Optometry (What is optometry & who are Optometrist) and Eye care system
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this will provide the basic information about the Optometry profession for a beginner. if there is any question please visit mero eye website
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Non Surgical Treatment of Strabismus
Non - surgical treatment of squint i.e. all types of squint have some modalities of treatment [ optical treatment, orthoptic treatment, Prismo-therapy, and pharmacological treatment] except surgical treatment.
1. OPTICAL TREATMENT -
in optical treatment, it should be include correction of refractive error and prismotherapy.
SPECTACLES should be prescribed in every cases.
It may correct to squint partially or completely.
IN PRISMOTHERAPY, for correction of squint, This is light weight, and easy to apply on the back surface of glass.
It is useful in heterophoria, nystagmus, convergence insufficiency, managing diplopia and maintain binocular single vision.
IN PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT, miotics, atropine and botulinum toxin are prescribed in some types of cases of strabismus.
IN ORTHOPTIC TREATMENT, means straight eyes.
It is used as a diagnostic purpose and therapeutic purposes.
- to increase fusion amplitude.
- anti suppression exercises.
- treatment of amblyopia.
- treatment of abnormal retinal correspondance.
- to control deviations.
ORDER OF ORHOPTIC TREATMENT -
. amblyopia is treated firstly.
. anti- suppression therapy.
- diplopia training.
- amplitude improvement.
Dynamic retinoscopy
The document discusses various methods of dynamic retinoscopy that have been developed over time to objectively measure the accommodative response and lag of accommodation. Some of the key methods mentioned include Cross method, Sheard's method, Tait's method, Monocular Estimate method, Nott dynamic retinoscopy, Bell retinoscopy, and stress point retinoscopy. The document also discusses the typical lag of accommodation values found in studies and how lags can indicate problems with accommodation.
Prosthetic Contact Lens (Grand round)
The document summarizes a case study of a 20-year-old male patient with left eye vision loss since childhood due to corneal scarring who was fitted for a prosthetic soft contact lens. Details are provided on the patient's history and examination, differential diagnosis, types and fitting criteria of prosthetic contact lenses, fitting of a medium brown type D prosthetic lens, and fitting assessment showing good coverage, centration, and movement. The plan is for the patient to be fitted with a single purecon prosthetic soft contact lens.
Hess chart, diplopia chart, cover tests
This document discusses various tests used to evaluate binocular vision, including cover tests, Hess charting, and diplopia charting. Cover tests are used to detect manifest or latent strabismus and determine deviation direction. Hess charting maps eye positions in 9 gazes using colored lenses to dissociate vision between eyes. It identifies muscle under or overaction. Diplopia charting records double vision separation in 9 gazes to localize affected muscles. These objective tests evaluate binocular function and strabismus type and localization.
RGP Fitting
This document discusses rigid gas permeable (RGP) contact lenses. It notes that RGP lenses are made of oxygen permeable materials and are better than soft lenses for vision, durability, correcting astigmatism, eye health, and ease of care. RGP lenses are recommended for conditions like keratoconus or high refractive errors. The fitting process involves screening patients, measuring the eye, trial fittings, and dynamic and static assessments. Proper care and maintenance of RGP lenses is also discussed.
Decentration and prismatic effect in lens (1)
Decentration of lenses can induce unwanted prism. The amount of induced prism depends on the distance of decentration from the optical center and the power of the lens. For plus lenses, the base of the induced prism is in the direction of decentration, while for minus lenses it is in the opposite direction. Prism power can be calculated using Prentice's rule. The induced prism from decentration can have effects on binocular vision and eye alignment. Careful centration of lenses is important for optimal vision and comfort.
Convergence & its anomalies
Convergence is the inward movement of the eyes to maintain single binocular vision. It can be symmetrical or asymmetrical depending on the position of the fixation point. The near point of convergence is the closest point an object can be focused on binocularly and is measured clinically. Convergence insufficiency is the most common convergence anomaly and causes eye strain. Other anomalies include convergence paralysis which is a total lack of convergence ability due to brain lesions. Convergence spasm involves intermittent periods of excessive convergence that can cause diplopia. Exercises are used to treat convergence insufficiency while prisms are used for convergence paralysis.
Maddox rod
The Maddox rod is an optometric tool used to detect heterophoria. It consists of a series of cylindrical lenses mounted in a trial frame that produces an elongated streak of light. When viewed through the Maddox rod, a point of light appears as a streak. The Maddox rod test is used to detect and measure horizontal and vertical deviations by placing the rod in front of one eye and having the patient view a fixation light. The position of the streak relative to the light indicates the type of deviation, and prisms are used to measure the degree. It is a simple and useful test to perform in office for evaluating eye alignment.
