Model analysis provides a 3D view of the dental arches and is essential for orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Several analyses can be performed on study models including Pont's analysis, Ashley Howe analysis, and Bolton's analysis to evaluate arch widths, tooth sizes, and relationships. Mixed dentition analysis uses probability tables or radiographs to estimate the sizes of unerupted canines and premolars to determine space availability. Recent advances allow for computerized 3D digital model analysis for more accurate evaluations.
This document discusses various methods of mixed dentition analysis used to predict the size and space needed for unerupted permanent teeth based on measurements of erupted primary and permanent teeth. It describes Nance analysis, Huckaba's method, Moyer's analysis, Tanaka Johnston analysis, Hixon-Oldfather prediction method, and Staley and Kerber method. The document emphasizes that mixed dentition analysis helps evaluate space availability and plan treatment during the transition from primary to permanent dentition.
Bolton analysis and mixed dentition analysisMasuma Ryzvee
This document summarizes methods for Bolton analysis and mixed dentition analysis. Bolton analysis measures tooth size ratios to determine excess tooth material. Mixed dentition analysis predicts widths of unerupted canines and premolars using methods like radiographs, Moyer's tables, or equations. Radiographic analysis measures primary tooth and unerupted tooth widths on radiographs. Moyer's tables and equations like Tanaka-Johnston predict canine and premolar widths based on measured incisor widths.
This document summarizes Tweed's analysis of cephalometric landmarks and angles used in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. It describes Tweed's diagnostic facial triangle formed by the Frankfort horizontal plane, mandibular plane, and mandibular incisor plane. Norms for the angles FMA, FMIA, and IMPA are provided based on Tweed's studies. Shortcomings of the ANB angle in assessing jaw relationships are discussed. The Wits appraisal method is introduced as an alternative for measuring anteroposterior jaw disharmony. Related studies validating the Wits appraisal are summarized.
Study models are essential records in orthodontics that provide a 3D representation of the teeth and occlusion. A study model has two parts - the anatomic portion showing the teeth and soft tissues, and the artistic portion which is the stone base. Models need to be trimmed accurately to reproduce the dental anatomy and occlusion. Various analyses like Carey's, Ashley Howe's and Bolton's can be done on study models to assess discrepancies and plan treatment. Mixed dentition analysis using Moyer's or Tanaka-Johnston method helps predict the size of unerupted teeth.
This document provides information on performing a functional examination as part of an orthodontic diagnosis. It discusses examining the postural rest position and maximum intercuspation, as well as the temporomandibular joint, orofacial dysfunction, and various functional movements. Methods for determining and registering the postural rest position are described. Examination of swallowing, tongue posture, speech, lips, respiration, and craniofacial skeletal relationships are also covered to evaluate orofacial dysfunction. The document emphasizes that a functional examination is important for a complete orthodontic diagnosis beyond just a static evaluation of dental relationships.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Steiner developed a cephalometric analysis method in 1953 using landmarks on the anterior cranial base. His analysis consisted of three parts: skeletal analysis measuring angles of the maxilla and mandible, dental analysis of upper and lower incisor positions, and soft tissue analysis using the "S line". The Steiner method provided a way to compensate for skeletal discrepancies by altering incisor positions to achieve normal occlusion. It was most effective for smaller malocclusions and not larger skeletal discrepancies.
This document discusses various methods of mixed dentition analysis used to predict the size and space needed for unerupted permanent teeth based on measurements of erupted primary and permanent teeth. It describes Nance analysis, Huckaba's method, Moyer's analysis, Tanaka Johnston analysis, Hixon-Oldfather prediction method, and Staley and Kerber method. The document emphasizes that mixed dentition analysis helps evaluate space availability and plan treatment during the transition from primary to permanent dentition.
Bolton analysis and mixed dentition analysisMasuma Ryzvee
This document summarizes methods for Bolton analysis and mixed dentition analysis. Bolton analysis measures tooth size ratios to determine excess tooth material. Mixed dentition analysis predicts widths of unerupted canines and premolars using methods like radiographs, Moyer's tables, or equations. Radiographic analysis measures primary tooth and unerupted tooth widths on radiographs. Moyer's tables and equations like Tanaka-Johnston predict canine and premolar widths based on measured incisor widths.
This document summarizes Tweed's analysis of cephalometric landmarks and angles used in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. It describes Tweed's diagnostic facial triangle formed by the Frankfort horizontal plane, mandibular plane, and mandibular incisor plane. Norms for the angles FMA, FMIA, and IMPA are provided based on Tweed's studies. Shortcomings of the ANB angle in assessing jaw relationships are discussed. The Wits appraisal method is introduced as an alternative for measuring anteroposterior jaw disharmony. Related studies validating the Wits appraisal are summarized.
Study models are essential records in orthodontics that provide a 3D representation of the teeth and occlusion. A study model has two parts - the anatomic portion showing the teeth and soft tissues, and the artistic portion which is the stone base. Models need to be trimmed accurately to reproduce the dental anatomy and occlusion. Various analyses like Carey's, Ashley Howe's and Bolton's can be done on study models to assess discrepancies and plan treatment. Mixed dentition analysis using Moyer's or Tanaka-Johnston method helps predict the size of unerupted teeth.
This document provides information on performing a functional examination as part of an orthodontic diagnosis. It discusses examining the postural rest position and maximum intercuspation, as well as the temporomandibular joint, orofacial dysfunction, and various functional movements. Methods for determining and registering the postural rest position are described. Examination of swallowing, tongue posture, speech, lips, respiration, and craniofacial skeletal relationships are also covered to evaluate orofacial dysfunction. The document emphasizes that a functional examination is important for a complete orthodontic diagnosis beyond just a static evaluation of dental relationships.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Steiner developed a cephalometric analysis method in 1953 using landmarks on the anterior cranial base. His analysis consisted of three parts: skeletal analysis measuring angles of the maxilla and mandible, dental analysis of upper and lower incisor positions, and soft tissue analysis using the "S line". The Steiner method provided a way to compensate for skeletal discrepancies by altering incisor positions to achieve normal occlusion. It was most effective for smaller malocclusions and not larger skeletal discrepancies.
