Basal skull fractures occur in the base of the skull and involve fractures of the temporal, occipital, sphenoid, or ethmoid bones. Clinical signs of basal skull fractures include raccoon eyes, rhinorrhea, hearing loss, and mastoid ecchymosis depending on the location of the fracture in the anterior, middle, or posterior fossa. Proper diagnosis involves clinical assessment and identification of signs consistent with a basal skull fracture.
A brief presentation regarding etiology , clinical features , and management of chronic limb ischemia. It was presented by our unit at Department of surgery , Patna medical college
A brief presentation regarding etiology , clinical features , and management of chronic limb ischemia. It was presented by our unit at Department of surgery , Patna medical college
NECROTISING FASCIITIS- the flesh eating infection
#surgicaleducator #necrotisingfasciitis #surgicaltutor #babysurgeon #usmle
· Dear Viewers
· Greetings from “Surgical Educator”
· Today in this episode I have discussed about Necrotising Fasciitis- the flesh eating infection
· It is common in immunocompromised patients even after trivial trauma.
· I have discussed about the overview,etiology,types,clinical features,complications and treatment of Necrotising Fasciitis
· I hope this video is interesting and also useful to all of you
· You can watch the video in the following links:
· surgicaleducator.blogspot.com youtube.com/c/surgicaleducator
Thank you for watching the video
lucid interval and its importance in trauma and mental healthsreya paul
lucid interval importance in trauma patients and how to manage them in surgical knowledge.lucid interval in psychiatry and its importance. advanced trauma life support scoring, glasgow coma scale ,head injury management in surgery surgical management head trau a
Topic: Skull Fractures. The types of skull fractures, their etiologies,signs and symptoms, clinical presentation, radiologic diagnosis and treatment. We'll also discuss the complications of skull fractures.
NECROTISING FASCIITIS- the flesh eating infection
#surgicaleducator #necrotisingfasciitis #surgicaltutor #babysurgeon #usmle
· Dear Viewers
· Greetings from “Surgical Educator”
· Today in this episode I have discussed about Necrotising Fasciitis- the flesh eating infection
· It is common in immunocompromised patients even after trivial trauma.
· I have discussed about the overview,etiology,types,clinical features,complications and treatment of Necrotising Fasciitis
· I hope this video is interesting and also useful to all of you
· You can watch the video in the following links:
· surgicaleducator.blogspot.com youtube.com/c/surgicaleducator
Thank you for watching the video
lucid interval and its importance in trauma and mental healthsreya paul
lucid interval importance in trauma patients and how to manage them in surgical knowledge.lucid interval in psychiatry and its importance. advanced trauma life support scoring, glasgow coma scale ,head injury management in surgery surgical management head trau a
Topic: Skull Fractures. The types of skull fractures, their etiologies,signs and symptoms, clinical presentation, radiologic diagnosis and treatment. We'll also discuss the complications of skull fractures.
Presentation by Muhammad Arslan Yasin Sukhera
it includes
1)facial fractures
2)fractures of skull
3)cranial fossa fractures
4)Head Fractures
All things necessary to know about its clinical anatomy.
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NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
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Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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1. Basal Skull Fractures
(Anatomical Base for Signs)
M D 1 0 8 : M OT I O N A N D S T R E N G T H
P R E S E N T E R : A L I C E M A R I E TA O S
D E PA R T M E N T O F M E D I C I N E
FA C U LT Y O F M E D I C I N E A N D H E A LT H S C I E N C E S
D I V I N E W O R D U N I V E R S I T Y
3. Definition
Basal Skull – base of the skull
Fossa - a depression or hollow (Oxford Concise Medical Dictionary, 2010)
Ecchymosis: Passage of blood from ruptured blood vessels into subcutaneous tissue marked by a
purple discoloration of the skin
4. What is basal skull fracture
Basal Skull Fracture -
◦ Type of skull fracture which occurs in the floor of
the skull that is around the eyes, ears, nose or
back near the spine (Ellis, 2015)
◦ Fracture of the base of the skull specifically
involves the temporal bone, occipital bone,
sphenoid bone, and/or ethmoid bone
(Wikipedia, 2016)
Morgan, B. (1999, November 19). Overview of Adult Brain Function. Retrieved from
https://web.archive.org/web/20080227162001/http://www.orlandoregional.org/pdf%20folder/overview%20adult%20brain%
20injury.pdf
5. Morgan, B. (1999, November 19). Overview of Adult Brain Function. Retrieved from
https://web.archive.org/web/20080227162001/http://www.orlandoregional.org/pdf%20folder/overview%20adult%20brain%
20injury.pdf
6. Skull Base Anatomy
The Base of the skull is Made up
of 5 bones (Martinez, 2013)
◦ Frontal Bone
◦ Cribriform of the last ethmoid
◦ Sphenoid bone
◦ Squamous of the temporal bone
◦ Occipital bone
Saladin, K. S. (1998). Anatomy and Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function. Boston: McGraw-Hill.