Recommended
Non Surgical Treatment of Strabismus
Non - surgical treatment of squint i.e. all types of squint have some modalities of treatment [ optical treatment, orthoptic treatment, Prismo-therapy, and pharmacological treatment] except surgical treatment.
1. OPTICAL TREATMENT -
in optical treatment, it should be include correction of refractive error and prismotherapy.
SPECTACLES should be prescribed in every cases.
It may correct to squint partially or completely.
IN PRISMOTHERAPY, for correction of squint, This is light weight, and easy to apply on the back surface of glass.
It is useful in heterophoria, nystagmus, convergence insufficiency, managing diplopia and maintain binocular single vision.
IN PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT, miotics, atropine and botulinum toxin are prescribed in some types of cases of strabismus.
IN ORTHOPTIC TREATMENT, means straight eyes.
It is used as a diagnostic purpose and therapeutic purposes.
- to increase fusion amplitude.
- anti suppression exercises.
- treatment of amblyopia.
- treatment of abnormal retinal correspondance.
- to control deviations.
ORDER OF ORHOPTIC TREATMENT -
. amblyopia is treated firstly.
. anti- suppression therapy.
- diplopia training.
- amplitude improvement.
Dynamic retinoscopy
The document discusses various methods of dynamic retinoscopy that have been developed over time to objectively measure the accommodative response and lag of accommodation. Some of the key methods mentioned include Cross method, Sheard's method, Tait's method, Monocular Estimate method, Nott dynamic retinoscopy, Bell retinoscopy, and stress point retinoscopy. The document also discusses the typical lag of accommodation values found in studies and how lags can indicate problems with accommodation.
Prosthetic Contact Lens (Grand round)
The document summarizes a case study of a 20-year-old male patient with left eye vision loss since childhood due to corneal scarring who was fitted for a prosthetic soft contact lens. Details are provided on the patient's history and examination, differential diagnosis, types and fitting criteria of prosthetic contact lenses, fitting of a medium brown type D prosthetic lens, and fitting assessment showing good coverage, centration, and movement. The plan is for the patient to be fitted with a single purecon prosthetic soft contact lens.
Hess chart, diplopia chart, cover tests
This document discusses various tests used to evaluate binocular vision, including cover tests, Hess charting, and diplopia charting. Cover tests are used to detect manifest or latent strabismus and determine deviation direction. Hess charting maps eye positions in 9 gazes using colored lenses to dissociate vision between eyes. It identifies muscle under or overaction. Diplopia charting records double vision separation in 9 gazes to localize affected muscles. These objective tests evaluate binocular function and strabismus type and localization.
RGP Fitting
This document discusses rigid gas permeable (RGP) contact lenses. It notes that RGP lenses are made of oxygen permeable materials and are better than soft lenses for vision, durability, correcting astigmatism, eye health, and ease of care. RGP lenses are recommended for conditions like keratoconus or high refractive errors. The fitting process involves screening patients, measuring the eye, trial fittings, and dynamic and static assessments. Proper care and maintenance of RGP lenses is also discussed.
Decentration and prismatic effect in lens (1)
Decentration of lenses can induce unwanted prism. The amount of induced prism depends on the distance of decentration from the optical center and the power of the lens. For plus lenses, the base of the induced prism is in the direction of decentration, while for minus lenses it is in the opposite direction. Prism power can be calculated using Prentice's rule. The induced prism from decentration can have effects on binocular vision and eye alignment. Careful centration of lenses is important for optimal vision and comfort.
Convergence & its anomalies
Convergence is the inward movement of the eyes to maintain single binocular vision. It can be symmetrical or asymmetrical depending on the position of the fixation point. The near point of convergence is the closest point an object can be focused on binocularly and is measured clinically. Convergence insufficiency is the most common convergence anomaly and causes eye strain. Other anomalies include convergence paralysis which is a total lack of convergence ability due to brain lesions. Convergence spasm involves intermittent periods of excessive convergence that can cause diplopia. Exercises are used to treat convergence insufficiency while prisms are used for convergence paralysis.
Maddox rod
The Maddox rod is an optometric tool used to detect heterophoria. It consists of a series of cylindrical lenses mounted in a trial frame that produces an elongated streak of light. When viewed through the Maddox rod, a point of light appears as a streak. The Maddox rod test is used to detect and measure horizontal and vertical deviations by placing the rod in front of one eye and having the patient view a fixation light. The position of the streak relative to the light indicates the type of deviation, and prisms are used to measure the degree. It is a simple and useful test to perform in office for evaluating eye alignment.
