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A 10-year-old boy presented with fever, chills, rigors, headache, vomiting, and a seizure. A lumbar puncture showed cloudy CSF with elevated white blood cells and low glucose, consistent with bacterial meningitis. The most common causative organisms in children over 6 years old are Neisseria meningitidis and Haemophilus influenzae. Treatment involves antibiotics, steroids, and monitoring for complications like seizures, hearing loss, learning disabilities, and hydrocephalus.
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- Symptoms range from confusion and headache to loss of consciousness. Immediate medical attention is required for moderate to severe head injuries.
- CT scan is the preferred imaging method and will show a hyperdense, biconvex hematoma confined by suture lines. MRI can also detect displaced dura.
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MENINGITIS & ENCEPHALITIS - Ayushi.pptx pdf
This document discusses meningitis and encephalitis. It defines meningitis as an infection of the meninges and encephalitis as an inflammation of the brain parenchyma. It outlines the different types of meningitis and common causative organisms. It describes the clinical features, investigations, complications, prognosis and treatment for both conditions. The goals of physical therapy for patients with these inflammatory central nervous system disorders are also mentioned.
4 Meningococcal Meningitis
1. The document describes a case of meningococcal meningitis in a 14-year-old male student who presented with high fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, stiff neck and confusion. Examination found a positive Kernig's sign and white blood cell counts were elevated in both blood and cerebrospinal fluid.
2. The document then provides background information on meningococcal meningitis, including that it is caused by Neisseria meningitidis bacteria, signs and symptoms, routes of transmission, risk groups, treatment which includes antibiotics and supportive care, and prevention through vaccination and chemoprophylaxis of close contacts.
3. Differential diagnoses and diagnostic testing are also
meningio.pptx
This medical record is for a 10-year-old male admitted with coma secondary to complicated pyogenic meningitis and clinical malaria. He presented with a 4-hour history of failure to communicate and had developed abnormal body movements, fever, and headache over the prior days. On examination he was comatose with normal vital signs. Laboratory tests showed normal CBC and imaging was not notable. He was diagnosed with coma secondary to complicated pyogenic meningitis and clinical malaria with moderate acute malnutrition. Treatment included antibiotics, antimalarials, anticonvulsants, and steroids to control seizures, eradicate infections, and decrease symptoms while monitoring for effectiveness and safety.
Cns infections
1. The document discusses various central nervous system infections including meningitis, encephalitis, and cerebral abscess. It defines these conditions and discusses their etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, management, complications and prognosis.
2. Specific types of meningitis discussed in detail include pyogenic meningitis, tuberculous meningitis, and meningococcal meningitis. Case scenarios are also presented to test the reader's knowledge.
3. Encephalitis is defined as inflammation of the brain tissue, usually caused by viruses. The causes, presentation, and management of encephalitis are summarized.
5.Meningitis (2).ppt
1. Meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, while encephalitis is an infection of brain tissue. Meningoencephalitis involves both.
2. Bacterial meningitis is the most common form in developed countries, where Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis are leading causes. However, in Africa, N. meningitidis causes most cases and epidemics occur every 7-10 years.
3. Symptoms of meningitis include fever, headache, neck stiffness, nausea, and rash. Diagnosis involves lumbar puncture to analyze cerebrospinal fluid for signs of infection and inflammation. Treatment depends on the
TB Meningitis
A case presentation and discussion of TB Meningitis presented in a Tertiary Care Hospital ER. Includes presenting complaints, work-up, diagnosis and relevant case discussion.
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BRAIN DISORDER |Neonatal Meningitis | PHARMACOTHERPEUTICS
Neonatal meningitis
introduction , causes /etiology , pathophysiology ,and so ....
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Meningitis by reda said
Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. It can be caused by bacterial, viral, or fungal infections. Bacterial meningitis is the most severe form and can be life threatening if not treated quickly with antibiotics. Common symptoms include fever, headache, stiff neck, nausea, confusion, and seizures. A lumbar puncture of cerebrospinal fluid can determine if the meningitis is bacterial or viral by examining the fluid for signs of infection. Early diagnosis and treatment are critical for recovery from bacterial meningitis.
Multiple sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic disease of the central nervous system characterized by multiple areas of inflammation and demyelination in the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It commonly begins in young adults and is the most common chronic neurological condition affecting young people. Lesions appear separated in space and time throughout the central nervous system. Common symptoms include visual disturbances, limb weakness, and sensory changes. The cause is thought to involve an environmental trigger in a genetically susceptible individual, leading to an immune-mediated process. While there is no cure, treatment focuses on managing relapses, modifying the disease course, and controlling symptoms.
Space occupying lesions of the Brain
Three key points about space occupying lesions of the brain:
1. Space occupying lesions include neoplasms like meningiomas and gliomas, infections like abscesses, and vascular lesions like aneurysms and hemorrhages.
2. Signs and symptoms vary depending on the location and size of the lesion but can include headaches, seizures, nausea/vomiting, and neurological deficits.
3. Neuroimaging with CT or MRI is important for diagnosis and helps characterize lesions, while lumbar puncture and blood tests help evaluate for other potential causes like infections.
Tuberculoma.
Tuberculoma is a benign, non-cancerous mass caused by a localized tuberculosis infection that most commonly appears in the lungs or brain. It results from infection by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria. Symptoms vary depending on the location of the tuberculoma but often include headaches, fever, and neurological deficits. Diagnosis involves imaging tests like CT or MRI scans showing characteristic lesions, as well as spinal fluid and tissue analysis. Treatment primarily consists of a prolonged course of multiple antibiotic medications over 9-12 months.
