This document summarizes research on generalized classical Fréchet derivatives in real Banach spaces. It begins by reviewing basic definitions and results for Fréchet derivatives, including the chain rule, mean value theorem, and Taylor's formula. It then proves that Fréchet derivatives exist and are continuous in real Banach spaces. The main results generalize the chain rule, mean value theorem, and Taylor's formula to higher order Fréchet derivatives in real Banach spaces. Proofs are provided for the generalized chain rule and other theorems.
Newton raphson halley_householder_simpleexplanationmuyuubyou
This document provides an introduction to Newton's method and higher order methods for solving nonlinear equations. It describes Newton's original iterative method from the 17th century and subsequent refinements, including Raphson's variation, and higher order methods like the cubic iteration. Examples are given applying different iterations to compute the Golden Ratio, demonstrating their increasing rates of convergence from quadratic to octic.
On Analytic Review of Hahn–Banach Extension Results with Some GeneralizationsBRNSS Publication Hub
The useful Hahn–Banach theorem in functional analysis has significantly been in use for many years ago. At this point in time, we discover that its domain and range of existence can be extended point wisely so as to secure a wider range of extendibility. In achieving this, we initially reviewed the existing traditional Hahn–Banach extension theorem, before we carefully and successfully used it to generate the finite extension form as in main results of section three.
This document discusses a theory solver for the theory of uninterpreted functions (UF) in satisfiability modulo theories (SMT). It presents the key components of a UF solver, including union-find algorithms to handle equalities, congruence closure to handle functions, and computing theory conflicts. The solver decides satisfiability of UF formulas in incremental, backtrackable, and theory-propagating manner. It can also be used as a base layer for other theory solvers like LRA.
The document discusses Rolle's theorem and its application to show that the function f(x)=4x^5 + x^3 + 7x - 2 has exactly one real root. It begins by defining Rolle's theorem, which states that if a function f is continuous on a closed interval [a,b] and differentiable on the open interval (a,b), with f(a)=f(b), then the derivative f'(x)=0 for some x in [a,b]. It then applies this to the given function f(x) by assuming for contradiction that there are two real roots a and b, which would require by Rolle's theorem another root c where the derivative is 0.
The document provides an introduction to probability theory, including definitions of key concepts like sample space, events, probabilities of events, conditional probabilities, independent events, and Bayes' formula. It gives examples of sample spaces for experiments like coin flips and dice rolls. It explains that the probability of an event is a number between 0 and 1 that satisfies three conditions. It also describes how to calculate probabilities of unions, intersections, and complements of events.
Common Fixed Theorems Using Random Implicit Iterative Schemesinventy
This document summarizes research on common fixed point theorems using random implicit iterative schemes. It defines random Mann, Ishikawa, and SP iterative schemes. It also defines modified implicit random iterative schemes associated with families of random asymptotically nonexpansive operators. The paper proves the convergence of two random implicit iterative schemes to a random common fixed point. This generalizes previous results and provides new convergence theorems for random operators in Banach spaces.
This document discusses numerical methods for finding the roots of nonlinear equations. It covers the bisection method, Newton-Raphson method, and their applications. The bisection method uses binary search to bracket the root within intervals that are repeatedly bisected until a solution is found. The Newton-Raphson method approximates the function as a linear equation to rapidly converge on roots. Examples and real-world applications are provided for both methods.
1) The document provides review material for Exam 3 of Math 285 including definitions of piecewise continuous and piecewise smooth functions and the convergence theorem for Fourier series.
2) It also defines Fourier series for periodic piecewise continuous functions and discusses Fourier sine and cosine series for odd and even functions.
3) Applications of Fourier series include using them to find formal solutions to boundary value problems involving differential equations.
Newton raphson halley_householder_simpleexplanationmuyuubyou
This document provides an introduction to Newton's method and higher order methods for solving nonlinear equations. It describes Newton's original iterative method from the 17th century and subsequent refinements, including Raphson's variation, and higher order methods like the cubic iteration. Examples are given applying different iterations to compute the Golden Ratio, demonstrating their increasing rates of convergence from quadratic to octic.
On Analytic Review of Hahn–Banach Extension Results with Some GeneralizationsBRNSS Publication Hub
The useful Hahn–Banach theorem in functional analysis has significantly been in use for many years ago. At this point in time, we discover that its domain and range of existence can be extended point wisely so as to secure a wider range of extendibility. In achieving this, we initially reviewed the existing traditional Hahn–Banach extension theorem, before we carefully and successfully used it to generate the finite extension form as in main results of section three.
This document discusses a theory solver for the theory of uninterpreted functions (UF) in satisfiability modulo theories (SMT). It presents the key components of a UF solver, including union-find algorithms to handle equalities, congruence closure to handle functions, and computing theory conflicts. The solver decides satisfiability of UF formulas in incremental, backtrackable, and theory-propagating manner. It can also be used as a base layer for other theory solvers like LRA.
The document discusses Rolle's theorem and its application to show that the function f(x)=4x^5 + x^3 + 7x - 2 has exactly one real root. It begins by defining Rolle's theorem, which states that if a function f is continuous on a closed interval [a,b] and differentiable on the open interval (a,b), with f(a)=f(b), then the derivative f'(x)=0 for some x in [a,b]. It then applies this to the given function f(x) by assuming for contradiction that there are two real roots a and b, which would require by Rolle's theorem another root c where the derivative is 0.
The document provides an introduction to probability theory, including definitions of key concepts like sample space, events, probabilities of events, conditional probabilities, independent events, and Bayes' formula. It gives examples of sample spaces for experiments like coin flips and dice rolls. It explains that the probability of an event is a number between 0 and 1 that satisfies three conditions. It also describes how to calculate probabilities of unions, intersections, and complements of events.