Low vision assessment
This document provides information on low vision assessment, including its purpose and steps. The purpose is to evaluate a person's residual vision and determine how to enhance their visual function based on their needs. The main steps are reviewing medical records, observation, interview, assessing visual acuity, visual fields, contrast sensitivity, and refraction. The assessment helps identify appropriate aids like magnification, filters, or training to help low vision patients perform daily activities.
Eccentric fixation, investigation and management
Eccentric fixation occurs when an amblyopic eye fixes on a point other than the fovea. It is important to diagnose as it impacts visual acuity and treatment. Eccentric fixation can be evaluated using several tests including the corneal light reflex test, ophthalmoscopy, after image transfer, and perimetry. Treatment may involve occlusion of the good eye combined with use of a red filter over the amblyopic eye to encourage central fixation. Careful monitoring of fixation behavior is important for guiding amblyopia treatment.
Low vision aids
This document discusses low vision aids and their use for people with visual impairments. It defines low vision according to the WHO and describes common causes of visual dysfunction like macular degeneration and glaucoma. The goals of low vision rehabilitation are to maintain and improve visual function through clinical assessment and optometric intervention. Low vision aids can be optical devices like magnifying glasses, telescopes, or non-optical devices that alter lighting, contrast and size of objects. Common optical devices discussed include magnifying spectacles, hand magnifiers, stand magnifiers, and telescopes.
Maddox wing
The document describes the Maddox Wing, which is used to measure heterophoria and small heterotropia at near. It works on the principle of dissociating fusion by having the right eye see a vertical white arrow and horizontal red arrow, while the left eye sees vertical and horizontal lines of numbers. The examiner asks the patient to report the number each arrow is pointing at to determine the amount of deviation. It allows simultaneous measurement of horizontal, vertical, and cyclophoric deviations in a handheld instrument that can be used for children. However, it cannot be used for patients without accommodation or at a distance, and is not suitable if abnormal retinal correspondence or suppression are present.
Fusion
This document discusses measurement of fusion and stereopsis in binocular vision. It begins by defining binocular vision and binocular single vision. It then discusses various classifications, prerequisites, advantages, and related terms of binocular single vision. The document also describes different tests used to measure fusion, including the synaptophore, prism fusion test, Worth's four dot test, Bagolini's striated glass test, and Maddox rod test. It provides details on the procedures and interpretations of these tests. Finally, it discusses the development and grades of binocular vision.
Amsler grid
The document summarizes the Amsler grid, a diagnostic tool used since 1945 to screen for and monitor macular diseases. It consists of a grid with a central dot that patients look at to detect any distortions, gaps, or blurred areas in their central vision. Various versions are available, including ones with different colors, patterns of lines, or dot sizes to test specific parts of the visual field and detect different types of visual abnormalities that could indicate conditions like macular degeneration or glaucoma. The procedure involves having patients view the grid with each eye separately at 16 inches and report any anomalies in the lines of the grid.
SOFT TORIC CONTACT LENS FITTING.pptx
This document discusses the fitting of toric contact lenses. It begins with an introduction and discusses preliminary testing, fitting steps, and different toric lens designs. Stabilization techniques for toric lenses like prism ballast, truncation, and reverse prism are explained. The conclusion emphasizes measuring axis mislocation and compensating for lens rotation when determining the final prescription.
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This document discusses the scope and career opportunities in optometry. It begins with defining optometry as a healthcare profession focused on eye and vision care. It then outlines the various optometry degree programs and specializations available in India. The rest of the document discusses the different career paths an optometrist can pursue, including working in retail optics, corporate companies, clinical/hospital settings, academics, and opening a private practice. It also describes opportunities for further specialization in areas like contact lenses, low vision, pediatrics, and research.
Eccentric Fixation
This document discusses eccentric fixation (EF), a condition where an eye fails to fixate with the fovea and instead fixates at another retinal point. It describes several theories for the cause of EF, including suppression, anomalous correspondence, motor, and sensory motor theories. It outlines methods for investigating EF, such as ophthalmoscopy and visuscopy. Treatment options discussed include occlusion therapy and pleoptic treatment to encourage foveal fixation, though EF is often difficult to fully correct once established. The document also discusses microtropia, a small-angle strabismus associated with EF and amblyopia.
Prism therapy in orthoptics
This document discusses prism therapy and the use of prisms in ophthalmology. It begins by defining what a prism is and its characteristics. It then discusses the different types of prisms used in ophthalmology, including dispersive, reflecting, and polarizing prisms. The document outlines the clinical uses of prisms, including for optical, diagnostic, and therapeutic purposes. It describes different classifications of clinical prism types and criteria for prescribing prisms.