This document provides an overview of model analysis for mixed dentition. It defines study models and their objectives. Various types of model analyses are described, including those for mixed dentition like Moyer's analysis, which uses measurements of erupted mandibular incisors to estimate the sizes of unerupted canines and premolars. The goals and procedures of mixed dentition analysis are outlined, such as determining if there is enough space for permanent teeth. Factors considered include tooth sizes, arch perimeter, and expected changes during development.
The document discusses different types of anchorage used in orthodontics. It defines anchorage as the resistance used to overcome the reaction to an applied force. There are different factors that affect a tooth's resistance to force, as well as different types of anchorage including extra-oral anchorage like headgear and intra-oral anchorage that can be intra-maxillary or inter-maxillary. Examples of each type are provided. Temporary orthodontic micro anchorage systems are also discussed as a modern method to reinforce anchorage.
Rotated teeth can be corrected using fixed or removable appliances. With fixed appliances, various ligation techniques can be used to apply rotational forces, including double ligation which ties one bracket loosely and the other firmly. NiTi wires or loops can also be used to derotate teeth around their long axis. Removable appliances are generally not suitable for correcting severe rotations of teeth with rounded crowns like premolars and canines due to the inability to apply proper rotational forces. Early correction of rotations is preferable before root completion to aid retention.
Midline shift /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
This document discusses midline shift, including its causes, diagnosis, and treatment. Midline shift can be caused by dental factors like tooth loss or retention, or skeletal factors like condylar fractures or hemimandibular hypertrophy. Diagnosis involves clinical examination, functional analysis, radiographs, and determining if the shift is dental or skeletal. Treatment depends on the underlying cause, and may involve correcting tooth positioning, expanding the arch, or orthognathic surgery for severe skeletal discrepancies. Maintaining compensatory tooth inclinations is important to properly address underlying skeletal asymmetries.
This document discusses the three orders of tooth movement that can be achieved through bending orthodontic archwires: first, second, and third order bends. First order bends move teeth inwards/outwards and can be used for derotation. Second order bends tip teeth vertically and are used for anchorage. Third order bends torque individual teeth by twisting the wire. Special pliers can help perform specific bends, like step pliers for first order bends and rose pliers for third order torque bends. Proper bending technique is important to avoid wire fractures.
Chin cup for treatment of growing class III patientbilal falahi
Chin cups are a traditional orthopedic appliance used to treat Class III malocclusions. While some studies have found chin cups can temporarily retard mandibular growth and correct the malocclusion through backward rotation, the effects are not consistently maintained long-term. Meta-analyses found chin cups significantly reduced SNB angle and increased ANB and Wits appraisal in the short-term, but heterogeneity between studies was high. Chin cups also increased SN-ML angle and decreased gonial angle, indicating a tendency for increased vertical growth and posterior mandibular rotation. However, long-term stability and the effects of vertical chin cups require more research due to limited data.
This document provides an overview of cephalometrics including:
- Definitions of cephalometrics as the scientific measurement of the bones of the cranium and face using lateral radiographs.
- The goals of cephalometrics which are to evaluate relationships between the five major facial components.
- Types of cephalometric landmarks including anatomical, derived, hard tissue, and soft tissue landmarks.
- Examples of important cephalometric landmarks such as nasion, orbitale, pogonion, sella, point A, and point B.
- Classification of cephalometric lines and planes as horizontal or vertical including planes such as the SN plane, Frankfort horizontal, and mandibular plane.
Orthodontic tooth movements and biomechanics.Sk Aziz Ikbal
The document discusses biomechanics principles related to orthodontic tooth movement. It covers topics such as:
- Forces applied to teeth can cause movement through bone remodeling.
- Biomechanics refers to mechanics applied to biological systems. Knowledge of forces is needed to control orthodontic treatment.
- Teeth can move through light forces during normal function but heavier sustained forces over 1 second are needed for orthodontic tooth movement.
- Forces have magnitude and direction, while scalars only have magnitude. Resultant forces and moments from multiple applied forces are calculated.
- Different force systems and moment-to-force ratios produce different types of tooth movement such as tipping, translation, rotation, and torque.
Anchorage for removable orthodontic appliancesMaher Fouda
This document discusses anchorage and resistance to unwanted tooth movement when using removable orthodontic appliances. It defines anchorage as the resistance to unwanted tooth movement and describes how retracting canines with a removable appliance can cause other teeth to move anteriorly if not properly anchored. The document outlines two main ways to conserve anchorage: 1) keeping forces light by limiting the number of teeth moved and 2) increasing the resistance of anchor teeth by using a well-fitted base plate and incorporating cuspal interlock. It provides examples of techniques like helical springs, labial bows, bite planes and headgear to reinforce anchorage.
1. Arch space analysis methods estimate tooth size and jaw size relationships. Space analysis compares available space to required space for proper tooth alignment.
2. Methods are classified by tooth size estimation method, arch length estimation method, developmental stage, and estimation/digitization method.
3. Common methods include measurements from radiographs, prediction tables using erupted tooth sizes, and combinations of methods. Nance analysis accounts for space changes between deciduous and permanent dentitions.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Andrews six keys of occlusion / certified fixed orthodontics courses in indiaIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Rakosi's analysis is an important diagnostic tool for planning functional appliance therapy. It involves analyzing three divisions: 1) the facial skeleton, 2) the jaw bones, and 3) the dentoalveolar relationship. Key measurements of the facial skeleton include saddle, articular, and gonial angles which provide information about cranial base orientation and mandibular positioning. Measurements of the jaw bones like SNA, SNB, and inclination angle describe the maxillary and mandibular skeletal bases. Dentoalveolar measurements such as upper and lower incisor angles indicate incisor inclinations. Rakosi's analysis provides a comprehensive evaluation of skeletal, dental, and soft tissue structures for orthodontic
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document provides information on Twin Block appliances. It begins with describing the history, design, and mechanism of Twin Block appliances. Twin Blocks consist of separate upper and lower bite blocks with inclined planes. They were developed in 1977 to treat a class II malocclusion. The inclined planes guide the mandible forward into a class I occlusion. The document further describes the skeletal and dental changes caused by Twin Block therapy, as well as the standard construction and stages of treatment. It covers indications, contraindications and modifications of Twin Block appliances.
