BRAIN DISORDER |Neonatal Meningitis | PHARMACOTHERPEUTICS
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Causes
Bacterial meningitis
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Treatments and drugs
Prevention
Immunizations
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This document discusses the identification and transport of sick neonates. It begins by outlining signs of health at birth and danger signs that indicate illness. Some key danger signs include lethargy, respiratory distress, cyanosis, convulsions, and excessive weight loss. The document emphasizes the importance of early detection and treatment of sick newborns to prevent high mortality. It provides guidance on assessing vital signs and identifying potential illnesses in newborns. Finally, it covers best practices for stabilizing, caring for, and transporting sick neonates in a safe manner to the appropriate medical facility for treatment. The overall goal is to get the right baby, to the right facility, using the right transport methods and personnel, while providing
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Presentation with extensive details of neonatal seizure. Covering its etiology, diagnosis and treatment . Neonatal seizure is one of the commonest clinical situation faced by any one working in a neonatal unit. Furthermore it is a favourite topic of many examiners in MD/DCH/DNB Pediatrics exams.
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This document discusses various antepartum fetal assessment tests including fetal movement counting, nonstress tests (NST), biophysical profiles (BPP), contraction stress tests (CST), and Doppler flow studies. The NST evaluates fetal heart rate patterns in response to movement or stimulation to assess well-being. The BPP comprehensively evaluates fetal tone, movement, breathing and amniotic fluid volume. The CST assesses fetal heart rate patterns during induced contractions to identify signs of distress. Doppler flow studies evaluate umbilical artery blood flow waveforms to identify signs of placental insufficiency. Together these tests aim to monitor fetal well-being during pregnancy and identify those in need of delivery.
Complications of eclampsia
This document summarizes the potential complications of eclampsia for both mother and fetus. For the mother, major complications include placental abruption (10%), neurological deficits (7%), aspiration pneumonia (7%), pulmonary edema (5%), cardiovascular problems (4%), acute renal failure (4%), and death (1%). For the fetus, major risks include prematurity, intrauterine growth restriction, hematological changes, broncho pulmonary disease, neurodevelopmental problems, and increased risk of adult diseases like hypertension, obesity, and diabetes. Eclampsia can also increase the mother's future risk of cardiovascular and metabolic conditions.
PROM
This document discusses the definition, causes, diagnosis and management of premature rupture of membranes (PROM). PROM is defined as the spontaneous rupture of fetal membranes before the onset of labor. It can occur preterm (before 37 weeks) or term (after 37 weeks). The main goals in managing PROM are to prolong the pregnancy when possible to improve neonatal outcomes, administer antibiotics to prevent infection, corticosteroids to promote fetal lung maturity, and decide on the optimal time for delivery. Expectant management is usually attempted initially with close monitoring depending on gestational age and other factors.
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This document defines shock in children and discusses its physiology, classification, etiologies, recognition, assessment, and management. Shock is defined as an acute circulatory dysfunction resulting in insufficient oxygen delivery to tissues. The main types of shock discussed are hypovolemic, distributive, cardiogenic, obstructive, and septic shock. Signs of shock progress from early compensated stages to later uncompensated stages with declining perfusion. Management involves identifying and treating the underlying cause while stabilizing circulation through fluid resuscitation, vasopressors, and inotropes. Early goal-directed therapy is important for managing septic shock.
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BAD OBTETRIC HISTORY
Bad obstetric history (BOH) refers to previous unfavorable fetal outcomes such as recurrent pregnancy loss, stillbirth, neonatal death, or congenital anomalies. The document defines BOH and provides examples of conditions that can contribute to BOH, such as preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, thyroid disorders, thrombophilia, and other medical complications. It also discusses evaluating and managing patients with a history of BOH to help identify underlying causes and improve future obstetric outcomes.
Instrumental vaginaldelivery...