Common Fixed Theorems Using Random Implicit Iterative Schemesinventy
This document summarizes research on common fixed point theorems using random implicit iterative schemes. It defines random Mann, Ishikawa, and SP iterative schemes. It also defines modified implicit random iterative schemes associated with families of random asymptotically nonexpansive operators. The paper proves the convergence of two random implicit iterative schemes to a random common fixed point. This generalizes previous results and provides new convergence theorems for random operators in Banach spaces.
This document discusses numerical methods for finding the roots of nonlinear equations. It covers the bisection method, Newton-Raphson method, and their applications. The bisection method uses binary search to bracket the root within intervals that are repeatedly bisected until a solution is found. The Newton-Raphson method approximates the function as a linear equation to rapidly converge on roots. Examples and real-world applications are provided for both methods.
1) The document provides review material for Exam 3 of Math 285 including definitions of piecewise continuous and piecewise smooth functions and the convergence theorem for Fourier series.
2) It also defines Fourier series for periodic piecewise continuous functions and discusses Fourier sine and cosine series for odd and even functions.
3) Applications of Fourier series include using them to find formal solutions to boundary value problems involving differential equations.
This document summarizes Yunhao He's thesis on weak predictable representation properties and quadratic BSDEs. The thesis has three main objectives: 1) Prove that for a continuous strong Markov local martingale M, the Galtchouk-Kunita-Watanabe decomposition of E[F(MT)] has no orthogonal component for sufficiently smooth functions F. 2) Establish existence of solutions to quadratic BSDEs driven by a continuous local martingale. 3) Show that if M has independent increments, the solution to a quadratic BSDE with terminal value F(MT) has no orthogonal component under any filtration where solutions exist. The document defines key terms and notations used in the thesis and outlines the structure, which
The document discusses different types of random variables including discrete, continuous, Bernoulli, binomial, geometric, Poisson, and uniform random variables. It provides the definitions and probability mass/density functions for each type. Examples are also given to illustrate concepts such as calculating probabilities for different random variables.
This document introduces the concept of order of an element modulo n and uses it to prove theorems about when an integer n satisfies n^2 + 1 or more generally satisfies a cyclotomic polynomial modulo a prime p. It begins by stating and proving the n^2 + 1 lemma, which says a prime p satisfies p | n^2 + 1 if and only if p ≡ 1 (mod 4). It introduces the concepts of order, primitive roots, and cyclotomic polynomials to generalize this result. It concludes by stating and proving a theorem about when a cyclotomic polynomial of an integer a is divisible by a prime p.
1) Primes are positive integers greater than 1 that are only divisible by 1 and themselves. The fundamental theorem of arithmetic states that every positive integer can be uniquely expressed as the product of primes.
2) Euclid's proof shows there are infinitely many primes. Euclid numbers form a sequence where each term is the sum of the previous terms plus 1, and the early terms are prime. However, not all Euclid numbers are prime.
3) The largest power of a prime p that divides n! is given by the sum of the number of times p divides the numbers from 1 to n in their prime factorizations. This can be determined from the number of 1s in the binary representation
This document describes the False Position Method for finding the roots of equations. The method uses linear interpolation to estimate the root between two initial guesses that bracket it. It improves on the bisection method by choosing a "false position" where the line between the guesses crosses the x-axis, rather than the midpoint. The false position formula is derived using similar triangles. An example applying the method to find a root of x^3 - 2x - 3 = 0 is shown. The merits of the false position method are faster convergence compared to bisection, while the demirits are possible non-monotonic convergence and lack of precision guarantee.
The document discusses the semantics of propositional logic, including:
1) Defining logical formulas using a formal language and grammar;
2) Describing the meaning of logical connectives like conjunction and negation through truth tables;
3) Explaining how interpretations assign truth values to formulas based on the truth values of their components.
The document discusses concepts related to partial differentiation and its applications. It covers topics like tangent planes, linear approximations, differentials, Taylor expansions, maxima and minima problems, and the Lagrange method. Specifically, it defines the tangent plane to a surface at a point using partial derivatives, describes how to find the linear approximation of functions, and explains how to find maximum and minimum values of functions using critical points and the second derivative test.
This document discusses partial derivatives of functions with multiple variables. It defines partial derivatives as derivatives of a function where all but one variable is held constant. For a function z=f(x,y), the partial derivatives with respect to x and y are defined. Higher order partial derivatives and partial derivatives of functions with more than two variables are also introduced. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating first and second order partial derivatives.
The document discusses the upper and lower bound theorem for real roots of polynomial functions. The theorem states that if the remainder of synthetic division of a polynomial f(x) by x-b has only non-negative numbers, b is an upper bound for the real roots of f(x)=0. If the remainder alternates in sign when dividing f(x) by x-a, a is a lower bound. An example demonstrates finding the bounds between -3 and 2 for a 4th degree polynomial. The intermediate value theorem and fundamental theorem of algebra are also summarized.
Fourier series represent periodic functions as the sum of sines and cosines. They break functions down into simple terms that can be solved individually and then recombined to approximate the original function to any desired accuracy. Fourier series are written as the sum of a constant term and coefficients multiplied by sine and cosine terms, with the coefficients of either sines or cosines being zero if the original function is even or odd, respectively.
This document provides an analytic-combinatoric proof of Pólya's recurrence theorem for simple random walks on lattices Zd. It introduces generating functions to represent combinatorial classes of random walks. The generating function for simple random walks yields a formula for the probability of being at a given position at a given time. Laplace's method is then used to estimate these probabilities asymptotically, showing the random walk is recurrent if d = 1, 2 and transient if d ≥ 3, proving Pólya's theorem.
The EM algorithm is used to find maximum likelihood estimates for problems with latent variables. It works by alternating between an E-step (computing expected values of the latent variables) and an M-step (maximizing the likelihood with respect to the parameters). For mixture of Gaussians, the E-step computes the posterior probabilities that each data point belongs to each component. The M-step then updates the mixture weights, means, and covariances by taking weighted averages/sums of the data using these posteriors.
- The document discusses asymptotic analysis and Big-O, Big-Omega, and Big-Theta notation for analyzing the runtime complexity of algorithms.