The simplicity of bonding can be misleading. The technique undoubtedly can be misused, not only by an inexperienced clinician but also by more experienced orthodontists who do not perform procedures with care.
Success in bonding requires understanding of and adherence to accepted orthodontic and preventive dentistry principles.
The advantages and disadvantages of bonding versus banding of different teeth must be weighed according to each practitioner’s preferences, skill, and experience.
Bonding should be considered as part of a modern preventive package that also includes a strict oral hygiene program, fluoride supplementation, and the use of simple yet effective appliances. In other words, complicated mechanics with abundant use of coil springs and multilooped arches lends itself less well to bonding and easily can compromise the integrity of tooth enamel and gingival tissues around brackets on small bonding bases.
This document discusses the management of impacted canines. It begins with definitions and the most commonly impacted teeth. It then covers the incidence, classification, etiology, theories, localization, and prognosis of canine impactions. Regarding management, it discusses interceptive treatment, surgical exposure techniques for labial and palatal impactions, methods of applying orthodontic traction, and retention considerations. Radiographic diagnosis methods including periapical films, occlusal views, parallax technique, and CT are also summarized.
This document discusses different guidelines for determining the vertical position of orthodontic brackets. It begins by outlining Angle's initial proposal to place bands at the center of the tooth surface and discusses subsequent modifications by Edgewise and Begg appliances. It then examines guidelines proposed by Andrew, Roth, Alexander, Bishara, and McLaughlin/MBT. Each approach has limitations in addressing individual tooth variations. The document concludes by describing Kalange's method, which uses marginal ridge lines and measurements from molars and premolars to determine bracket heights aimed at leveling marginal ridges.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals
who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry,
Periodontics and General Dentistry.
This document provides an overview of model analysis in orthodontics. It discusses the requirements and parts of study models, as well as several methods for analyzing models, including Pont's analysis, Linder Harth analysis, Korkhaus analysis, arch perimeter analysis, Carey's analysis, Ashley Howe analysis, and Bolton's analysis. The key aspects analyzed include arch width, tooth material, arch length, jaw relationships, and proportional widths between the upper and lower dental arches. Model analysis is an important diagnostic tool that allows detailed evaluation of the dental arches to aid in treatment planning.
This document discusses various methods of analyzing dental study models, including Pont's analysis, Linder Harth analysis, Korkhaus analysis, arch perimeter analysis, and Bolton's analysis. Measurements taken from dental models, such as sum of incisors, measured molar value, and arch length, are used to determine ideal dental arch widths and tooth sizes. Mixed dentition analysis methods like Moyer's analysis help evaluate space available for permanent teeth. Model analysis allows detailed evaluation of dentition and jaw relationships to aid in treatment planning.
This document provides an overview of model analysis for mixed dentition. It defines study models and their objectives. Various types of model analyses are described, including those for mixed dentition like Moyer's analysis, which uses measurements of erupted mandibular incisors to estimate the sizes of unerupted canines and premolars. The goals and procedures of mixed dentition analysis are outlined, such as determining if there is enough space for permanent teeth. Factors considered include tooth sizes, arch perimeter, and expected changes during development.
The document discusses different types of anchorage used in orthodontics. It defines anchorage as the resistance used to overcome the reaction to an applied force. There are different factors that affect a tooth's resistance to force, as well as different types of anchorage including extra-oral anchorage like headgear and intra-oral anchorage that can be intra-maxillary or inter-maxillary. Examples of each type are provided. Temporary orthodontic micro anchorage systems are also discussed as a modern method to reinforce anchorage.
Rotated teeth can be corrected using fixed or removable appliances. With fixed appliances, various ligation techniques can be used to apply rotational forces, including double ligation which ties one bracket loosely and the other firmly. NiTi wires or loops can also be used to derotate teeth around their long axis. Removable appliances are generally not suitable for correcting severe rotations of teeth with rounded crowns like premolars and canines due to the inability to apply proper rotational forces. Early correction of rotations is preferable before root completion to aid retention.
Midline shift /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
This document discusses midline shift, including its causes, diagnosis, and treatment. Midline shift can be caused by dental factors like tooth loss or retention, or skeletal factors like condylar fractures or hemimandibular hypertrophy. Diagnosis involves clinical examination, functional analysis, radiographs, and determining if the shift is dental or skeletal. Treatment depends on the underlying cause, and may involve correcting tooth positioning, expanding the arch, or orthognathic surgery for severe skeletal discrepancies. Maintaining compensatory tooth inclinations is important to properly address underlying skeletal asymmetries.
This document discusses the three orders of tooth movement that can be achieved through bending orthodontic archwires: first, second, and third order bends. First order bends move teeth inwards/outwards and can be used for derotation. Second order bends tip teeth vertically and are used for anchorage. Third order bends torque individual teeth by twisting the wire. Special pliers can help perform specific bends, like step pliers for first order bends and rose pliers for third order torque bends. Proper bending technique is important to avoid wire fractures.
Chin cup for treatment of growing class III patientbilal falahi
Chin cups are a traditional orthopedic appliance used to treat Class III malocclusions. While some studies have found chin cups can temporarily retard mandibular growth and correct the malocclusion through backward rotation, the effects are not consistently maintained long-term. Meta-analyses found chin cups significantly reduced SNB angle and increased ANB and Wits appraisal in the short-term, but heterogeneity between studies was high. Chin cups also increased SN-ML angle and decreased gonial angle, indicating a tendency for increased vertical growth and posterior mandibular rotation. However, long-term stability and the effects of vertical chin cups require more research due to limited data.
This document provides an overview of cephalometrics including:
- Definitions of cephalometrics as the scientific measurement of the bones of the cranium and face using lateral radiographs.
- The goals of cephalometrics which are to evaluate relationships between the five major facial components.