This document provides information on instrumental vaginal delivery. It begins by defining instrumental delivery as using an instrument like forceps or vacuum extractor to assist with vaginal birth. It then discusses the indications and contraindications for both vacuum extraction and forceps delivery. For vacuum extraction, it describes the types of cups used, application technique, and potential complications. For forceps delivery it discusses the history and types of forceps, parts of the forceps, and the technique for low forceps application. The document emphasizes that modern obstetrics favors low forceps delivery over other higher forms of instrumental delivery due to lower risks of morbidity and mortality.
Twin-twin transfusion syndrome
Twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) is diagnosed prenatally by ultrasound when there is a monochorionic diamniotic (MCDA) pregnancy and oligohydramnios in one sac and polyhydramnios in the other. It is staged according to amniotic fluid differences and Doppler findings. TTTS complicates around 8-10% of MCDA twins and has a variable presentation, with more advanced stages having poor natural outcomes. The underlying pathophysiology involves vascular anastomoses within the shared placenta allowing uneven blood flow between twins.
Perinatal asphyxia
PERINATAL ASPHYXIA, hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy
Dr.Tai Al Akawy
Consultant pediatrician @ Alexandria University Children Hospital
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This document summarizes abnormal labor and dystocia. It defines difficult labor as abnormal slow progress and lists the main indications as prolonged latent phase, protraction disorders of the active phase, and arrest disorders of the active phase. It evaluates labor based on cervical dilation and fetal descent, using Friedman's curve as a guideline. It then describes the main types of abnormal labor patterns and dystocia, which can be due to abnormalities of power (uterine dysfunction), passage (pelvic abnormalities), or passenger (fetal malpositions and sizes).
Maintainance & replacement fluid therapy pediatrics AG
This document discusses maintenance and replacement fluid therapy in children. It begins by outlining the objectives of understanding the differences in pediatric physiology and the goals of maintenance fluid therapy. It then covers topics like the vulnerability of infants, the distribution of body water, electrolyte concentrations, commonly used IV fluids, and calculating fluid requirements using the 4-2-1 rule. The document emphasizes the importance of monitoring weight, urine output, and serum electrolytes when administering fluids. It also provides guidance on choosing appropriate replacement fluids for issues like diarrhea, vomiting, and altered renal output.
Complications of peuperium
The document summarizes information about the postpartum period known as the puerperium. It defines the puerperium as the time period following childbirth from delivery of the placenta through the first few weeks as the body's anatomy and physiology revert back to the pre-pregnant state. Common anatomical changes and potential postpartum complications like postpartum hemorrhage are described. Postpartum hemorrhage is defined and its causes like uterine atony and genital tract lacerations are explained. Diagnosis and management of postpartum hemorrhage including conservative treatments and interventions like uterine packing or arterial ligation are outlined.
Normal Labor And Delivery
The document discusses various topics related to fetal lie, presentation, position, and labor including:
- The fetal lie can be longitudinal, transverse, or oblique relative to the mother's long axis.
- Cephalic presentation is most common, with other possibilities including breech, face, brow, and transverse lie.
- Fetal position describes the relationship of parts of the presenting fetal head to the mother's right or left side.
- Leopold's maneuvers are used to determine fetal position and presentation during vaginal exams.
- The cardinal movements of labor are engagement, descent, flexion, internal rotation, extension, and external rotation.
Neonatal sepsis management
1) The study analyzed changes in organisms causing neonatal sepsis and outcomes over two time periods (1995-1998 and 2001-2006) at a tertiary care center in Northern India.
2) The incidence of bacterial sepsis increased over time, while the incidence in low birth weight infants decreased significantly. Mortality from sepsis also decreased.
3) The organisms causing sepsis changed between the periods - Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter decreased while Staphylococcus aureus increased. Non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli emerged as new pathogens.