Approach to coma
This document discusses non-traumatic coma in children. It begins by providing incidence rates for non-traumatic coma (30 per 100,000 children per year) and traumatic brain injury (670 per 100,000). The rest of the document discusses the definition, causes, evaluation, management, and outcomes of non-traumatic coma in children. Infection is the most common cause. Mortality depends on the underlying etiology and can range from 3-84%. Overall mortality in studies is around 46%.
Bacterial meningitis in over 1 month
This document discusses bacterial meningitis in children over 1 month old. It covers the incidence, common causative organisms by age group, clinical features, evaluation, diagnosis and treatment. Some key points:
- The incidence is highest in children under 2 months (80.69 per 100,000) and declines with age.
- Common causative organisms vary by age but include Group B Strep, pneumococcus, meningococcus and gram-negatives.
- Clinical features depend on age but may include fever, irritability, vomiting, headache and nuchal rigidity.
- Evaluation involves blood and CSF tests including cell count, glucose, protein and cultures. Imaging is only needed if signs of
CNS vasculitis
This clinical discussion presents the case of an 11-year-old girl admitted with complaints of generalized tonic-clonic seizures, fever, headache, and joint pain. Examination found signs of meningeal irritation. Tests showed elevated inflammatory markers and a positive anti-dsDNA antibody. The differential diagnoses included tubercular meningitis and SLE with neurological manifestation. Given the positive anti-dsDNA, the diagnosis was determined to be SLE with CNS vasculitis. The document then provides an overview of childhood CNS vasculitis, its classification, characteristics, pathophysiology, evaluation, imaging, biopsy, treatment, and differential diagnoses.
Cns infections
This document provides an overview of central nervous system (CNS) infections including distinct clinical syndromes such as acute bacterial meningitis, viral meningitis, encephalitis, focal infections, and infectious thrombophlebitis. It discusses the epidemiology, etiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of various CNS infections with a focus on bacterial meningitis. Common causes of bacterial meningitis are outlined for different age groups and risk factors. The diagnosis involves CSF and blood analysis as well as imaging studies. Treatment depends on the suspected pathogen and involves antimicrobial therapy. Viral encephalitis is also overviewed including definition, clinical manifestations, diagnosis involving CSF analysis and imaging, and generally
Isolated Intracranial Hydatid Cyst - Multidisplinary Approach
This document describes the case of a 13-year-old boy who presented with a one month history of progressive headaches, left-sided weakness, and mild bilateral papilledema. Imaging revealed a cystic lesion in the right parieto-occipital region. The patient underwent a neurosurgical procedure to remove the intact cyst, which was confirmed to be an isolated intracranial hydatid cyst based on pathology. Hydatid cysts are caused by the tapeworm Echinococcus and most commonly involve the liver and lungs. Intracranial involvement is rare but can cause signs of increased intracranial pressure like this case.
Encephalitis
Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain that causes problems with brain and spinal cord function. It is often caused by a viral infection, though bacteria and other non-infectious conditions can also cause it. Symptoms include headache, neck stiffness, sleepiness, seizures, and changes in mental status. Diagnosis involves neurological exam, imaging like MRI, and tests of cerebral spinal fluid. Treatment focuses on reducing swelling, controlling infections and seizures, and providing supportive care. Prevention involves vaccination, hygiene, and protection from mosquitoes and ticks that can transmit viruses.
meningitis (5).pptx
This document discusses meningitis, including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. It occurs when pathogens invade the bloodstream and cross the blood-brain barrier. Common symptoms include fever, headache, stiff neck, and vomiting. Diagnosis involves lumbar puncture and examination of cerebrospinal fluid. Treatment focuses on antibiotics and managing complications such as shock. Prompt treatment is important as meningitis can cause long-term issues like hearing loss and developmental delays if not addressed quickly.
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BRAIN DISORDER |Neonatal Meningitis | PHARMACOTHERPEUTICS
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Isolated Intracranial Hydatid Cyst - Multidisplinary Approach
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- 2. A 10 year old boy came with history of fever,chills and rigors,headache,vomiting and one episode of seizure.On physical examination,the patient was drowsy and has neck stiffness.Lumbar puncture was done.and the result of CSF analysis is as shown below. CSF analysis Appearance :cloudy/turbid Mononuclear cells :30/mm3 Polymorph cells :200/mm3 Protein :1.5g/L Glucose :<1/2 blood glucose
- 3. What is the most likely diagnosis BACTERIAL MENINGITIS Typical history of meningitis in children Symptoms precipitated by history of infection and complicated with neck stiffness Other PE: Kernig’s sign, Brudzinki sign What is the most common organism causing this type of pathology Virus:enterovirus-coxsackieviruses Fungi:cryptococcus Bacteria:depends on the age < 3/12 : GBS,e.coli, 1/12-6 years:streppneumoniae,H.influenza,Neisseriameningitidis >6 years: Neisseriameningitidis,H.influenza
- 4. How to differentiate it from other types
- 8. Fit chart
- 9. Fluid maintenance if a/w SIADH,2/3 maintenance/24 hours only
- 17. What is the developmental age 10 months Name another group of motor skills of that age Gross motor activity Sit without support Stand with support Name 2 conditions with defect in that skill (c ) Cerebral palsy Congenital myopathy- Duschen Spinal cord lesion