- Types of cephalometric landmarks including anatomical, derived, hard tissue, and soft tissue landmarks.
- Examples of important cephalometric landmarks such as nasion, orbitale, pogonion, sella, point A, and point B.
- Classification of cephalometric lines and planes as horizontal or vertical including planes such as the SN plane, Frankfort horizontal, and mandibular plane.
Orthodontic tooth movements and biomechanics.Sk Aziz Ikbal
The document discusses biomechanics principles related to orthodontic tooth movement. It covers topics such as:
- Forces applied to teeth can cause movement through bone remodeling.
- Biomechanics refers to mechanics applied to biological systems. Knowledge of forces is needed to control orthodontic treatment.
- Teeth can move through light forces during normal function but heavier sustained forces over 1 second are needed for orthodontic tooth movement.
- Forces have magnitude and direction, while scalars only have magnitude. Resultant forces and moments from multiple applied forces are calculated.
- Different force systems and moment-to-force ratios produce different types of tooth movement such as tipping, translation, rotation, and torque.
Anchorage for removable orthodontic appliancesMaher Fouda
This document discusses anchorage and resistance to unwanted tooth movement when using removable orthodontic appliances. It defines anchorage as the resistance to unwanted tooth movement and describes how retracting canines with a removable appliance can cause other teeth to move anteriorly if not properly anchored. The document outlines two main ways to conserve anchorage: 1) keeping forces light by limiting the number of teeth moved and 2) increasing the resistance of anchor teeth by using a well-fitted base plate and incorporating cuspal interlock. It provides examples of techniques like helical springs, labial bows, bite planes and headgear to reinforce anchorage.
1. Arch space analysis methods estimate tooth size and jaw size relationships. Space analysis compares available space to required space for proper tooth alignment.
2. Methods are classified by tooth size estimation method, arch length estimation method, developmental stage, and estimation/digitization method.
3. Common methods include measurements from radiographs, prediction tables using erupted tooth sizes, and combinations of methods. Nance analysis accounts for space changes between deciduous and permanent dentitions.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Andrews six keys of occlusion / certified fixed orthodontics courses in indiaIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Rakosi's analysis is an important diagnostic tool for planning functional appliance therapy. It involves analyzing three divisions: 1) the facial skeleton, 2) the jaw bones, and 3) the dentoalveolar relationship. Key measurements of the facial skeleton include saddle, articular, and gonial angles which provide information about cranial base orientation and mandibular positioning. Measurements of the jaw bones like SNA, SNB, and inclination angle describe the maxillary and mandibular skeletal bases. Dentoalveolar measurements such as upper and lower incisor angles indicate incisor inclinations. Rakosi's analysis provides a comprehensive evaluation of skeletal, dental, and soft tissue structures for orthodontic
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document provides information on Twin Block appliances. It begins with describing the history, design, and mechanism of Twin Block appliances. Twin Blocks consist of separate upper and lower bite blocks with inclined planes. They were developed in 1977 to treat a class II malocclusion. The inclined planes guide the mandible forward into a class I occlusion. The document further describes the skeletal and dental changes caused by Twin Block therapy, as well as the standard construction and stages of treatment. It covers indications, contraindications and modifications of Twin Block appliances.
The simplicity of bonding can be misleading. The technique undoubtedly can be misused, not only by an inexperienced clinician but also by more experienced orthodontists who do not perform procedures with care.
Success in bonding requires understanding of and adherence to accepted orthodontic and preventive dentistry principles.
The advantages and disadvantages of bonding versus banding of different teeth must be weighed according to each practitioner’s preferences, skill, and experience.
Bonding should be considered as part of a modern preventive package that also includes a strict oral hygiene program, fluoride supplementation, and the use of simple yet effective appliances. In other words, complicated mechanics with abundant use of coil springs and multilooped arches lends itself less well to bonding and easily can compromise the integrity of tooth enamel and gingival tissues around brackets on small bonding bases.
This document discusses the management of impacted canines. It begins with definitions and the most commonly impacted teeth. It then covers the incidence, classification, etiology, theories, localization, and prognosis of canine impactions. Regarding management, it discusses interceptive treatment, surgical exposure techniques for labial and palatal impactions, methods of applying orthodontic traction, and retention considerations. Radiographic diagnosis methods including periapical films, occlusal views, parallax technique, and CT are also summarized.
This document discusses different guidelines for determining the vertical position of orthodontic brackets. It begins by outlining Angle's initial proposal to place bands at the center of the tooth surface and discusses subsequent modifications by Edgewise and Begg appliances. It then examines guidelines proposed by Andrew, Roth, Alexander, Bishara, and McLaughlin/MBT. Each approach has limitations in addressing individual tooth variations. The document concludes by describing Kalange's method, which uses marginal ridge lines and measurements from molars and premolars to determine bracket heights aimed at leveling marginal ridges.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals
who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry,
Periodontics and General Dentistry.
This document provides an overview of model analysis in orthodontics. It discusses the requirements and parts of study models, as well as several methods for analyzing models, including Pont's analysis, Linder Harth analysis, Korkhaus analysis, arch perimeter analysis, Carey's analysis, Ashley Howe analysis, and Bolton's analysis. The key aspects analyzed include arch width, tooth material, arch length, jaw relationships, and proportional widths between the upper and lower dental arches. Model analysis is an important diagnostic tool that allows detailed evaluation of the dental arches to aid in treatment planning.
This document discusses various methods of analyzing dental study models, including Pont's analysis, Linder Harth analysis, Korkhaus analysis, arch perimeter analysis, and Bolton's analysis. Measurements taken from dental models, such as sum of incisors, measured molar value, and arch length, are used to determine ideal dental arch widths and tooth sizes. Mixed dentition analysis methods like Moyer's analysis help evaluate space available for permanent teeth. Model analysis allows detailed evaluation of dentition and jaw relationships to aid in treatment planning.