- It provides examples of using these notations to classify functions as upper or lower bounds of other functions, and explains how to determine if a function is O(g(n)), Ω(g(n)), or Θ(g(n)).
- It also introduces little-o and little-omega notations for strict asymptotic bounds, and discusses properties and caveats of asymptotic analysis.
This document discusses Rolle's Theorem from calculus. Rolle's Theorem states that if a function f is continuous on a closed interval [a,b] and differentiable on the open interval (a,b), and if f(a) = f(b), then there exists at least one value c in the interval (a,b) where the derivative of f is equal to 0. The document provides an example of applying Rolle's Theorem to show that the derivative of the function f(x) = x^2 - 3x + 2 is equal to 0 at some point between the two x-intercepts of the function.
Application of partial derivatives with two variablesSagar Patel
Application of Partial Derivatives with Two Variables
Maxima And Minima Values.
Maximum And Minimum Values.
Tangent and Normal.
Error And Approximation.
Lesson 20: Derivatives and the Shapes of Curves (slides)Matthew Leingang
This document contains lecture notes on derivatives and the shapes of curves from a Calculus I class taught by Professor Matthew Leingang at New York University. The notes cover using derivatives to determine the intervals where a function is increasing or decreasing, classifying critical points as maxima or minima, using the second derivative to determine concavity, and applying the first and second derivative tests. Examples are provided to illustrate finding intervals of monotonicity for various functions.
The document discusses Fourier series and their applications. It begins by introducing how Fourier originally developed the technique to study heat transfer and how it can represent periodic functions as an infinite series of sine and cosine terms. It then provides the definition and examples of Fourier series representations. The key points are that Fourier series decompose a function into sinusoidal basis functions with coefficients determined by integrating the function against each basis function. The series may converge to the original function under certain conditions.
The document discusses various methods for finding the roots of equations, including:
1. The bisection method, which repeatedly bisects an interval containing a root until the interval is sufficiently small.
2. The fixed point method, which generates successive approximations that converge to a root by iterating a function.
3. The Newton-Raphson method, which uses the tangent line at an initial guess to generate a new, closer approximation for the root through an iterative formula.
This document summarizes research on generalized classical Fréchet derivatives in real Banach spaces. It begins by reviewing basic definitions and results for Fréchet derivatives, including the chain rule, mean value theorem, and Taylor's formula. It then proves several theorems on generalized Fréchet derivatives, including a generalized chain rule, mean value theorem, and implicit function theorem. It also presents a generalized Taylor's formula for nth order Fréchet differentiable functions. The proofs of the main results on generalized Fréchet derivatives are provided.
This document summarizes a research article that reviews integration in Banach spaces, with a focus on the Bochner integral, generalized derivatives, and generalized gradients. It presents key definitions related to strongly measurable functions, the Bochner integral, Lp spaces of functions from an interval to a Banach space, generalized derivatives, and monotone operators. It also states theorems regarding Banach and Hilbert space properties, generalized derivative properties under weak convergence, and finite extensions of the Bochner integral for sums and products. The main results develop these finite extensions of the Bochner integral.
This document summarizes Yunhao He's thesis on weak predictable representation properties and quadratic BSDEs. The thesis has three main objectives: 1) Prove that for a continuous strong Markov local martingale M, the Galtchouk-Kunita-Watanabe decomposition of E[F(MT)] has no orthogonal component for sufficiently smooth functions F. 2) Establish existence of solutions to quadratic BSDEs driven by a continuous local martingale. 3) Show that if M has independent increments, the solution to a quadratic BSDE with terminal value F(MT) has no orthogonal component under any filtration where solutions exist. The document defines key terms and notations used in the thesis and outlines the structure, which
The document discusses different types of random variables including discrete, continuous, Bernoulli, binomial, geometric, Poisson, and uniform random variables. It provides the definitions and probability mass/density functions for each type. Examples are also given to illustrate concepts such as calculating probabilities for different random variables.
This document introduces the concept of order of an element modulo n and uses it to prove theorems about when an integer n satisfies n^2 + 1 or more generally satisfies a cyclotomic polynomial modulo a prime p. It begins by stating and proving the n^2 + 1 lemma, which says a prime p satisfies p | n^2 + 1 if and only if p ≡ 1 (mod 4). It introduces the concepts of order, primitive roots, and cyclotomic polynomials to generalize this result. It concludes by stating and proving a theorem about when a cyclotomic polynomial of an integer a is divisible by a prime p.
1) Primes are positive integers greater than 1 that are only divisible by 1 and themselves. The fundamental theorem of arithmetic states that every positive integer can be uniquely expressed as the product of primes.
2) Euclid's proof shows there are infinitely many primes. Euclid numbers form a sequence where each term is the sum of the previous terms plus 1, and the early terms are prime. However, not all Euclid numbers are prime.
3) The largest power of a prime p that divides n! is given by the sum of the number of times p divides the numbers from 1 to n in their prime factorizations. This can be determined from the number of 1s in the binary representation
This document describes the False Position Method for finding the roots of equations. The method uses linear interpolation to estimate the root between two initial guesses that bracket it. It improves on the bisection method by choosing a "false position" where the line between the guesses crosses the x-axis, rather than the midpoint. The false position formula is derived using similar triangles. An example applying the method to find a root of x^3 - 2x - 3 = 0 is shown. The merits of the false position method are faster convergence compared to bisection, while the demirits are possible non-monotonic convergence and lack of precision guarantee.
The document discusses the semantics of propositional logic, including:
1) Defining logical formulas using a formal language and grammar;
2) Describing the meaning of logical connectives like conjunction and negation through truth tables;
3) Explaining how interpretations assign truth values to formulas based on the truth values of their components.
The document discusses concepts related to partial differentiation and its applications. It covers topics like tangent planes, linear approximations, differentials, Taylor expansions, maxima and minima problems, and the Lagrange method. Specifically, it defines the tangent plane to a surface at a point using partial derivatives, describes how to find the linear approximation of functions, and explains how to find maximum and minimum values of functions using critical points and the second derivative test.
