This document discusses organic chemistry, specifically carbon-based compounds and their properties. It begins by explaining that historically, organic substances were thought to require life to be produced, but in 1828 Wohler produced urea from inorganic precursors, disproving this idea. The document then defines and provides examples of different types of hydrocarbons - aliphatic (alkanes, alkenes, alkynes) and aromatic. It also covers naming conventions and structural features of organic molecules like functional groups, chain branching, and ring structures.

1. The study of carbon-based compounds
and their properties.

4. Historically the distinction between
inorganic and organic substances was
based on whether or not they were
produced by living systems. It was
believed that some sort of “life force”
was needed to synthesize them.

5. NH4OCN  H2N—C—NH2
O
urea
In 1828, the German chemist Freidrich Wohler
(1800-1882) prepared urea from the inorganic
salt ammonium cyanate by simple heating.

6. Hydrocarbons:
contain only hydrogen and carbon
Hydrocarbons can be divided into different
types, depending on their bonding.
Hydrocarbons
Aliphatic Aromatic
Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes Cyclic

7. Naming Organic Molecules
Alkanes - - Carbon chain, no double
or triple bonds. All single bonds
(saturated)
Alkenes - - Carbon chain, contains
double bond(s) (unsaturated)
Alkynes - - Carbon chain, contains
triple bond(s) (unsaturated)

8. Naming Organic Molecules
There are two parts to the main name
of each molecule…
prefix: tells the
# of carbons in
main chain or ring
suffix: tells the
type of bonding in
the chain or ring

9. Prefix: indicates number of carbon
atoms in the main chain or ring
1 meth-
2 eth-
3 prop-
4 but-
5 pent-
6 hex-
7 hept-
8 oct-
9 non-
10dec-

10. Suffix: indicates types of bonds present
Alkanes: (all single bonds) ___ -ane
Alkenes: (double bond) ___ -ene
Alkyne: (triple bond) ___ -yne

11. Saturated Hydrocarbons:
 the ALKANES: chains of carbon
connected by single bonds:
 contain only single C-C bonds

12. Saturated v. Unsaturated fats
Saturated
with H
Single bonds
are free to
rotate, so
these fats
can pack
tightly
(solid @
room temp)

13. Which one is saturated?

14. For a bit of a demonstration…
 Good Eats fat train analogy
Watch episode from 1:30 to 5:00

15. ALKANES

16. ALKANES

17. ALKANES
propane, C3H8

18. ALKANES
butane, C4H10

19. ALKANES
pentane, C5H12

20. ALKANES
hexane, C6H14

21. ALKANES
octane, C8H18

22. Don’t write this example down, but watch to see
where we’re going with this…

23. (Although you will be required to include the H’s if you take IB Chemistry)

26. “Normal” v. Branched
 “normal” hydrocarbons are straight
chains; no branching
 Branched-chain hydrocarbons – isomers
of “normal” hydrocarbons; have same
formula, but different structures

27. n-butane

28. 2-methlypropane

29. n-pentane

30. 2-methylbutane

31. Are there any other pentane isomers?

32. Another branched alkane:
2,2-dimethylpentane

33. Cycloalkanes
cyclopentane

34. Cycloalkanes
 cyclobutane

35. Cycloalkanes
1 -ethyl-3 -methylcyclopentane
 ________________________
methyl-ethyl-
1
2
3
3
2
1
green or red?

36. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons:
ALKENES – contain C-C double bonds
2-pentene

37. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons:
ALKENES – contain C-C double bonds
2,4-hexadiene

38. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons:
ALKYNES – contain C-C triple bonds
1-butyne

39. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons:
ALKYNES – contain C-C triple bonds
3-ethyl-1-pentyne

40. Aromatic Hydrocarbons:
benzene – the simplest aromatic
hydrocarbon; has a symmetrical ring
structure

41. Aromatic Hydrocarbons:
benzene – can be drawn like this…

42. Derivatives of benzene:
1-ethyl-2-methylbenzene

43. Derivatives of benzene:
1,2-dimethyl-4-propylbenzene

44. For your homework:
If a halogen is attached, use the
following prefixes:
fluoro-chloro-bromo-iodo-
(instead of methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, etc.)