Model analysis involves studying dental casts to analyze malocclusion in 3 dimensions. This document outlines various model analyses used to assess dental relationships and occlusion. Pont's analysis uses incisor width measurements to calculate expected premolar and molar widths. Linder Harth index is similar but uses different formulas. Korkhaus analysis adds an incisal measurement. Ashley Howe's analysis relates arch width to total tooth width. Wayne Bolton analysis compares maxillary and mandibular tooth widths. Carey's analysis calculates arch length-tooth material discrepancy. Mixed dentition analysis estimates space for permanent teeth.
The document discusses various methods for analyzing dental study models, including analyzing models apart and in occlusion. It describes measuring arch length, tooth widths, and relationships to determine discrepancies and classify malocclusions. Mixed dentition analysis methods are also discussed, such as Huckaba's method which uses radiographs to estimate the sizes of unerupted teeth.
Study casts are considered an essential diagnostic aid
in diagnosis and treatment planning.Most of the information obtained by a careful study of the plaster casts serve to delineate more sharply and corroborate the observations made during the oral examinationn
This document discusses various methods of model analysis used in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. It describes analyses such as Pont's analysis, Linder Harth index, Korkhaus analysis, arch perimeter analysis, Carey's analysis, Bolton's analysis, Peck and Peck ratio, Huckaba's analysis, Moyer's mixed dentition analysis, Tanaka-Johnston analysis, and Nance Carey's analysis. Model analysis is valuable for visualizing a patient's occlusion from all aspects and allows for necessary measurements to be made from dental casts for evaluating the dental arches, tooth sizes, and space analysis to aid in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides information on various model analysis techniques used in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. It describes Ponts analysis, Linder Harth index, Korkhaus analysis, arch perimeter analysis, Bolton's analysis, Ashley Howe's analysis, Peck and Peck index, and several mixed dentition analyses including Moyer's, Huckba's, Hixon and Oldfather's, and Nance Carey's. For each technique, it outlines the key measurements taken and how to interpret the results to assess dental arch relationships and tooth size discrepancies. Model analysis is presented as an essential diagnostic tool in orthodontics to visualize the occlusion and make precise measurements of teeth and arches.
Model analysis in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by India...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
- The document discusses several dental cast analysis methods, including Ashley Howe's analysis, Pont's analysis, Bolton's analysis, and Moyer's mixed dentition analysis.
- These analyses involve measuring tooth widths, arch widths, and comparing values to determine discrepancies and space availability. Factors like crowding, extraction needs, and arch expansion potential are assessed.
- Specific measurements and formulas are provided to calculate values like total tooth material, premolar diameters, arch widths, tooth size ratios, and predicted widths of unerupted teeth based on erupted teeth.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Modelanalysis /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This document provides an overview of various methods for analyzing dental study models, including Pont's analysis, Linderharth analysis, Korkhaus analysis, Ashley Howe's analysis, Bolton's analysis, space analysis methods like Nance and Carey's analysis and Lundstorm segmental analysis. It describes how each analysis is performed and what dental relationships and discrepancies it evaluates. The analyses help assess issues like arch width, length, tooth size discrepancies, crowding, and space evaluation in treatment planning.
Space analysis /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides information on various methods for analyzing dental models and casts, including Pont's analysis, Linder Harth index, Chadda index, Korkhaus analysis, Korbitz estimate, Ashley Howe's analysis, Nance and Carey's analysis, Lundstorm segmental analysis, and Peck and Peck index. It describes how each method is used to assess characteristics like arch width, length, symmetry, tooth size, relationships, and space analysis to aid in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Mixed dentition analysis is also summarized as a way to evaluate space for permanent teeth.
This document discusses different impression techniques for complete dentures. It describes the close mouth or pressure impression technique which records the impression under masticatory load, mimicking function. It also describes the non-pressure or mucostatic impression technique which records the tissues in an anatomical resting form without pressure. Finally, it discusses the selective compression impression technique which applies more compression in primary stress bearing areas and less in secondary areas, combining aspects of the other two techniques.
This document discusses maxillofacial prosthetics, which are artificial devices used to replace missing facial or oral structures. It describes various types of maxillofacial defects including cleft lip and palate, acquired defects from surgery or trauma, and extraoral defects. The goals of maxillofacial prosthetics are to preserve remaining structures, reconstruct function, and improve aesthetics. Common materials used include silicone, acrylic, and metals.
1. The document discusses various types of flaps used in reconstructive surgery including local flaps, regional flaps, and free flaps.
2. Different types of local flaps are described such as rotation flaps, transposition flaps, and advancement flaps which allow redistribution of tissue near a defect.
3. Regional flaps like the pectoralis major flap provide tissue from a distance away but within the same anatomical region and rely on named vessels within a vascular pedicle.
Orthognathic surgery new microsoft power point presentationmemoalawad
Orthognathic surgery involves correcting dentofacial deformities through surgical procedures on the jaws and chin. It requires a combined surgical and orthodontic approach to achieve optimal results. Surgery is indicated for severe malocclusions that cannot be treated through orthodontics or growth modification alone. The decision to pursue surgery or camouflage treatment must be made before starting treatment, as the orthodontics differ significantly between the two approaches. Computer simulation can help patients understand treatment options and decide between camouflage and surgery.
An immediate denture is a denture constructed before natural teeth are extracted, allowing it to be placed immediately after the extractions. It helps maintain appearance and functions like chewing and speech after tooth loss. While it provides advantages like minimized pain and bleeding, it also has limitations like inability to do try-ins and increased maintenance needs. The denture can be made with or without flanges, with flanged dentures providing better stability, strength and hemorrhage control but open-faced dentures may be preferable in cases with deep undercuts. Careful patient preparation and techniques like custom trays and records are needed to fabricate an immediate denture.
This document discusses various ulcerative, vesicular, and bullous lesions that can occur in the oral cavity. It describes viral infections like herpes simplex virus, Coxsackievirus, and Varicella-Zoster virus that can cause lesions. It also discusses immune-mediated conditions like erythema multiforme, pemphigus vulgaris, mucous membrane pemphigoid, and lichen planus that are characterized by ulcerations and blistering in the mouth. Finally, it outlines other conditions that can result in single or recurring oral ulcers such as traumatic ulcerative granuloma, recurrent aphthous stomatitis, and necrotizing sialometaplasia.