This document discusses partial derivatives of functions with multiple variables. It defines partial derivatives as derivatives of a function where all but one variable is held constant. For a function z=f(x,y), the partial derivatives with respect to x and y are defined. Higher order partial derivatives and partial derivatives of functions with more than two variables are also introduced. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating first and second order partial derivatives.
The document discusses the upper and lower bound theorem for real roots of polynomial functions. The theorem states that if the remainder of synthetic division of a polynomial f(x) by x-b has only non-negative numbers, b is an upper bound for the real roots of f(x)=0. If the remainder alternates in sign when dividing f(x) by x-a, a is a lower bound. An example demonstrates finding the bounds between -3 and 2 for a 4th degree polynomial. The intermediate value theorem and fundamental theorem of algebra are also summarized.
Fourier series represent periodic functions as the sum of sines and cosines. They break functions down into simple terms that can be solved individually and then recombined to approximate the original function to any desired accuracy. Fourier series are written as the sum of a constant term and coefficients multiplied by sine and cosine terms, with the coefficients of either sines or cosines being zero if the original function is even or odd, respectively.
This document provides an analytic-combinatoric proof of Pólya's recurrence theorem for simple random walks on lattices Zd. It introduces generating functions to represent combinatorial classes of random walks. The generating function for simple random walks yields a formula for the probability of being at a given position at a given time. Laplace's method is then used to estimate these probabilities asymptotically, showing the random walk is recurrent if d = 1, 2 and transient if d ≥ 3, proving Pólya's theorem.
The EM algorithm is used to find maximum likelihood estimates for problems with latent variables. It works by alternating between an E-step (computing expected values of the latent variables) and an M-step (maximizing the likelihood with respect to the parameters). For mixture of Gaussians, the E-step computes the posterior probabilities that each data point belongs to each component. The M-step then updates the mixture weights, means, and covariances by taking weighted averages/sums of the data using these posteriors.
- The document discusses asymptotic analysis and Big-O, Big-Omega, and Big-Theta notation for analyzing the runtime complexity of algorithms.
- It provides examples of using these notations to classify functions as upper or lower bounds of other functions, and explains how to determine if a function is O(g(n)), Ω(g(n)), or Θ(g(n)).
- It also introduces little-o and little-omega notations for strict asymptotic bounds, and discusses properties and caveats of asymptotic analysis.
This document discusses Rolle's Theorem from calculus. Rolle's Theorem states that if a function f is continuous on a closed interval [a,b] and differentiable on the open interval (a,b), and if f(a) = f(b), then there exists at least one value c in the interval (a,b) where the derivative of f is equal to 0. The document provides an example of applying Rolle's Theorem to show that the derivative of the function f(x) = x^2 - 3x + 2 is equal to 0 at some point between the two x-intercepts of the function.
Application of partial derivatives with two variablesSagar Patel
Application of Partial Derivatives with Two Variables
Maxima And Minima Values.
Maximum And Minimum Values.
Tangent and Normal.
Error And Approximation.
Lesson 20: Derivatives and the Shapes of Curves (slides)Matthew Leingang
This document contains lecture notes on derivatives and the shapes of curves from a Calculus I class taught by Professor Matthew Leingang at New York University. The notes cover using derivatives to determine the intervals where a function is increasing or decreasing, classifying critical points as maxima or minima, using the second derivative to determine concavity, and applying the first and second derivative tests. Examples are provided to illustrate finding intervals of monotonicity for various functions.
The document discusses Fourier series and their applications. It begins by introducing how Fourier originally developed the technique to study heat transfer and how it can represent periodic functions as an infinite series of sine and cosine terms. It then provides the definition and examples of Fourier series representations. The key points are that Fourier series decompose a function into sinusoidal basis functions with coefficients determined by integrating the function against each basis function. The series may converge to the original function under certain conditions.
The document discusses various methods for finding the roots of equations, including:
1. The bisection method, which repeatedly bisects an interval containing a root until the interval is sufficiently small.
2. The fixed point method, which generates successive approximations that converge to a root by iterating a function.
3. The Newton-Raphson method, which uses the tangent line at an initial guess to generate a new, closer approximation for the root through an iterative formula.
This document summarizes research on generalized classical Fréchet derivatives in real Banach spaces. It begins by reviewing basic definitions and results for Fréchet derivatives, including the chain rule, mean value theorem, and Taylor's formula. It then proves several theorems on generalized Fréchet derivatives, including a generalized chain rule, mean value theorem, and implicit function theorem. It also presents a generalized Taylor's formula for nth order Fréchet differentiable functions. The proofs of the main results on generalized Fréchet derivatives are provided.
This document summarizes a research article that reviews integration in Banach spaces, with a focus on the Bochner integral, generalized derivatives, and generalized gradients. It presents key definitions related to strongly measurable functions, the Bochner integral, Lp spaces of functions from an interval to a Banach space, generalized derivatives, and monotone operators. It also states theorems regarding Banach and Hilbert space properties, generalized derivative properties under weak convergence, and finite extensions of the Bochner integral for sums and products. The main results develop these finite extensions of the Bochner integral.
This document presents several theorems regarding the existence, uniqueness, and extendibility of solutions to ordinary differential equation systems. It begins by introducing Peano's theorem on existence of solutions and Picard-Lindelof theorem on uniqueness of solutions locally. It then discusses extension theorems which aim to extend local solutions to open connected domains. The main results section discusses using extension theorems to show existence of solutions on the entire positive real line by extending solutions from finite intervals to infinity.
On The Generalized Topological Set Extension Results Using The Cluster Point ...BRNSS Publication Hub
In this work, we seek generalized finite extensions for a set of real numbers in the topological space through the cluster point approach. Basically, we know that in the topological space, a point is said to be a cluster point of a subset X if and only if every open set containing the point say x contains another point of x1 different from x. This concept with the aid basic known ideas on set theory was carefully used in the definition of linear, radial, and circular types of operators which played the major roles in realizing generalized extension results as in our main results of section three.