Pprom & prom
PPROM refers to rupture of membranes before 37 weeks of pregnancy, while PROM occurs at or after 37 weeks but before the onset of labor. PPROM and PROM are associated with risks like cord prolapse, maternal and neonatal infection, and 40% of preterm deliveries. Diagnosis involves history of fluid leakage and examination finding a smaller uterus and pooling of fluid in the vagina. Management of PPROM includes antibiotics and steroids to reduce infection rates while PROM may allow labor or require induction depending on presence of meconium. Chorioamnionitis is a maternal infection following rupture that requires delivery and IV antibiotics.
ventilation in neonates
The document describes 3 case scenarios involving newborn infants with respiratory issues. Case 1 involves a term newborn not crying after birth who is not responding to positive pressure ventilation. Case 2 involves a preterm infant admitted to the NICU with respiratory distress. Case 3 involves a preterm infant with symmetrical IUGR who develops repeated apnea while on CPAP support. The document asks what the problem is in each case. It then discusses troubleshooting positive pressure ventilation and various problems that can occur, such as air leaks, obstruction, equipment issues, and abnormal blood gases. Management strategies for different problems are provided.
DIC in pregnancy.pptx
DIC in pregnancy presents a major management challenge, particularly when the fetus is viable or near viability. DIC occurs in 1-5% of pregnancies and is most often caused by placental abruption, preeclampsia, or amniotic fluid embolism. Pregnancy induces a hypercoagulable state through increased coagulation factors and platelet activity as well as decreased anticoagulation and fibrinolysis, serving to prevent excessive bleeding during childbirth. Non-obstetric causes of DIC during pregnancy include primary thrombotic microangiopathy, von Willebrand disease, and antiphospholipid syndrome.
Occipito posterior positition
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Similar to BRAIN DISORDER |Neonatal Meningitis | PHARMACOTHERPEUTICS
Meningitis
Definition
Symptoms
Signs in newborns
Causes
Bacterial meningitis
Risk factors
Complications
Lab Diagnosis
Treatments and drugs
Prevention
Immunizations
BACTERIAL MENINGITIS present today.pptx
This document provides an overview of meningitis beyond the neonatal period. It discusses the epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, complications and prognosis of meningitis. The most common causative organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Clinical features may include fever, headache, vomiting, and signs of meningeal irritation. Diagnosis involves lumbar puncture and culture of CSF. Empiric antibiotic treatment is initiated while awaiting culture results. Complications can be early like seizures or late like hearing loss. Prognosis depends on causative organism, age of presentation, and presence of co-morbidities.
Neonatal Sepsis 2
This document provides an overview of neonatal sepsis, including its definition, etiology, classification, pathophysiology, symptoms and signs, laboratory tests, and treatment. Neonatal sepsis is defined as an invasive bacterial infection occurring in infants under 1 month of age. It can be classified as early onset (within 7 days of birth) or late onset (after 7 days). Causes include bacteria acquired from the mother during birth or later from the hospital environment. Symptoms can be nonspecific but include temperature instability, respiratory issues, and feeding problems. Treatment involves supportive care and empiric antibiotic therapy based on risk factors.
Bacterial Meningitis in Paediatrics A Review.pdf
Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu1, Sowdo Abdirizak Mohamed2, Ugwu Okechukwu Paul-Chima3, Getrude Uzoma Obeagu4 and Chukwunalu Igbudu Umoke5
1Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Kampala International University, Uganda.
2Department of Pediatrics, Kampala International University, Uganda.
3Department of Publication and Extension, Kampala International University, Uganda.
4Department of Nursing Science, Kampala International University, Uganda.
5Department of Human Anatomy, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu Alike, Ikwo, Ebonyi State, Nigeria.
Email:emmanuelobeagu@yahoo.com
________________________________________
ABSTRACT
Meningitis is a potentially life-threatening condition characterized by infection or inflammation of the central nervous system. It is classified as bacterial, viral, or aseptic. Delayed or untreated bacterial meningitis is associated with high morbidity and mortality. It is important to accurately distinguish between bacterial and nonbacterial meningitis. Most physicians will perform a lumbar puncture and consider antibiotics for all infants and children with suspected meningitis. Having a clinical prediction rule to determine the need for lumbar puncture and which patients need antibiotics could reduce morbidity and the cost associated with unnecessary procedures and treatment. Several clinical prediction rules to determine the risk of bacterial meningitis have been proposed. One clinical prediction rule, derived and validated from cohorts seen in pediatric hospitals in the Netherlands, found that altered consciousness, meningeal irritation, cyanosis, petechiae, vomiting, duration of main symptom, and an elevated C-reactive protein and Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate level were independent predictors of bacterial meningitis. Patients below a predefined threshold on a risk score incorporating these elements could be safely considered as not having bacterial meningitis.