The document provides guidance on delivering complete dentures to patients. It discusses conducting a final psychological evaluation and fitting of the prosthesis. It emphasizes managing patient expectations and preparing for post-insertion issues. Most of the document then focuses on the technical procedures for initial placement of the dentures, making adjustments based on pressure indicators to ensure proper fit, and conducting follow-up appointments.
Implant dentistry involves replacing missing teeth with synthetic dental implants placed surgically into the jawbone. Dental implants act as artificial roots for replacement teeth called prostheses. There are several types of implants classified based on their relationship to the jawbone and materials. Implant success depends on osseointegration, the bonding of implant materials to living bone. Factors like surface roughness and heat generation can affect osseointegration. Overdentures are removable dentures that are stabilized by retaining roots of teeth or attachments to dental implants, improving function and reducing bone resorption compared to conventional dentures.
This document discusses guidelines for setting dentures, including:
- Placement of reference marks on the maxilla and mandible models including midlines and ridges.
- Factors to consider when selecting anterior and posterior teeth such as size, shape, shade, material, form. Posterior teeth can be anatomic or non-anatomic.
- Techniques for setting anterior teeth on dentures including positioning the incisors along the occlusal plane and diverging the long axis from the midline. Canines should have a prominent neck and be tilted posteriorly.
Impacted lower and upper 3rd molar lecturememoalawad
This document summarizes the surgical procedures and considerations for extracting impacted third molars. It describes the different types of impactions - mesioangular, vertical, horizontal, and distoangular - and the techniques for removing each, such as sectioning the tooth and removing bone. Potential complications are outlined, including bleeding, swelling, trismus, pain, infection, root fracture, and alveolar osteitis. Methods to prevent and treat complications are provided, such as the use of antibiotics, steroids, irrigation, and dressings. Surgical success depends on factors like impaction depth and the surgeon's experience.
- Third molars are the most commonly impacted teeth, with lower third molars being the most common.
- Development of the mandibular third molar begins around age 7 and is usually complete by age 18-20, though eruption may continue until age 24.
- Factors that can cause impaction include lack of space, discrepancies between tooth and jaw size, premature extraction of other teeth, and systemic causes.
This document summarizes ischemic heart disease and coronary artery disease. It discusses the coronary circulation and arteries, myocardial ischemia, coronary artery diseases including angina and myocardial infarction. It covers causes such as atherosclerosis, risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnoses using tests like ECG, treatment including medications, angioplasty, bypass surgery and prevention strategies.
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is defined as a systolic pressure over 140 mm Hg or a diastolic pressure over 90 mm Hg. It can be primary (essential), caused by unknown factors, or secondary, caused by an underlying condition like kidney disease or Cushing's syndrome. Risk factors include age, family history, obesity, inactivity, tobacco use, too much salt, too little potassium or vitamin D, and heavy alcohol use. Symptoms may include headaches or changes in vision, but most cases are asymptomatic. Blood pressure is measured using a sphygmomanometer and treatment involves lifestyle changes and medications like diuretics, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, and calcium channel blockers to lower
Endocarditis is an infection of the inner lining of the heart that often involves heart valves. It is classified based on duration, causative microorganism, type of infected valve, and source of infection. Common causes are streptococci and staphylococci bacteria entering the bloodstream from areas like the mouth or through medical procedures. Risk factors include congenital heart defects, artificial valves, rheumatic heart disease, and IV drug use. Symptoms can include fever, heart murmurs, embolic events, and immunological responses. Diagnosis involves blood cultures, echocardiography, and applying the Duke criteria. Treatment consists of long-term antibiotic therapy and may require valve surgery.
Rheumatic fever is most common in children aged 5 to 15 years and usually develops approximately 20 days after a streptococcal throat infection like strep throat or scarlet fever. It is caused by certain strains of streptococcus bacteria. Symptoms may include a bright red rash, sore throat, fever, and inflammation of the joints, heart, and brain. If left untreated, rheumatic fever can damage the heart valves and cause long-term problems. Treatment involves antibiotics to treat the initial strep infection as well as medications and rest to reduce inflammation and prevent long-term damage.
The heart has four chambers that work together to pump blood throughout the body. The two atria contract to fill the ventricles with blood, then the ventricles contract to pump blood out of the heart through the arteries. There are valves between the chambers that allow blood to flow in only one direction. Heart conditions can develop when these valves do not open or close properly, restricting blood flow. Common valve problems include mitral stenosis, mitral regurgitation, aortic stenosis, and aortic regurgitation, each with different causes, symptoms, and treatments.
This document describes the stages of dental caries progression in dentin. It begins with early penetration of microorganisms into dentinal tubules, causing sclerosis and calcification. As it progresses, more tubules become involved and decalcification occurs, allowing microorganisms to spread deeper. Advanced stages see confluence of tubules, formation of liquefaction foci, and necrotic destruction of dentin in numerous focal areas. This leads to a leathery mass that can peel off in layers during excavation. The dentinal tubules act as pathways for microbes to spread from the enamel-dentin junction towards the pulp.
This document discusses several different types of cysts that can occur in the head and neck region, including nasopalatine duct cysts, oral lymphoepithelial cysts, dermoid cysts, epidermoid cysts, and globulomaxillary cysts. It provides details on the clinical and radiographic presentation of each cyst type as well as microscopic findings. The document also examines several congenital syndromes that affect craniofacial development, such as Apert syndrome, Crouzon syndrome, hemifacial hyperplasia, and mandibulofacial dysostosis.
This document discusses several types of giant cell lesions and bone cysts that can occur in the oral cavity and jaws. It provides clinical descriptions, radiographic images and photomicrographs of peripheral giant cell granuloma, pyogenic granuloma, central giant cell granuloma, giant cell tumor, cherubism, aneurysmal bone cyst, simple bone cyst and lesions associated with hyperparathyroidism. The radiographs and photomicrographs illustrate characteristics of each lesion for clinical and histological diagnosis.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
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Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
2. INTRODUCTION
• Model analysis is one of the
essential diagnostic aids in
orthodontics.