1) The document presents results on generalized topological set extensions using the cluster point approach. It defines key concepts like cluster points, interior points, and closure.
2) It introduces three types of topological operators - linear, radial, and circular - and proves extension theorems using these operators.
3) The main result (Theorem 3.1) proves that if the cluster points of a set X form a nonempty set, then the closure of X is equal to the union of X and its cluster points.
This document provides an overview and proofs of several theorems related to the Hahn-Banach theorem. It begins with an introduction to linear functionals and the Hahn-Banach theorem. It then presents two main theorems - the Hahn-Banach theorem and the topological Hahn-Banach theorem. The document provides proofs of these theorems and several related theorems using the Hahn-Banach extension lemma. It also discusses consequences of the Hahn-Banach extension form and provides proofs of the theorems using the lemma.
This document provides an overview of preliminary topological concepts needed for applied mathematics. It defines topological spaces and metric spaces, and introduces key topological notions like open and closed sets, bases for topologies, convergence of sequences, accumulation points, interior and closure of sets, and dense sets. Metric spaces are shown to induce a natural topological structure, though not all topologies come from a metric. Examples are provided to illustrate various definitions and properties.
1. The chain rule describes how to take the derivative of a function composed of other functions. It states that if z = f(x, y) and x and y are functions of t, then the derivative of z with respect to t is the sum of the partial derivatives multiplied by the derivatives of x and y with respect to t.
2. The chain rule is applied to find the derivative of two example functions, w = xy and w = xy + z, with respect to t along given paths for x, y, and z in terms of t.
3. The chain rule is generalized to the case of a function u of n variables, where each variable is a function of m other variables
This document is a project report submitted by a student for a Bachelor of Science degree in Mathematics. It provides an introduction to the field of topology. The report includes a title page, certificate, declaration, acknowledgements, table of contents, and several chapters. The introduction defines topology and provides some examples. It states that the project aims to provide a thorough grounding in general topology.
This document summarizes research on extending the domain of fixed point solutions to ordinary differential equations. It begins with definitions of fixed points and extendability. The Peano and Picard-Lindelof theorems are used to prove local existence and uniqueness of fixed points. Several theorems are presented to establish conditions under which a fixed point defined on a finite interval can be extended to the endpoints of that interval or beyond. Specifically, if the vector field is bounded and limits exist at the endpoints, the fixed point can be extended. The results ensure extendability to infinite intervals under boundedness assumptions. Extendability is key to studying existence of fixed points on the half line R+.
This document summarizes research on extending the domain of fixed point solutions to ordinary differential equations. It begins with definitions of fixed points and extendability. The Peano and Picard-Lindelof theorems are used to prove local existence and uniqueness of fixed points. Several theorems are presented to establish conditions under which a fixed point defined on a finite interval can be extended to the endpoints of the interval. Specifically, if the vector field is bounded and limits exist at the endpoints, the fixed point can be extended. The results are applied to extend fixed points defined on finite intervals to the entire positive real line.
On the Fixed Point Extension Results in the Differential Systems of Ordinary ...BRNSS Publication Hub
This document summarizes research on extending the domain of fixed points for ordinary differential equations. It begins with definitions of fixed points and extendability. It then establishes several theorems on extending fixed points, including using Peano's theorem on existence and Picard-Lindelof theorem on uniqueness to extend fixed points over open connected domains where the vector field is continuous. The document proves that if a fixed point is bounded on its domain and the limits at the endpoints exist, then the fixed point can be extended to those endpoints. It concludes by discussing extending fixed points defined on intervals to the whole positive real line using boundedness conditions.
1) Fourier series and integrals are used to represent periodic functions as an infinite sum or integral of sines and cosines. They are useful for solving differential equations.
2) The Fourier series of a periodic function f(x) with period T is the sum of its coefficients multiplied by sines and cosines of integer multiples of x/T. The coefficients are calculated using integrals involving f(x).
3) Half range expansions like half range cosines (HRC) and half range sines (HRS) are used when f(x) is defined on a finite interval, by extending it to a periodic function on the entire real line.
Existance Theory for First Order Nonlinear Random Dfferential Equartioninventionjournals
In this paper, the existence of a solution of nonlinear random differential equation of first order is proved under Caratheodory condition by using suitable fixed point theorem. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification: 34F05, 47H10, 47H4
1) The document discusses the existence of solutions for a nonlinear fractional differential equation with an integral boundary condition. It considers equations defined on the interval [0,T] with values in the space of continuous functions C[0,T].
2) It introduces relevant definitions, lemmas, and theorems for fractional calculus and fixed point theory. It then proves that solutions exist based on the Ascoli-Arzela theorem and Schauder-Tychonoff fixed point theorem.
3) The main result provides an explicit formula for the solution in terms of integrals involving the functions defining the fractional differential equation and the boundary conditions. Existence is established by showing the solution map is a contraction.
A Solution Manual And Notes For Kalman Filtering Theory And Practice Using ...Daniel Wachtel
This document contains notes and solutions for a book on Kalman filtering. It includes notes on chapters explaining linear dynamic systems and derivations of fundamental solutions and state transition matrices for differential equations like dy/dt=0 and d2y/dt2=0. The author provides complete solutions to problems at the end of chapters and welcomes feedback to improve the notes.
This document discusses three methods for finding the roots of nonlinear equations:
1) Bisection method, which converges linearly but is guaranteed to find a root.
2) Newton's method, which converges quadratically (much faster) but may diverge if the starting point is too far from the root.
3) Secant method, which is faster than bisection but slower than Newton's, and also requires starting points close to the root. Newton's and secant methods can be extended to systems of nonlinear equations.