Keywords: Bacteria, Meningitis, petechiae, C - reactive protein, pediatrics, ESR
understanding neonatal sepsis
Neonatal septicemia is a systemic bacterial infection occurring in newborns. It is a major cause of mortality, especially in developing countries and low birth weight/preterm infants. Sepsis can be classified as early onset (within 72 hours of birth) or late onset. Common clinical features include poor feeding, respiratory distress, hypothermia, and lethargy. Definitive diagnosis requires a positive culture from blood, CSF, or other sterile sites. However, cultures are often negative so diagnostic tests including complete blood count, c-reactive protein, and blood culture are also used. Early diagnosis and treatment with antibiotics is important to prevent mortality from neonatal septicemia.
Childhood Pneumonia 2017, BSMMU, Bangladesh.
Pneumonia is a major cause of death among children under 5 years old globally. It accounts for 16% of under-5 mortality. The incidence of pneumonia in under-5 children is 0.22 episodes per child per year, with 11.5% progressing to severe episodes. Bacterial and viral pathogens are common causes. Clinical presentation, imaging and laboratory findings can help distinguish between bacterial and viral pneumonia. Appropriate treatment includes antibiotics, supportive care and prevention strategies like breastfeeding, immunization, nutrition and hygiene.
Neonatal infections
This document provides an overview of neonatal infections, including epidemiology, predisposing factors, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, investigations, management, prevention, and specific infections such as sepsis, meningitis, ophthalmia neonatorum, and viral infections like cytomegalovirus, rubella, hepatitis, and HIV. Neonatal infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in newborns, and can be either early-onset within 3 days of birth or late-onset acquired from the environment. Bacteria are the most common cause but viruses, fungi and protozoa can also infect newborns.
Neonatal sepsis
neonatal sepsis forms an important topic ...as a major cause of newborn mortality...a brief account on its pathogenesis
Neonatal sepsis Ramadan A Mahmoud
This document provides an overview of neonatal immunology and the epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of common neonatal infections. It discusses how the neonatal immune system is immature and ineffective, putting neonates at high risk for infection. The most common bacterial infections are sepsis, meningitis, and pneumonia, often caused by Group B Streptococcus, E. coli, and other organisms. Signs of early onset sepsis can be nonspecific but include respiratory distress, hypothermia/fever, and poor feeding. Diagnosis involves blood, urine and CSF cultures along with blood tests. Empiric antibiotics such as ampicillin and gentamicin are typically started. Late onset infections from healthcare-associated sources are also
22 Purulent Meningitis
Purulent meningitis is a serious infectious disease of the central nervous system that is most common in infants and children. The causative bacteria vary depending on the patient's age. Common bacteria include meningococci, hemophilus influenzae, and pneumococci. Purulent meningitis presents with nonspecific systemic symptoms along with signs of meningeal irritation and increased intracranial pressure. Diagnosis involves analysis of cerebrospinal fluid which shows neutrophilic pleocytosis, elevated proteins and low glucose. Complications can include subdural effusions, seizures, hydrocephalus and ventriculitis. Treatment involves initial broad-spectrum antibiotics targeting the common bacteria, followed by pathogen-directed therapy for
Infections in pregnancy, foetus and neonates
Infections can occur in the prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal periods in babies. Common infections transmitted from mother to baby include toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, varicella zoster virus, parvovirus B19, syphilis, hepatitis B, HIV, group B streptococci, and Listeria. Clinical manifestations in babies can include rash, jaundice, pneumonia, sepsis, and central nervous system abnormalities. Diagnosis involves testing amniotic fluid or infant samples. Treatment may involve antiviral medications for the mother or infant.