• The study model provides a three
dimensional view of the
maxillary and mandibular dental
arches in all three planes of
space, i.e., sagittal, vertical and
transverse planes.
• Model analysis allows us to
carefully examine several
parameters such as dentition, jaw
relationships and make objective
measurements for detailed
evaluation and treatment
planning.
• Helps in detecting midline
discrepancies
3. REQUSITES OF STUDY MODELS
• Should accurately reproduce all the teeth
and soft tissues without any distortion.
• Should be trimmed symmetrical on either
side.
• Posterior surface should be trimmed, such
that when placed on their back they should
reproduce the occlusal plane.
• Should reproduce the alveolar process as
much as possible.
4.
5. PARTS OF A STUDY MODEL
• Anatomic PortionAnatomic Portion - Consists
of the actual impressions of
the dental arch & its
surrounding structures.
• Artistic PortionArtistic Portion - Consists
of the plaster base that
supports the anatomic
portion and helps in
analysing the occlusion &
orientation of the study
models.
6. According to ABO (1990) Guidelines
Lateral view of the study model
1.Base of the maxillary
cast is trimmed parallel
to the occlusal plane.
2. Upper & lower cast
base should be parallel.
11. PONT’S ANALYSIS
• Pont in 1909, proposed a method of determining the ideal
dental arch width in premolar and first molar area based
on the sum total of mesio-distal widths of maxillary
incisors
Pont suggested that :
• The ratio of the combined upper incisor width to
transverse arch width was ideally 0.80 in the premolar
area and 0.64 in the molar area.
• He also suggested that the maxillary dental arch should
be expanded 1-2 millimeters more during treatment than
that found in normal occlusion to allow for relapse.
12.
13. PONT’S ANALYSIS HELPS
IN
• Determining whether the dental arch is
narrow or is normal in the premolar and
molar region for a given sum of widths of
incisors.
• Determining the need for lateral arch
expansion.
• Determining how much expansion is
possible at the premolar and molar regions.
14. ANALYSIS
• DETERMINATION OF SUM OF INCISORS (SI)
• DETERMINATION OF MEASURED
PREMOLAR VALUE (MPV)
• DETERMINATION OF MEASURED
MOLAR VALUE (MMV):
15.
16. • CALCULATED PREMOLAR VALUE (CPV): or the
expected arch width in the premolar region is determined
by:
CPV = SI X 100
80
• CALCULATED MOLAR VALUE (CMV): or expected
arch width in the molar region is determined by:
CMV = SI X 100
64
17. INFERENCE
•If the measured value is less than the
calculated value, then the arch is narrow for
the given sum of incisors width and
expansion can be done.
•If the measured value is greater than the
calculated value, the arch is wider and there
is no scope for expansion.
18. DRAWBACKS
• Maxillary laterals are the teeth most
commonly missing from the oral cavity.
• Peg-shaped laterals can be seen.
• The analysis was done from the casts of
French population
• It does not take skeletal mal-relationships
into consideration.
19. LINDER HARTH ANALYSIS
• Linder Harth proposed an index very similar to
that of Pont’s analysis.
• He made variation in the formula to determine
the calculated premolar and molar values
• The calculated premolar value (CPV):
CPV = SI X 100
85
• The calculated molar value (CMV):
CMV = SI X 100
64
20. KORKHAUS ANALYSIS
• This analysis is similar
to Pont’s analysis.
• Only difference is that it make
use of Linder Harth’s formula
to determine the ideal width
in the premolar & molar
regions.
21. • According to Korkhaus for a given width
of the upper incisors a specific value of the
perpendicular distance between the mid
point of the inter premolar line to the point
between the two maxillary central incisors
should exist.
• An increase in this measurement denotes
proclination of the upper anterior teeth,
while a decrease in this value denotes
retroclined upper anteriors.
23. ASHLEY HOWE ANALYSIS
• Ashley Howe considered the crowding of
teeth to be the result of deficiency in arch
width rather than arch length.
• He found the relationship between the
twelve teeth anterior to the permanent
second molars and the width of the dental
arch in first premolar region.
• This is usually done in the upper arch.
24.
25. ANALYSIS
• DETERMINATION OF TOOTH MATERIAL (TTM): mesodistal
width of all the teeth anterior to the permanent second molars are
measured with the help of callipers and all the values are summed
up.
• DETERMINATION OF PREMOLAR DIAMETER (PMD): it
refers to the distance or arch width from the tip of the buccal cusp
of one first premolar to the tip of the buccal cusp of opposite first
premolar.
• DETERMINATION OF PREMOLAR BASAL ARCH WIDTH
(PMBAW): measurement of width from canine fossa of one side to
another gives us the width of the dental arch at the apical base or
junction between the basal bone and the alveolar process.
26. INFERENCE I
• The PMBAW and PMD are compared.
• If the PMBAW is greater than the PMD,
then it is indicated that arch expansion is
possible.
• If on the other hand, the PMBAW is less
than PMD, then arch expansion is not
possible.
27. INFERENCE II
• According to Howe, to achieve a normal
occlusion with a full complement of teeth,
the basal arch width at the premolar region
(PMBAW) should be 44% of the sum of
the mesiodistal widths of all the teeth
mesial to the second molar (TTM)
28. INFERENCE
PMBAW % CONCLUSION
37% or less It indicates a need for extraction
37-44% Borderline case
44% or more
Possibly non extraction if other
factors are favorable
29. BOLTON’S ANALYSIS
• Wayne Bolton considered the ratio of the tooth material
of the maxillary arch to the mandibular arch i.e M-D
widths of upper & lower teeth by nature have
predetermined proportions to maintain normal occlusal
relaionship.
• An alteration in this balance will lead to improper
intercuspation, overjet or spacing
• Bolton said that extraction of one/several tooth should
be done acc. to the ratio of tooth material b/w upper &
lower arch to get ideal overjet & overbite .