7. Type of Basal Fractures
Anterior Skull Base Fracture
Middle Skull Base Fracture
Posterior Fossa Fracture
Martinez, L. (2013, December). Basilar Skull Fractures. Retrieved July 14, 2016, from
https://www.utmb.edu/otoref/Grnds/basilar-skull-fx-2013-12/_basilar-skull-fx-pic-2013-12.pdf
17. References
1. Ellis, M. E. (2015, September 29). Skull Fractures. Retrieved July 12, 2016, from Healthline:
http://www.healthline.com/health/skull-fracture#Overview1
2. Martinez, L. (2013, December). Basilar Skull Fractures. Retrieved July 14, 2016, from
https://www.utmb.edu/otoref/Grnds/basilar-skull-fx-2013-12/_basilar-skull-fx-pic-2013-12.pdf
3. Morgan, B. (1999, November 19). Basal Skull Fractures. Retrieved from London Health Sciences Centre:
http://www.lhsc.on.ca/Health_Professionals/CCTC/edubriefs/baseskull.htm
4. Orlando Regional, Healthcare, Education & Development. (2004). Adult Traumatic Brain Injuries.
Retrieved from Overview of Adult Brain Injury:
https://web.archive.org/web/20080227162001/http://www.orlandoregional.org/pdf%20folder/overvie
w%20adult%20brain%20injury.pdf
5. Oxford Concise Medical Dictionary. (2010). New York: Oxford University Press.
6. Saladin, K. S. (1998). Anatomy and Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function. Boston: McGraw-Hill.
7. Wikipedia. (2016, May 31). Retrieved from Basilar skull Fracture:
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilar_skull_fracture
Editor's Notes
Skull bones surround the entire Brain extending underneath to create the base of the skull (Morgan, 1999)
Caused by Motor vehicle accidents Motor Racing.
The Occipital bone (green at the base of the skull) continues under the brain to produce the posterior fossa of the basal skull.
Temporal and Sphenoid bone make up the major structure of the Middle Fossa of the Base of the skull
Frontal Bone primarily makes up the Anterior Fossa. However, most of the frontal bone is covered by the maxilla (in the left, your right)
A small portion of the parietal bone extends under the brain to produce the lateral edge of the base of the skull.
Superior view of sphenoid bone in the floor of cranium
The Occipital bone (green at the base of the skull) continues under the brain to produce the posterior fossa of the basal skull.
Temporal and Sphenoid bone make up the major structure of the Middle Fossa of the Base of the skull
Frontal Bone primarily makes up the Anterior Fossa. However, most of the frontal bone is covered by the maxilla (in the left, your right)
A small portion of the parietal bone extends under the brain to produce the lateral edge of the base of the skull.
Black line – Anterior Fossa
Yellow line – Middle Fossa
Red Circle – Posterior Fossa
Fractures are assessed according to type, size, location and neurological signs and symptoms that accompany it.
Treatment of Skull Fracture is specific to fracture and patient assessment
Not detectable with skull x-rays or even CT scans
Hymotympanum – presence of blood in the tympanic cavity of the middle ear result of the basal skull fracture
Optic nerve Intrapment Occurs
Optic nerve is compressed by the broken skull bones causing irregularities to vision.
Intracranial Pressure – due to fractures
Medulla oblongata detects the level of oxygen and carbondioxide concentrations and send signals the muscle and the heart, lungs and diaphragm to increase or decrease breathing.
Pons control the speed of inhalation and exhalation or respiration rate depending on the need of the body.
Racoon Eyes – single or doubled
Indicates an Anterior Fossa Fracture
Blood from the Skull fracture seeps into the soft tissue around the eyes.
Bilateral Hemorrhage occurs when damage at the time of the facial fracture tears the Meninges and cause venous sinuses to bleed into Arachnoid villi (Small protrusion of the arachnoid – thin layer covering the brain) and Cranial Sinus (
Cranial Sinus - Venous Channels found between layer of dura mater in the brain
They receive blood from internal and external veins of the brain
Receive CSF from Subarachnoid space and ultimately empty into the internal Jugular vein (Collects blood from the brain)
Posterior Fossa Fracture
100% associated with Basal skull fracture – Bruising of the mastoid process as a result of the extravasation (leaking of blood/fluid) of the blood along the path of the Posterior Auricular Artery (Slightly Below the ear)
Or Battle’s Sign – Indicates middle or posterior Fossa fracture of the skull. Ecchymosis usually occur immediately after accident, or appear within first 24-48 hours
When the base of the skull is fractured, disruption of the dura (tough outer membrane enveloping the brain and the spinal chord) can allow CSF to leak into the sinuses or foramen that are close to the injury. Bleeding from surrounding blood vessels can also enter these channels. Symptoms of basal skull fracture include CSF leaks or bleeding into sinuses and canals and/or injuries to adjacent nerves.
Most common place for leaks are ethmoid and orbital bone, temporal bone, sphenoid bone and occipital bones
Leaks tend to resolve spontaneously, however 24% of leaks need to have intervention for treatment.