6 Neonatal Septicemia
Neonatal sepsis is a serious infection that can affect newborns, especially those born prematurely or with low birth weight. The immaturity of a newborn's immune system makes them highly susceptible to infection. Symptoms of neonatal sepsis are non-specific and can include poor feeding, temperature instability, and respiratory distress. Diagnosis relies on clinical signs and abnormal laboratory test results, as there is no single diagnostic marker. Treatment involves administering broad-spectrum antibiotics early while infection is considered, with supportive care and management of any complications.
NEONATAL SEPSIS
This document outlines neonatal sepsis, including:
- It defines terms like sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock.
- Epidemiology shows it is one of the top causes of NICU admission and mortality, with incidence varying globally.
- Pathogenesis is explained by neonates' immature immune systems and barriers to infection.
- Etiology differs between developing and developed countries.
- Diagnosis involves clinical evaluation, labs like blood counts and cultures, and radiology when needed.
- Management involves cultures, antibiotics, fluid resuscitation, inotropes, and source control as needed for severe cases.
Approach to the child with immune based and allergic disease
This document discusses the approach to evaluating children presenting with recurrent infections. It outlines four main categories that such children can be grouped into: normal children, those with atopic disease, those with another chronic condition, and those with immunodeficiency. It provides details on the clinical features, investigations, and management considerations for each group. Initial screening tests are recommended for all children before considering further immunological evaluations if abnormalities are present or the clinical picture suggests immunodeficiency. Primary immunodeficiency should be considered for those with recurrent, complicated, or unusual infections.
Neonatal septicemia
This document summarizes information about neonatal sepsis, including its definition, risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Key points include: neonatal sepsis is a bloodstream infection common in preterm infants, with symptoms that are non-specific; diagnosis relies on clinical assessment combined with laboratory tests like blood cell counts and blood cultures; and treatment involves early, broad-spectrum antibiotics along with supportive care while monitoring for complications. The document also discusses challenges around diagnosing sepsis in newborns and potential immunotherapy approaches.
Micro presentation
A 7-year-old female presented with an ear ache, cough, and sore throat. Examination found a crackling, wheezing cough. Tests revealed left lower lobe pneumonia. Serologic testing showed positive IgM and IgG antibodies for Chlamydiophilia pneumoniae, indicating the cause of infection. C. pneumoniae is an intracellular bacterium that can cause respiratory infections ranging from mild to severe pneumonia. It is treated with macrolide antibiotics.
CNS Infections Siddiqui
This document discusses central nervous system (CNS) infections such as meningitis and encephalitis. It defines the conditions and outlines their typical causes, signs and symptoms, diagnostic testing including lumbar puncture, and treatment considerations. The most common types of bacterial meningitis are caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Diagnosis involves imaging, blood and cerebrospinal fluid testing and analysis.
Meningococcal meningitis (dr.yla)
This document provides information on meningococcal meningitis, a potentially deadly bacterial infection. It discusses the causal organism, Neisseria meningitidis, its transmission through respiratory droplets, and symptoms including fever, neck stiffness, and rash. Prompt treatment with antibiotics is important but even so 10-15% of patients may die and 20% may suffer long-term disabilities. Vaccines can help prevent infections from some common strains. During outbreaks, identifying cases, tracing contacts, vaccinating at-risk groups, and communicating findings are important control measures.
MENINGITIS & ENCEPHALITIS - Ayushi.pptx pdf
This document discusses meningitis and encephalitis. It defines meningitis as an infection of the meninges and encephalitis as an inflammation of the brain parenchyma. It outlines the different types of meningitis and common causative organisms. It describes the clinical features, investigations, complications, prognosis and treatment for both conditions. The goals of physical therapy for patients with these inflammatory central nervous system disorders are also mentioned.