Cover test.pptx
The cover test is used to qualitatively measure strabismus. It involves covering each eye separately while having the patient fixate on a target. This allows the examiner to observe any movement in the uncovered eye, indicating the presence or absence of a manifest deviation. There are three main types of cover tests: direct cover test to detect manifest squint, cover-uncover test to detect heterophoria, and alternate cover test to differentiate between unilateral and alternating squint and determine if the deviation is concomitant or paralytic. The results of the cover test help diagnose the type of strabismus present.
Maddox rod n wing
This document provides information about the Maddox rod and Maddox wing, which are used to measure eye alignment and phoria. The Maddox rod consists of cylindrical lenses available in red and white, and is used at distances of 3m and 6m to measure horizontal and vertical distance phoria by having one eye view a line while the other views a spot. The Maddox wing is used at 33cm to measure near phoria by having the eyes view dissimilar images of arrows pointing to a scale. The procedures for each are described. References for more information are also provided.
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This document provides a collection of 250+ multiple choice questions (MCQs) in optometry and ophthalmology. It aims to help students study for entrance, licensing, and job exams in these fields. The questions cover a range of difficulty levels and come from past exams. Authentic answers are provided from experienced professionals. More similar questions and answers are available at the provided link. The questions are regularly updated to help eye health professionals prepare for various exams.
Soft Toric Contact lens
This document discusses soft toric contact lenses for correcting astigmatism. It defines astigmatism and describes various types. It explains that toric lenses contain a cylindrical component to correct astigmatism unlike standard soft lenses. The document outlines several designs and methods for stabilizing toric soft contact lenses, including prism ballast, dynamic stabilization, and reverse prism designs. It provides steps for fitting toric lenses including diagnosis, trial lenses, and assessing lens rotation to finalize the axis. Examples of toric lens prescriptions and assessments of fit are also summarized.
Contact lens verification(raju)
This document discusses the verification process for contact lenses. It has two main stages - laboratory and clinical. In the laboratory, lenses are checked to ensure their parameters match what was ordered. Clinically, lenses should be verified upon receipt to ensure the correct lens was dispensed. Parameters like radius of curvature, diameters, thickness and power must be measured for both rigid and soft contact lenses using various techniques and instruments. On-eye verification is also important to assess fit and comfort. The goal of verification is to ensure patients receive high quality lenses that meet specifications and provide good vision.
Corneal physiology in relation to contact lens wear
This document discusses corneal physiology in relation to contact lens wear. It describes the layers of the cornea and its blood, nerve and oxygen supply. Maintaining corneal transparency requires adequate oxygen and metabolism. Contact lenses reduce oxygen levels, which can cause swelling, hypoesthesia, and structural changes if levels fall below what the cornea requires. The minimum oxygen needed varies from 5-17.9% depending on the activity. Soft lenses induce more swelling than RGP lenses. Hypoxia affects epithelial healing, sensitivity and metabolism.
Objective refraction
This document discusses objective refraction techniques, primarily retinoscopy. It begins by explaining the principles of retinoscopy, including far point concept and how different ametropias affect the far point. It then describes the components and optics of the retinoscope, how it works, and retinoscopy techniques. Key aspects covered include neutralization, prerequisites for retinoscopy, and problems that can occur. Autorefractometry is also briefly discussed. In under 3 sentences:
Retinoscopy is the primary objective refraction technique discussed, which uses a retinoscope to illuminate the retina and observe the movement of the red reflex to determine the refractive error, neutralizing with trial lenses. The document covers the optics
DUOCHROM TEST.pptx
what is Duochrome Test, Why do we take Red and Green color only,
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Dynamic retinoscopy
Retinoscopy is an objective refraction technique used to determine a patient's refractive error. Dynamic retinoscopy is performed with the patient fixating on a near target. Several methods of dynamic retinoscopy have been developed, including MEM, Bell retinoscopy, Nott's retinoscopy, and Book retinoscopy. The movements observed during dynamic retinoscopy - with, against, and neutral - provide information about a patient's accommodative response and ability. The document discusses the procedures, interpretations, limitations, and histories of various dynamic retinoscopy techniques.
Suppression third yr arya
This document discusses suppression, which is one of the three mechanisms of sensory adaptation that occurs in patients with strabismus. Suppression refers to the active inhibition of the image from the deviated eye to avoid diplopia. There are different types of suppression depending on factors such as etiology, retinal area involved, constancy, and the eye affected. Several tests are used to diagnose suppression including the Worth four dot test, Bagolini striated glass test, and visual acuity testing. Treatment involves refractive correction, occlusion therapy, eye alignment procedures, and anti-suppression exercises.
celebrating World optometry day in nepal
World Optometry Day was celebrated on March 23rd at the Institute of Medicine in Maharajgunj, Nepal. Optometry involves measuring and correcting vision and treating eye diseases. The field began around 100 years ago with the first optometry licensure laws in the US. In Nepal, optometry education began in 1998 through a collaboration with the University of Auckland, New Zealand. Optometrists are primary eye healthcare practitioners who provide comprehensive eye exams, diagnose and treat diseases, and rehabilitate vision. They undergo a four-year Bachelor of Optometry program.
