and sometimes surgery to control severe reflux or reduce saliva production for aspiration.
Fungi( all fungal sinusitis & candidiasis)
1) Mycotic diseases of the paranasal sinuses range from indolent infections in healthy individuals to lethal infections in immunocompromised people.
2) Fungal sinusitis is classified into invasive, noninvasive, and allergic types based on histopathology and clinical presentation. Invasive types can spread to nearby structures like the orbit and brain.
3) Diagnosis involves imaging like CT scans to assess bone destruction, biopsy and culture of tissue to confirm infection and identify the fungal species. Treatment depends on the type but may include antifungal drugs, surgery, and improving immune function.
Diseases of the tonsil
The tonsils are lymphoid tissue located in the throat that help the immune system. Acute tonsillitis is usually caused by viruses or bacteria like Streptococcus and is typically self-limiting. Treatment focuses on pain relief and hydration. Antibiotics may help if symptoms persist after 2-3 days. Complications are rare but include peritonsillar abscesses, which are treated with antibiotics and needle aspiration. The tonsils can also present lymphomas or cancers.
Chronic otitis media in childhood
This document discusses chronic otitis media, including the histology and pathogenesis. It notes that chronic inflammation is characterized by both tissue destruction and attempts at healing. Repeated infections from the nasopharynx or external ear canal can prevent resolution of otitis media. Persistent bacterial biofilms and chronic perforations of the tympanic membrane also contribute. Chronic retraction of the pars tensa portion of the eardrum can lead to atrophy and complications like cholesteatoma formation over time if not addressed. Early intervention may be warranted for more advanced retractions to prevent future problems.
Branchial arch fistulae, thyroglossal duct anomalies& lymphangioma
This document discusses the embryology and presentation of several congenital anomalies of the head and neck region, including branchial arch fistulae, thyroglossal duct anomalies, preauricular sinuses, and lymphangioma. It describes how these structures develop from the branchial arches and pouches during embryogenesis. Common locations and presentations of each anomaly are provided, along with diagnostic evaluation and treatment approaches. Surgical excision is often needed but can be challenging due to the relationship of these structures to nearby nerves and vessels.
Antimicrobial therapy
The document discusses the use of antimicrobial therapy and various classes of antibiotics. It provides details on the mechanisms of action, spectra of activity, indications for use, and side effects of different classes of antibiotics including beta-lactams (penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems), glycopeptides, quinolones, sulfonamides/trimethoprim, metronidazole, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, macrolides, aminoglycosides, streptogramins, and oxazolidinones. It also discusses Clostridium difficile infection as a common gastrointestinal side effect caused by antibiotic use.
Acute otitis media in children
Acute otitis media (AOM) is an inflammation of the middle ear caused by bacterial or viral infection. It is common in young children and causes symptoms like ear pain, fever, and hearing loss. While most cases clear up without treatment, antibiotics are usually prescribed to reduce symptoms and risk of complications. For recurrent cases, management involves identifying and addressing risk factors, medical or surgical prophylaxis including ventilation tubes, and vaccination when available. AOM poses a significant burden as it is one of the most frequent reasons children receive antibiotics.
Physiology of swallowing
Swallowing involves three phases - oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal. In the oral phase, food is mixed with saliva and moved to the back of the throat by the tongue. The soft palate then elevates to protect the nasal airway. In the pharyngeal phase, the larynx and pharynx elevate to allow food to pass while protecting the airway, and a series of muscle contractions propel the food over the epiglottis and into the esophagus. In the esophageal phase, the upper esophageal sphincter relaxes to allow the food to pass into the esophagus for peristalsis down to the stomach.
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Branchial arch fistulae, thyroglossal duct anomalies& lymphangioma
Branchial arch fistulae, thyroglossal duct anomalies& lymphangioma
Otomycosis
- 1. Otomycosis Otomycosis or fungal otitis externa accounts for approximately 10% of all cases. It is more common in hot, humid climates& is often secondary to prolonged treatment with topical antibiotic. DM & immunocompromised states also predispose to the condition. Clinical findings The most common finding is a black ,grey, green, yellow or white discharge with debris that is often said to resemble wet newspaper. Sometimes debris is seen with visible fungal hyphae. Management Toilet & removal of debris. Topical anti –fungal drops (Locorten-vioform) are used to expedite recovery. In case of resistant otomycosis ,it is essential to exclude fungal infection elsewhere, In that cases, systemic anti-fungal therapy is required. Key points; Otomycosis occurs because the protective lipid/ acid balance of the ear is lost. It affects 10% of the population in their life time. Upto 25% of the patients may be clinically hypersensitive to topical medication. The foot & ear reaction can cause recurrent otomycosis if the primary fungal infection elsewhere remains untreated.