30. Measurements
• Sum of maxillary 12
• Sum of mandibular 12
• Sum of maxillary 6
• Sum of mandibular 6
• Overall ratio
• Anterior ratio
31. • Overall Ratio = Sum of mandibular 12 *100
Sum of maxillary 12
• For establishing ideal overjet & overbite overall ratio should be
91.3%
• If the overall ratio is less than 91.3%, it indicates maxillary tooth
material excess.
• The amount of maxillary tooth material excess is determined by
using the formula
• The amount of mandibular tooth excess is determined by:
Determining Overall Ratio
32. • The sum of M-D widths of the mandibular
anteriors to the M-D width of the max.
anteriors should be 77.2%
• The anterior ratio is determined using the
following formula:
• If < 77.2 , maxillary anterior excess
• If >77.2 , mandibular anterior excess
Determination of Anterior Ratio :
33. ARCH PERIMETER
ANALYSIS
• Many malocclusions occur due to discrepancy
between arch length & tooth material.
• It is done in the upper arch.
• Two measurements are required for intra-
maxillary analysis of space requirement:
1. Calculation of space required
2. Calculation of space available.
• Arch perimeter is the geometrical dental arc
formed by teeth at their incisal / cuspal edges.
34. PROCEDURE
• DETERMINATION OF SPACE REQUIRED:
• measure the mesiodistal dimension of all the teeth mesial to the
first molar (54321│12345)
• DETERMINATION OF SPACE AVAILABLE:
1. measure the arch perimeter using brass wire. From
mesiobuccal line angle of maxillary right first molar , pass the
wire along the buccal cusp and incisal edges in the anterior
region, ‘pass the wire on the left quadrant like a mirror image
till the mesiobuccal line angle of the left maxillary first molar.
2. Mark the wire and measure the wire, which gives the space
available.
35. • In case of proclined incisors, pass the brass
wire in the cingulum region, and if the
anterior teeth are retroclined, pass the wire
labial to them like a smooth curve.
36. DETERMINATION OF THE DISCREPANCY
•The difference between the space required
and space available gives the arch
discrepancy or excess.
•If the tooth material is more than the arch
length, the space available for alignment is
not sufficient results in crowding.
•If the tooth material is less than the space
then there can be spacing.
37. CAREY’S ANALYSIS
• The arch length-tooth material discrepancy
is the main cause for most malocclusions.
• This discrepancy can be calculated with
the help of Carey’s analysis.
• The analysis is carried out in the lower
arch.
38. INTERPRETATION OF
CAREY’S ANALYSIS
ARCH LENGTH DISCREPANCY INFERENCE
0 to 2.5 mm
Proximal stripping can be carried out
to reduce the minimal tooth material
excess
2.5 to 5 mm
Extraction of second premolar is
indicated
Greater than 5mm
Extraction of first premolar is usually
required
40. AIM
• The purpose of mixed dentition analysis is to
evaluate the amount of space available in the
arch for succeeding permanent teeth and
necessary occlusal adjustments.
• Methods of analysis of arch length during mixed
dentition
i. Those in which the sizes of unerupted cuspids and
premolars are estimated from radiographic images
ii. Those in which the sizes of cuspids & premolars are
derived from the knowledge of already erupted
permanent tooth in the mouth.(Probability Tables)
iii.Combination of the above two method
41. HUCKABA’S MIXED DENTITION
ANALYSIS (RADIOGRAPHIC METHOD)
• This analysis makes use of a radiograph
and study cast to determine the width of
unerupted teeth.
• Advantages: Easy, practical & relatively
accurate.
• Disadvantage: Chances of distortion of
radiographic image.
• IOPAR are preferred over Panoramic
Images as they are more accurate.
42. PRINCIPLE
• It is based on the principle that if we measure an object,
which can be seen both in radiograph as well as on a cast,
then we can compensate for the enlargement of the
radiographic image
• A simple proportional relationship can be established as
follows:
43. SPACE AVAILABLE: the
arch is divided into
segments which are
approximately straight
lines. The dimensions in
each of the segments is
measured and added up.
44. • SPACE REQUIRED: for
the un-erupted teeth is
calculated from the
radiographs. The
discrepancy is calculated
segment wise
45. • It is based on the premise that there is a reasonably good
correlation b/w the size of erupted permanent incisors and
the unerupted canines & premolars
• This is because a person with large teeth in one part of
the mouth will have large teeth elsewhere also, as their
development is controlled by the same genetic
mechanism.
• Here the lower permanent incisors are measured and the
mesio-distal widths of unerupted permanent upper and
lower canines and premolars is derived from the
probability chart.
• The mandibular incisors are chosen for measuring as they
are the first teeth to erupt in the mixed dentition period.
MOYER’S MIXED DENTITION
ANALYSIS
46. PROCEDURE
• STEP I: SPACE REQUIRED- measure the
mesio-distal dimension of all four lower
incisors and sum it up. Using the Moyer’s
probability chart find the total mesio-distal
width of upper and lower canine and
premolars from the upper and lower charts
at 75% probability for the given lower
incisor dimension.
48. STEP II: SPACE AVAILABLE-
measure the distance between
the distal surface of permanent
lateral incisors and mesial
surface of permanent first
molar. Determine the amount
of space required for the
proper alignment of mandibular
incisors. The amount of space
left behind gives the space
available.
49. TANAKA AND JOHNSTON
ANALYSIS (1974)
• They developed a method to predict the width of un-erupted canine
and premolar using the width of lower incisors.
• This methods has good accuracy despite a small bias towards over-
estimating the un-erupted tooth size.
• They have simplified Moyer’s 75% prediction table into a formulas
• Predicted width of maxillary canine & premolars =
Sum Of Mandibular Incisors + 11
2
• Predicted width of mandibular canine & premolars =
Sum of Mandibular Incisors + 10.5
2
50. CONCLUSION
Mixed dentition analysis forms an integral
aspect of orthodontic diagnosis to determine
whether the treatment plan is going to
involve serial extraction, space maintenance,
space gaining or simply periodic observation
of the patient.
53. ADVANTAGES OF
COMPUTERIZED ANALYSIS
• More Accurate
• Easy
• More information:
– Arch form
– Determine asymmetric Arch
– Space analysis
– Prediction