Optometry
Optometry is a healthcare profession that involves examining the eyes and visual system to detect defects or abnormalities and prescribing corrective lenses or treating diseases. An optometrist is the primary healthcare practitioner of the eye and visual system, providing comprehensive eye and vision care including refraction, diagnosis and management of eye diseases, and rehabilitation. A B.Sc. in Optometry is a 4-year program covering topics like optics, ocular anatomy, low vision aids, contact lenses, binocular vision and ocular diseases. Graduates can work in hospitals, clinics, research, teaching or sales with opportunities increasing as eye care needs grow.
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This document provides information on low vision assessment, including its purpose and steps. The purpose is to evaluate a person's residual vision and determine how to enhance their visual function based on their needs. The main steps are reviewing medical records, observation, interview, assessing visual acuity, visual fields, contrast sensitivity, and refraction. The assessment helps identify appropriate aids like magnification, filters, or training to help low vision patients perform daily activities.
Eccentric fixation, investigation and management
Eccentric fixation occurs when an amblyopic eye fixes on a point other than the fovea. It is important to diagnose as it impacts visual acuity and treatment. Eccentric fixation can be evaluated using several tests including the corneal light reflex test, ophthalmoscopy, after image transfer, and perimetry. Treatment may involve occlusion of the good eye combined with use of a red filter over the amblyopic eye to encourage central fixation. Careful monitoring of fixation behavior is important for guiding amblyopia treatment.
Low vision aids
This document discusses low vision aids and their use for people with visual impairments. It defines low vision according to the WHO and describes common causes of visual dysfunction like macular degeneration and glaucoma. The goals of low vision rehabilitation are to maintain and improve visual function through clinical assessment and optometric intervention. Low vision aids can be optical devices like magnifying glasses, telescopes, or non-optical devices that alter lighting, contrast and size of objects. Common optical devices discussed include magnifying spectacles, hand magnifiers, stand magnifiers, and telescopes.
Maddox wing
The document describes the Maddox Wing, which is used to measure heterophoria and small heterotropia at near. It works on the principle of dissociating fusion by having the right eye see a vertical white arrow and horizontal red arrow, while the left eye sees vertical and horizontal lines of numbers. The examiner asks the patient to report the number each arrow is pointing at to determine the amount of deviation. It allows simultaneous measurement of horizontal, vertical, and cyclophoric deviations in a handheld instrument that can be used for children. However, it cannot be used for patients without accommodation or at a distance, and is not suitable if abnormal retinal correspondence or suppression are present.
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This document discusses measurement of fusion and stereopsis in binocular vision. It begins by defining binocular vision and binocular single vision. It then discusses various classifications, prerequisites, advantages, and related terms of binocular single vision. The document also describes different tests used to measure fusion, including the synaptophore, prism fusion test, Worth's four dot test, Bagolini's striated glass test, and Maddox rod test. It provides details on the procedures and interpretations of these tests. Finally, it discusses the development and grades of binocular vision.
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The document summarizes the Amsler grid, a diagnostic tool used since 1945 to screen for and monitor macular diseases. It consists of a grid with a central dot that patients look at to detect any distortions, gaps, or blurred areas in their central vision. Various versions are available, including ones with different colors, patterns of lines, or dot sizes to test specific parts of the visual field and detect different types of visual abnormalities that could indicate conditions like macular degeneration or glaucoma. The procedure involves having patients view the grid with each eye separately at 16 inches and report any anomalies in the lines of the grid.
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This document discusses the fitting of toric contact lenses. It begins with an introduction and discusses preliminary testing, fitting steps, and different toric lens designs. Stabilization techniques for toric lenses like prism ballast, truncation, and reverse prism are explained. The conclusion emphasizes measuring axis mislocation and compensating for lens rotation when determining the final prescription.
2. Scope of Optometry (career opportunities and scope for specialization in I...
This document discusses the scope and career opportunities in optometry. It begins with defining optometry as a healthcare profession focused on eye and vision care. It then outlines the various optometry degree programs and specializations available in India. The rest of the document discusses the different career paths an optometrist can pursue, including working in retail optics, corporate companies, clinical/hospital settings, academics, and opening a private practice. It also describes opportunities for further specialization in areas like contact lenses, low vision, pediatrics, and research.