Acute flaccid paralysis (GBS, TM, Polio, Traumatic Neuritis).pptx
Abir, an 8-year-old boy, was admitted to the hospital with difficulty swallowing, talking, and weakness in his upper and lower limbs. He had a fever 20 days prior. Acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) is characterized by rapid onset weakness that can include respiratory and bulbar weakness. Differential diagnoses for AFP include Guillain-Barré syndrome, transverse myelitis, poliomyelitis, traumatic neuritis, and hypokalemic paralysis. Proper management of AFP requires assessing respiratory function, bulbar weakness, cardiovascular stability, and ruling out electrolyte imbalances or spinal cord compression.
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Approach to the child with immune based and allergic disease
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Novas diretrizes da OMS para os cuidados perinatais de mais qualidade
Novas diretrizes da OMS para os cuidados perinatais de mais qualidadeProf. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
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www.agostodourado.com
Physiology of Special Chemical Sensation of Taste
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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The Electrocardiogram - Physiologic Principles
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Physiology of Chemical Sensation of smell.pdf
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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BRAIN DISORDER |Neonatal Meningitis | PHARMACOTHERPEUTICS
- 2. Student Name Jimcaale Abdirahman Yousuf Hibo Ahmed Mohammed Sahra Ahmed Mohammed Rooda Haybe Ali
- 3. Outline Introduction Etiology /causes Epidemiology Pathophysiology History and physical exam Evaluation/lab Prognosis/complication Treatment Refrences
- 4. Introduction Neonatal Meningitis: is a serious medical condition in infants. It’s an inflammation of the meninges that is more common in the neonatal period (infants less than 44 days old ), than in other times in life.
- 5. Etiology / causes The most common cause of neonatal meningitis is a bacterial infection of the blood known as bacteremia. Early onset neonatal meningitis bacteria is from the mother before the baby is born or during birth The most common bacteria found here are: Group B streptococcus E.coli Gram negative enteric(gut) bacteria
- 6. Late-onset neonatal meningitis Most likely infection from the community. Caused by: - gram-negative bacteria - staphylococcus species Herpes simplex virus is a rare cause of meningitis. HSV is transmitted to the neonate mainly during delivery when infected maternal secretions come into contact with the baby (85% cases ).
- 7. Epidemiology During the last 20 years, the epidemiology of bacterial meningitis has dramatically changed. Hemophilus influenzae, formerly a major cause of meningitis, has disappeared in developed countries and serves as a remarkable example of a successful vaccination campaign. Nowadays, pneumococci are the most important cause of bacterial meningitis in children and adults in the US as well as in Europe. The incidence of the disease varies from 1.1 to 2 in the US] and in Western Europe up to 12 in 100 000 per year in Africa The risk of the disease is highest in individuals younger than 5 years and older than 60 years.
- 9. History and physical Classical findings such as seizure, bulging fontanelle, coma, and neck stiffness were found in 28%, 22%, 6%, and 3% of cases in one review from the United Kingdom. Nonspecific findings of temperature instability (fever or hypothermia), lethargy, feeding intolerance, and poor perfusion (hypotension) have been reported as the most common presenting signs. A physically demonstrable Brudzinski sign indicates meningitis, with passive neck flexion resulting in bilateral flexion at the hip joint.
- 10. Sign and symptoms Fever Poor appetite Dyspnea irritability anorexia Seizure Cyanosis Anterior fontanel bulging Neck rigidity or stiffness
- 11. Evaluation Diagnosis of neonatal meningitis is based on both: clinical manifestation and CSF examination via Lumbar puncture CSF should be cultured. CSF analysis:- WBC count Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing Radiographic Evaluation
- 12. Prognosis / complications Prognosis also depends partly on the number of organisms present in CSF at diagnosis. The duration of positive CSF cultures correlates directly with the incidence of complications cerebral edema increased intracranial pressure (ICP) Hydrocephalus brain abscess cerebral venous thrombosis
- 13. Treatment Begin empiric treatment with ampicillin, gentamicin, and cefotaxime followed by specific drugs based on the results of cultures and susceptibility testing. Corticosteroids are not used in neonatal meningitis Age group Options for antibiotic (IV) 0-1 months Ampicillin + gentamicin or ampicillin +cefotaxime 1-23 months Vancomycin +cefotaxime or ceftriaxone