Existence of Extremal Solutions of Second Order Initial Value Problemsijtsrd
In this paper existence of extremal solutions of second order initial value problems with discontinuous right hand side is obtained under certain monotonicity conditions and without assuming the existence of upper and lower solutions. Two basic differential inequalities corresponding to these initial value problems are obtained in the form of extremal solutions. And also we prove uniqueness of solutions of given initial value problems under certain conditions. A. Sreenivas ""Existence of Extremal Solutions of Second Order Initial Value Problems"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25192.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/mathemetics/other/25192/existence-of-extremal-solutions-of-second-order-initial-value-problems/a-sreenivas
This document discusses the chain rule for functions of multiple variables. It begins by reviewing the chain rule for single-variable functions, then extends it to functions of more variables. The chain rule is presented for cases where the dependent variable z is a function of intermediate variables x and y, which are themselves functions of independent variables s and t. General formulas are given using partial derivatives. Examples are worked out, such as finding the derivative of a function defined implicitly by an equation. Diagrams are used to illustrate the relationships between variables.
On Application of Unbounded Hilbert Linear Operators in Quantum MechanicsBRNSS Publication Hub
This research work presents an important Banach space in functional analysis which is known and called
Hilbert space. We verified the crucial operations in this space and their applications in physics, particularly
in quantum mechanics. The operations are restricted to the unbounded linear operators densely defined
in Hilbert space which is the case of prime interest in physics, precisely in quantum machines. Precisely,
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On Generalized Classical Fréchet Derivatives in the Real Banach Space
1. www.ajms.com 1
ISSN 2581-3463
RESEARCH ARTICLE
On Generalized Classical Fréchet Derivatives in the Real Banach Space
Chigozie Emmanuel Eziokwu
Department of Mathematics, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria
Received: 01-08-2020; Revised: 20-09-2020; Accepted: 10-10-2020
ABSTRACT
In this work, we reviewed the Fréchet derivatives beginning with the basic definitions and touching most
of the important basic results. These results include among others the chain rule, mean value theorem, and
Taylor’s formula for differentiation. Obviously, having clarified that the Fréchet differential operators
exist in the real Banach domain and that the operators are clearly continuous, we then in the last section
for main results developed generalized results for the Fréchet derivatives of the chain rule, mean value
theorem, and Taylor’s formula among others which become highly useful in the analysis of generalized
Banach space problems and their solutions in Rn
.
Key words: Banach space, continuity, Fréchet derivatives, mean value theorem, Taylor’s formula
2010 Mathematics Subject Classification: 46BXX, 46B25
Address for correspondence:
Chigozie Emmanuel Eziokwu
E-mail: okereemm@yahoo.com
THE USUAL FRECHET DERIVATIVES
Given x a fixed point in a Banach space X and Y another Banach space, a continuous linear operator
S: X→Y is called the Frechet derivative of the operator T: X→Y at x if
T x x T x S x x x
,
and
lim
,
x
x x
x
0
0
Or equivalently,
lim
x
T x x T x S x
x
0
0
This derivative is usually denoted by dT (x) or
T x and T is Frechet differentiable on its domain if
T x exists at every point of the domain as in Abdul[1]
and Argyros[2]
.
Remark: If X = R, Y = R, then the classical derivative
f x of real function f: R→R at x
f x
f x x f x
x
x
lim
0
Is a number representing the slope of the graph of the function f at x where the Frechet derivative of f is
not a number but a linear operator on R into R. Existence of
f x implies the existence of the Frechet
derivative[3]
as the two are related by
f x x f x f x x x g x
2. Eziokwu: Generalized classical fréchet derivatives
AJMS/Oct-Dec-2020/Vol 4/Issue 4 2
While S is the operator which multiplies every δx by the number
f x . In elementary calculus the
derivative at x is a local approximation of f in the neighborhood of x while the Frechet derivative is
interpreted as the best local linear approximation. It is clear from definition that if T is linear, then the
Frechet derivative is linear as well, that is,
dT x T x
THEOREM 1.1:[4]
If an operator has the Frechet derivative at a point, then it has the Gateaux derivative at that point and
both derivatives have equal values.
THEOREM 1.2:[5]
Let Ω be an open subset of X and T Y
: have Frechet derivative at an arbitrary point a of Ω. Then
T is continuous at a. This means that every Frechet differentiable operator defined on an open subset of
a Banach space is continuous.
THEOREM 1.3(CHAIN RULE):[1,6]
Let A, B, and C be real Banach spaces. If S: A→B and T: B→C are Frechet differentiable at x and
U x T S x S x . Then, the higher order Frechet derivatives for real U = To
S can successively be
generated iteratively such that
U x T S x S x
n n n
For n ≥ 2 and integer.
THEOREM 1.5 (IMPLICIT FUNCTION THEOREM)[1,7,8]
Suppose that X, Y, and Z are Banach spaces, C an open subset of X×Y and T: C→Z is continuous, suppose
further that for some x y C
1 1
,
i. T x y
1 1 0
,
ii. The Frechet derivative of T (.,.) when x is fixed is denoted by Ty
(x, y) called the partial Frechet derivative
with respect to y, exists at each point in a neighborhood of (x1
, y1
) and is continuous at (x, y).
iii. T x y B z y
y 1 1
1
, ,
then there is an open subset of X containing x and a unique continuous
mapping y: D→Y such that T(x, y (x)) = 0 and y(x1
)=y1
Corollary 1.6: If in addition to theorem 1.5 Tx
(x, y) also exists in the open set, and is continuous at
(x1
, y1
). Then, F: x→y (x) has Frechet derivative at x1
given by
F x T x y T x y
y x
1 1
1
1 1
, ,
THEOREM 1.7 (Taylor’s Formula for differentiation)[1,9,10]
Let T X Y
: and let a a x
,
be any closed segment lying in Ω. If T is Frechet differentiable at
a, then
T a x T a x x x
x
x
lim
0
0
and
T a h T a T a x T a x x x
x
x
1
2
0
2
0
lim
For twice differentiable functions.