Eccentric Fixation
This document discusses eccentric fixation (EF), a condition where an eye fails to fixate with the fovea and instead fixates at another retinal point. It describes several theories for the cause of EF, including suppression, anomalous correspondence, motor, and sensory motor theories. It outlines methods for investigating EF, such as ophthalmoscopy and visuscopy. Treatment options discussed include occlusion therapy and pleoptic treatment to encourage foveal fixation, though EF is often difficult to fully correct once established. The document also discusses microtropia, a small-angle strabismus associated with EF and amblyopia.
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Cover test.pptx
The cover test is used to qualitatively measure strabismus. It involves covering each eye separately while having the patient fixate on a target. This allows the examiner to observe any movement in the uncovered eye, indicating the presence or absence of a manifest deviation. There are three main types of cover tests: direct cover test to detect manifest squint, cover-uncover test to detect heterophoria, and alternate cover test to differentiate between unilateral and alternating squint and determine if the deviation is concomitant or paralytic. The results of the cover test help diagnose the type of strabismus present.
Maddox rod n wing
This document provides information about the Maddox rod and Maddox wing, which are used to measure eye alignment and phoria. The Maddox rod consists of cylindrical lenses available in red and white, and is used at distances of 3m and 6m to measure horizontal and vertical distance phoria by having one eye view a line while the other views a spot. The Maddox wing is used at 33cm to measure near phoria by having the eyes view dissimilar images of arrows pointing to a scale. The procedures for each are described. References for more information are also provided.
250+ High Frequency MCQs in Optometry and Ophthalmology
This document provides a collection of 250+ multiple choice questions (MCQs) in optometry and ophthalmology. It aims to help students study for entrance, licensing, and job exams in these fields. The questions cover a range of difficulty levels and come from past exams. Authentic answers are provided from experienced professionals. More similar questions and answers are available at the provided link. The questions are regularly updated to help eye health professionals prepare for various exams.
Soft Toric Contact lens
This document discusses soft toric contact lenses for correcting astigmatism. It defines astigmatism and describes various types. It explains that toric lenses contain a cylindrical component to correct astigmatism unlike standard soft lenses. The document outlines several designs and methods for stabilizing toric soft contact lenses, including prism ballast, dynamic stabilization, and reverse prism designs. It provides steps for fitting toric lenses including diagnosis, trial lenses, and assessing lens rotation to finalize the axis. Examples of toric lens prescriptions and assessments of fit are also summarized.
Contact lens verification(raju)
This document discusses the verification process for contact lenses. It has two main stages - laboratory and clinical. In the laboratory, lenses are checked to ensure their parameters match what was ordered. Clinically, lenses should be verified upon receipt to ensure the correct lens was dispensed. Parameters like radius of curvature, diameters, thickness and power must be measured for both rigid and soft contact lenses using various techniques and instruments. On-eye verification is also important to assess fit and comfort. The goal of verification is to ensure patients receive high quality lenses that meet specifications and provide good vision.
Corneal physiology in relation to contact lens wear
This document discusses corneal physiology in relation to contact lens wear. It describes the layers of the cornea and its blood, nerve and oxygen supply. Maintaining corneal transparency requires adequate oxygen and metabolism. Contact lenses reduce oxygen levels, which can cause swelling, hypoesthesia, and structural changes if levels fall below what the cornea requires. The minimum oxygen needed varies from 5-17.9% depending on the activity. Soft lenses induce more swelling than RGP lenses. Hypoxia affects epithelial healing, sensitivity and metabolism.
Objective refraction
This document discusses objective refraction techniques, primarily retinoscopy. It begins by explaining the principles of retinoscopy, including far point concept and how different ametropias affect the far point. It then describes the components and optics of the retinoscope, how it works, and retinoscopy techniques. Key aspects covered include neutralization, prerequisites for retinoscopy, and problems that can occur. Autorefractometry is also briefly discussed. In under 3 sentences:
Retinoscopy is the primary objective refraction technique discussed, which uses a retinoscope to illuminate the retina and observe the movement of the red reflex to determine the refractive error, neutralizing with trial lenses. The document covers the optics
DUOCHROM TEST.pptx
what is Duochrome Test, Why do we take Red and Green color only,
What is the Principal of Duochrome Test, Why Hyperopic Pt sees green better than red and vice versa
Dynamic retinoscopy
Retinoscopy is an objective refraction technique used to determine a patient's refractive error. Dynamic retinoscopy is performed with the patient fixating on a near target. Several methods of dynamic retinoscopy have been developed, including MEM, Bell retinoscopy, Nott's retinoscopy, and Book retinoscopy. The movements observed during dynamic retinoscopy - with, against, and neutral - provide information about a patient's accommodative response and ability. The document discusses the procedures, interpretations, limitations, and histories of various dynamic retinoscopy techniques.
Suppression third yr arya
This document discusses suppression, which is one of the three mechanisms of sensory adaptation that occurs in patients with strabismus. Suppression refers to the active inhibition of the image from the deviated eye to avoid diplopia. There are different types of suppression depending on factors such as etiology, retinal area involved, constancy, and the eye affected. Several tests are used to diagnose suppression including the Worth four dot test, Bagolini striated glass test, and visual acuity testing. Treatment involves refractive correction, occlusion therapy, eye alignment procedures, and anti-suppression exercises.
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World Optometry Day was celebrated on March 23rd at the Institute of Medicine in Maharajgunj, Nepal. Optometry involves measuring and correcting vision and treating eye diseases. The field began around 100 years ago with the first optometry licensure laws in the US. In Nepal, optometry education began in 1998 through a collaboration with the University of Auckland, New Zealand. Optometrists are primary eye healthcare practitioners who provide comprehensive eye exams, diagnose and treat diseases, and rehabilitate vision. They undergo a four-year Bachelor of Optometry program.
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The document provides an overview of optometry and eye exams. It discusses the history of optometry, what a standard eye exam involves, including case history, refractive tests, binocular and accommodation tests, and ocular health evaluation. It then describes how some optometrists are modernizing exams with new technologies like optical coherence tomography, fundus photography, and automated testing to provide more detailed analysis of the eye.
Optometry and Orthoptics (Laws and Acts)
Optometry is a health care profession that involves examining the eyes and applicable visual systems for defects or abnormalities as well as the correction of refractive error with glasses or contact lenses and treatment of eye diseases.
Definition of optometry and optometrist
The World Council of Optometry, World Health Organization and about 75 optometry organisations from over 40 countries have all over the world adopted the following definition, to be used to describe optometry and optometrist.
Optometry is a healthcare profession that is autonomous, educated, and regulated (licensed/registered).
Optometrists are the primary healthcare practitioners of the eye and visual system who provide comprehensive eye and vision care, which includes refraction and dispensing, detection/diagnosis and management of disease in the eye, and the rehabilitation of conditions of the visual system.
Competencies
• refractive error,
• ocular disease management,
• medical therapeutics,
• binocular vision,
• sports vision,
• vision therapy,
• contact lenses
Laws of optometry
Currently, optometrists can…
1. Prescribe Schedule II (hydrocodone products only), III, IV, and V narcotics (including oral antivirals, oral steroids, etc)
2. Order imaging, such as MRIs, CT scans, and x-rays
3. Remove foreign bodies
4. Perform post-operative care after 90 days with referral from a physician
5. Treat glaucoma with topicals and orals
6. Treat anterior uveitis
7. Perform dilation and irrigation
8. Perform scraping, debridement, or removal of corneal epithelium
9. Deliver injections limited to anaphylaxis
Optometrists cannot…
1. Perform surgical procedures (Any procedure that involves mechanical or laser means to cut, alter, or infiltrate human tissue is included here. This restriction includes refractive surgery, any laser procedure, or chalazia removal/eyelid or conjunctival cyst lancing procedures, to name a few) (Colorado is one of a few states with verbage to explicitly exclude surgery-most statutes maintain that the license to practice optometry does not include the right to practice medicine)
2. Deliver injectables, except for in the case of anaphylaxis
3. Treat posterior uveitis
4. Prescribe Schedule I or II narcotics
Acts of optometry
1. Health Professions Procedural Code
The Health Professions Procedural Code shall be deemed to be part of this Act.
Definitions
“College” means the College of Optometrists of Ontario; (“Ordre”)
“Health Professions Procedural Code” means the Health Professions Procedural Code set out in Schedule 2 to the Regulated Health Professions Act, 1991; (“Code des professions de la santé”)
“member” means a member of the College; (“membre”)
“profession” means the profession of optometry; (“profession”).
Section 5, optometry in asia by thai and yap
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World optometry day
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clinical_discussion_2_-_primary_eye_care_-_maurice_heunen
This document discusses introducing optometry in a tri-border area of Belgium, Germany, and the Netherlands. It describes how optometry developed in the Netherlands after 2000 to allow diagnostic drugs and optometric diagnosis. The author started an optometric practice in 2004 by joining a contact lens practice. Implementing optometry involved offering comprehensive eye exams, distinguishing healthcare from optical sales, and collaborating with local GPs, ophthalmologists, and optometrists. Outreach efforts like newspaper ads and TV appearances helped spread awareness of optometry's role in eye health. The document compares optometry in Belgium and Germany and acknowledges an optometry school in Germany.