3. Eziokwu: Generalized classical fréchet derivatives
AJMS/Oct-Dec-2020/Vol 4/Issue 4 3
MAIN RESULTS ON GENERALIZED FRECHET DERIVATIVES
Let x be a fixed point in the real Banach space. Also let the continuous linear operator S: X→Y be a real
Frechet derivative of the operator T: X→Y such that
lim
x
T x x T x S x
x
0
0
Then, the higher order Frechet derivative successively can be generated in an iterative manner such that
lim
x
i
i
n
i
i
n
i
i
n
T x x T x x S x
0
1 1
1
1
i
i
i
n
i
i
n
x
4. 1
1
n≥2 and an integer.
THEOREM 2.1 (CHAIN RULE): Let A, B, and C be a unitary spaces, if S: A→B and T: B→C are
Frechet differentiable at z and
u x u s x s x
. Then, the higher order Frechet derivative for
U x
n
can be generated with U S T
= generating n n
z U z
if and only if
lim
z
i
i
n
i
i
n
i
i
i
i
n
U z z U z z z
1
0
1 1
1
1
n
n
i
i
n
x
1
lim
x
i
i
n
i
i
n
i
i
n
S T x x S T x x
1
0
1 1
1
x
x
i
i
n
i
i
n
1
1
THEOREM 2.2 [Generalized Frechet Mean Value theorem]: Let T: A→B where A is an open convex
set containing a, b, and c is a normed space. T n x
exists for each a a b
, and T x
n
1
is continuous
on [a, b], then
T b T a T a T b T a
n n
x a b
n n n
1 1 2 2
,
sup
THEOREM 2.3 [Generalized Implicit function theorem]
Suppose that A, B, and C are real Banach spaces, D is an open subset of A×B and T: D→C is continuous.
Suppose further that for some a b D
,
, then
i. T a b
n
, 0
ii. The nthFrechet derivative of T (.,.) where x is fixed and denoted by T a b
b
n
1 1 1
, called the nth
partial
derivative with respect to b exists at each point in a neighborhood of (a1
, b1
) and is continuous at a1
, b1
iii. T a b B C B
x
n
1 1
1
, , then there is a subset E of A containing a1
and a unique continuous
mapping S: E→C such that T a b a
n
1 1 1 0
, and S a b
n
1 1
5. Eziokwu: Generalized classical fréchet derivatives
AJMS/Oct-Dec-2020/Vol 4/Issue 4 4
Corollary 2.4: If the addition to conditions of theorem 2.3, T a b
a
n
1
, also exists on the open set, and
is continuous at (a1
, b1
), then F: a→b (a) has the nth Frechet derivative at a1
given by
F a T a b T a b
n
n
n
a
n
1
1
1
1
1 1
, ,
THEOREM 2.5 [Taylors formula for nth Frechet differentiable functions]
Let T X Y
: and a a n x
,
be any closed segment lying in Ω. If T is differentiable in Ω and nth
differentiable at a, then
T a n x T a T a x T a x x
n
T x x
n n n n
1
2
1
!
x
where
lim
x
x
0
PROOF OF MAIN RESULTS
Proof of Theorem 2.1 (chain rule)
Let x x X
, and suppose Un
(x) can be generated with U S T
= such that the generalized Frechet
derivative
n n
i
i
n
i
i
n
x U x U x x U x
T S x
11. 1
where
x S x x S x
i
i
n
i
i
n
i
i
n
1 1 1
Thus
U x x U x T x x z
i i
i
n
n
1
0
since
x S x x x
i
i
n
n
i
i
n
1 1
We get
U x x U x T x S x x
U x x
i
i
n
i
i
n
n n
i
i
n
1 1
0
1
U x T y x T y S x x
i
i
n
n n n
1
In view of the fact that S is continuous at x, we obtain
x x
i
i
n
1
12. Eziokwu: Generalized classical fréchet derivatives
AJMS/Oct-Dec-2020/Vol 4/Issue 4 5
therefore
n n
x
i
i
n
i
i
n
x x
S T x x S T x x
i
i
n
lim
1
0
1 1
1
1
1
1
13. x
x
i
i
n
i
i
n
conversely
lim
x
i
i
n
i
i
n
i
i
n
S T x x S T x x x
1
0
1 1
1
i
i
i
n
i
i
n
x
1
1
implies
T S x x T S x
T S x x x
i
i
n
i
i
n
i i
i
n
1
1 1
T S x x
i
i
n
i
i
n
1 1
and
T S x x S T x
T S x x x
i
i
n
i
i
n
i
i
n
1
1
1
1
T S x x
i
i
n
i
i
n
1 1
lim
x
i i
i
n
i
i
n
i
T S x x T S x x x
0
1
1
1
x
x
x x
i
i
n
x
i
i
n
i
x
i
i n
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
lim lim By L'H
Hospital Rule
Hence, U x x
n n
is Frechet differentiable and the proof is complete.