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Career powerpoint
The document summarizes and compares careers in optometry and as a physician assistant. Optometry involves examining eyes and treating visual disorders, while physician assistants practice medicine under physician supervision. Both careers require similar skills like communication, problem solving, and compassion. Optometry schooling takes 4 years and leads to an O.D. degree, while physician assistant programs take 26 months and result in certification. Both fields have growing job prospects but physician assistant has a higher projected growth rate and slightly lower average salary.
Career powerpoint
The document summarizes and compares careers in optometry and as a physician assistant. Optometry involves examining eyes and treating visual disorders, while physician assistants practice medicine under physician supervision. Both require graduate programs and state certification or licensing. Optometry school leads to an O.D. degree while P.A. programs award a P.A.-C certification. Both fields have growing job prospects and opportunities in specialty areas. The document outlines the educational requirements, duties, work settings, salaries and skills needed for these careers.
World optometry day
Optometry is a healthcare profession focused on eye and vision care. Optometrists are primary healthcare practitioners of the eye who provide comprehensive eye exams, detect diseases, manage vision conditions, and prescribe corrective lenses or vision therapy. The profession began over 100 years ago with the development of vision science, optics, and optical instruments. Today, optometrists utilize their knowledge of ocular science, disease diagnosis, visual rehabilitation and more to care for patients' eye health and vision needs.
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for more MCQs:
http://ravinems.blogspot.com/2019/05/multiple-choice-questions-mcqs-for.html
Optometry Presentation
Optometrists are primary eye care physicians who perform eye exams to check for vision problems and eye diseases. They prescribe eyeglasses, contact lenses, and treat minor eye conditions. To become an optometrist requires 4 years of undergraduate study, 4 years of optometry school including classroom and clinical training, and passing board exams. Optometrists work in a variety of settings like retail offices, hospitals, private practice, and group practices.
Optometry & optometrists
Optometry is the healthcare profession that specializes in comprehensive eye and vision care. Optometrists are the primary healthcare providers who evaluate the visual system for defects, abnormalities, and refractive errors. They correct refractive errors using lenses and treat various eye diseases through medical management or with the help of medications and surgery. Optometrists also help identify eye manifestations of systemic diseases like diabetes and hypertension.
Role of optometrist in public health
There are a wide role of optometrist in public health:
- Providing screening and vision care services at secondary and tertiary levels.
- Detection and management of potentially blinding diseases such as cataract, diabetes and glaucoma.
- Preventing conditions like trachoma, red eye, diabetic retinopathy, and myopia progression.
- Protecting the eye from injuries, UV radiation, and smoke exposure.
- Promoting eye health literacy, community screening, school vision screening, and eye health promotion.
Optometry as a Career Choice
Traditionally, the field of optometry began with the primary focus of correcting refractive error through the use of spectacles. Modern day optometry, however, has evolved through time so that the educational curriculum additionally includes significant training in the diagnosis and management of ocular disease, in most of the countries of the world, where the profession is established and regulated.
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- 1. OPTOMETRY Institute of Medicine Maharajgunj Medical Campus Kapil Gautam 3/ March /2019
- 2. optometry Comes from Greek word Opsis + metron ( opsis means view and metron means rule/ measurement) The root word opto derived from the Greek word ophthalmus which means eye
- 3. History “Those who don't know history will repeat past mistakes” Optometry began about 100 years ago when the first optometry licensure laws were passed in US Optometry began with the slogan “Let there be light.”
- 5. Who is an optometrist? Optometrists are the primary healthcare practitioners of the eye and visual system who provide comprehensive eye and vision care Refracting and dispensing Detection/diagnosis and management of disease in the eye Rehabilitation of conditions of the visual system World council of optometry (WCO)
- 6. Who are optometrist ? Graduates - from the proficiency science or +2 background and has completed the Bachelor of Optometry or Vision science degree Vision specialist
- 7. Optometry in Nepal B. Optometry – started in 1998 in collaboration with University of Auckland, New Zealand Four-year academic course Optometry graduates of IOM 93 in number (16 batches)
- 9. WHAT DOES AN OPTOMETRIST DO? Refraction Contact lens Orthoptics Low vision Perimetry Electrophysiological test Vision therapy Visual rehabilitation
- 10. WHAT TYPE OF KNOWLEDGE DOES AN OPTOMETRIST HAVE? Basic science Ocular science and applied optics Ocular disease , ocular pharmacology Visual science Contact lens , low vision , binocular single vision Ophthalmic dispensing Community science and research
- 11. FURTHER AFTER GRADUATION OD (Doctor of optometry) Masters in optometry PHD Fellowships MPH (eye health)
- 12. OUR PASSOUT SENIORS Studying PHD 17-20 in number + PHD doctors 7-10 in number 40% seniors are practicing at Nepal where as 60% are in foreign country