PROOF OF THE GENERALIZED FRECHET MEAN VALUE THEOREM
Let T: K→B where K an open convex set containing is a and b. B is a normal space and T x
n
exists
for each x in [a, b] and
T x is continuous in [a, b] such that
T b T a T x b a
x a b
,
sup
Then by induction for the nth complex iterative Frechet derivative of T, the mean value theorem becomes
T b T a T x T b T a
n n
x a b
n n n
1 1 2 2
,
sup
Proof of Theorem 2.3 [generalized implicit function theorem]
For the sake of convenience, we may take x1
= 0 and x2 0
*
= . let
A T B C B
x
n
2
1
0 0
, ,
14. Eziokwu: Generalized classical fréchet derivatives
AJMS/Oct-Dec-2020/Vol 4/Issue 4 6
Since D is an open set containing 0 0
,
, we find that
D D x C x x D
x
1 2 1 2
,
For all sufficiently small say x1 . For each x1 having this property, we define a function S x x
n
1
1 2
,
D C
x1
→ by S x x x FT x x
n n
1
1 2 2
2
1 2
, , . To prove the theorem, we must prove the existence of a
fixed point for S x x
n
1
1 2
, under the condition that x1 is sufficiently small. Continuity of the mapping
x x x
1 2 1
and x x x
2 1 2
*
. Now,
S x x U U T x x U
x
n
x
2 2
1
1 2 1 2
, ,
and
FF FTx
n
1 1
2
0 0
,
Therefore, assumptions on T(n−1)
guarantees the existence of S(n−1)
(x1
, x2
) for sufficiently small x1 and
x2 and
S x x U F T T x x U
n
x
n
x
n
1
1 2
1 1
1 2
2 2
0 0
, , ,
hence
S x x F T T x x
n
x
n
x
n
1
1 2
1 1
1 2
2 2
0 0
, , ,
Since, Tx
n
2
1
is continuous at (0, 0) there exists a constant L 0 such that
S x x L
n
1
1 2
, (3.3.1)
Or sufficiently small x1 and x2 , we say that x1 1
and x2 2
. Since T n
1
is continuous at
(0, 0), there exists an ε ≤ ε1
such that
S x FT x L
n n
1
1 0 1 0 2 1
, , (3.3.2)
For all x1
with x1 . We now show that S x
n
1
1,. maps the closed ball S x B x
n
1
2 2 2
0
into itself. For this let x1 and x2 2
. Then by the Mean Value theorem and (3.3.1), (3.3.2), we
have
S x x S x x S x S x
n n n n
1
1 2
1
1 2
1
1
1
0 1
0 0
, , , ,
s
sup *
, ,
S x x x S x L L
x
n n
2 2
1 2 2
1
1 2 2
0 1
Therefore, for x S x S
n n
1
1
1
1
2
0
, ,. : . Also for x x S
2 2 2
0
* **
, ;
we obtain by the mean value
theorem of section 2.2 and equation (3.3.1)
S x x S x x S x x x x
n n
x x
n
1
1 2
1
1 2
1
1 2 2
2 2 2
, , ,
* ** sup *
2
2 2 2
** * **
L x x
The Banach contraction mapping theorem guarantees that for each x1
with x1 there exists a unique
x x S n
2 1
1
2
0
such that
x x S x x x x x FT x x x
n n
2 1
1
1 2 1 2 1
1
1 2 1
, ,
That is,
T x x x
n
1
1 2 1 0
,
15. Eziokwu: Generalized classical fréchet derivatives
AJMS/Oct-Dec-2020/Vol 4/Issue 4 7
By the uniqueness of x2
, we have that x2
(0) = 0 since
T n
1
0 0 0
,
Finally, we show that x x x
1 2 1
is continuous for if x1
*
and x1
**
, and then selecting
x x x x
2
0
1 2 1
, **
and x S x x
n
2
1
1 2
0
* *
,
. We have by the error bound for fixed point iteration on the
mapping S x
n
1
1,.
x x x x
L
x x
2 1 2 1 2
0
2
1
1
** *
We can write
x x x x S x x x
S x x x
n
n
2
0
2 2 1
1
1 2 1
1
1 2 1
* ** * **
* **
,
,
T x x x
F T x x x T x x x
n
n n
1
1 2 1
1
1 2 1
1
1 2 1
* **
* **
,
, , *
**
Therefore, by continuity of T x x x x
n
1
2 1 2 1
, ** **
can be made arbitrary small for x x
1 1
** *
− sufficiently
small and hence the proof.
Proof of Corollary 2.4
We set x x x
1 1 1
*
and G x F x x
n n
1 1 1
*
. Then G n
0 0 and
G x T x x x
T x x
n
x
n
x
n
1
1
1
1 2
1
1
1
1 2
2
2
* *
* *
,
1
1
1 2 1
1
1
1
1 2 1
2 1
T x x x G x T x x x
x
n n
x
n
, ,
* * *
and
T x x x G x T x x x
T
x
n n
x
n
n
2 1
1
1 2 1
1
1
1
1 2 1
1
, ,
* * *
x x x G x x T x x
T G
n n
x
n
1 1 2
1
1 1
1
1 2
1
2
* * * * * *
, ,
n
n
x
n
x x x x
1
1
1
1 2 1
1
* *
,
If O1
, O2
are numbers in (0,1), then
T x x x G x T x x x
T
x
n n
x
n
x
2 1
1
1
1 2 1
1
1
1
1 2 1
, ,
sup
* * *
n
n n
x
n
x O x x O G x T x x x
1
1 1 1 2 2
1
1
1
1 2 1
1
* * * * * *
, ,
O O x
n n
x
n
T x O x x O G x T x
1 2 1 2
1
1 1 1 2 2
1
1
1
1
sup * * * *
, ,
x
x G x
n
2
2
1
* *
Thus applying continuity od Tx
n
1
1
, Tx
n
2
1
for 0, we find that
such that on x x
1 1
*
, we
have
16. Eziokwu: Generalized classical fréchet derivatives
AJMS/Oct-Dec-2020/Vol 4/Issue 4 8
G x T x x T x x x
T
n
x
n
x
n
x
1
1
1
1 2
1
1
1 2 1
2 1
* * * *
, ,
2
2 2 1
1
1 2
1
1
1 2
1
1
1
1
n
x
n
x
n
x x T x x T x
* * * *
, ,
*
* * *
,
,
x x
T x x
x
n
2 1
1
1 2
1
1 2
The coefficient of
*
1
∆x can be as small as required as x1 0
*
. Thus,
F x F x T x x T x x x
n n
x
n
x
n
1 1
1
1 2
1
1
1 1 1
2 1
** *
, ,
x x x
2 1 1
* *
Hence,
F x T x x T x x
n n
x
n
1
1
1 2
1
1
1 2
2
* * *
, ,
Proof of Taylor’s formula for nth Frechet differentiable function
The proof of this theorem can be generated as in Carton[11]
and Nasheed.[12]
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