Oil or Crude oil is the remains of antiquated plants and animals, compressed profound within the soil into fluid strings of hydrogen and carbon. Ancient Greeks gave it the title petroleum, from the Greek "petra" meaning rock, and "oleum" meaning oil. crude oil and petroleum fossil fuels because they are mixtures of hydrocarbons that formed from the remains of animals and plants (diatoms) that lived millions of years ago in a marine environment before the existence of dinosaurs Over millions of years, the remains of these animals and plants were covered by layers of sand, silt, and rock. Heat and pressure from these layers turned the remains into. Oil is an ancient fossil fuel that we use to heat our homes, generate electricity, and power large sectors of our economy. But when oil accidentally spills into the ocean, it can cause big problems. Oil spills can harm sea creatures, ruin a day at the beach, and make seafood unsafe to eat. It takes sound science to clean up the oil, measure the impacts of pollution, and help the ocean recover. Inhalation of vapor, touching oil slicks and consuming contaminated sea food Exposure may cause neurological, acute toxic effects, ocular (eye) and also problems of respiratory system. People living in effected areas showed nausea, throat infections, nose and eye irritations etc along with migraines and headaches. Ingestion of oil produces in sea food is dangerous as oil products having polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). These are human carcinogens.

1. Treatment and Recycled of
Spill Oil
Associate Professor
Institute of Marine Sciences.
University of Chittagong. Chittagong.

2. Oil or Crude Oil??
Oil or Crude oil is the remains of antiquated plants
and animals, compressed profound within the soil
into fluid strings of hydrogen and carbon.
Ancient Greeks gave it the title petroleum, from the Greek
"petra" meaning rock, and "oleum" meaning oil. crude oil and
petroleum fossil fuels because they are mixtures of
hydrocarbons that formed from the remains of animals and
plants (diatoms) that lived millions of years ago in a marine
environment before the existence of dinosaurs
Over millions of years, the remains of these animals and plants
were covered by layers of sand, silt, and rock. Heat and
pressure from these layers turned the remains into.

3. Hydrocarbon
Hydrocarbon, any of a class of organic chemical
compounds composed only of the elements carbon
(C) and hydrogen (H).
The carbon atoms join together to form the
framework of the compound, and the hydrogen
atoms attach to them in many different
configurations.
Hydrocarbons are the principal constituents of
petroleum and natural gas. They serve as fuels and
lubricants as well as raw materials for the production
of plastics, fibers, rubbers, solvents, explosives, and
industrial chemicals

5. OIL REFINERY
An oil refinery is an industrial plant that
transforms, or refines crude oil into various
usable petroleum products such as diesel,
gasoline and heating oils.
Oil refineries essentially serve as the
second stage in the crude oil production
process following the actual extraction of
crude oil up-stream, and refinery services
are considered to be a down-
stream segment of the oil and gas industry
RE-REFINING PROCESS
1. Used Oil Pick-Up
2. Analytic Testing To Ensure Quality
3. Dehydration Removes Unwelcome
Water.
4. Light End Recovery
5. Fuel Stripping
6. Vacuum Distillation
7. Hydro Treating Removes Final
Impurities

6. 1. Used Oil Pick-Up
More than 200 actual million gallons of used oil from auto service centers, fast
lubes, car dealerships and factories arrives at our re-refineries each year. Both
scheduled and emergency pick up service is available. The trucks deliver the used
oil and the recycling process begins.
2. Analytic Testing To Ensure Quality.
Oil from a wide variety of sources may contain chemical or physical contaminants
that are hazardous or prevent that oil from being used in the re-refining process.
Constant testing ensures that our feed stocks are capable of producing the highest
quality end products. Result: premium products and environmentally correct
recycling.
3. Dehydration Removes Unwelcome Water.
Water finds its way into many used oil storage areas, so it’s the first thing we
remove, using a process of evaporation. The water is collected, treated to be
chemically and biologically safe and then discharged.

7. 4. Light End Recovery
Lightweight chemicals are extracted for reuse. With the water removed, the used oil
goes to tall recovery towers where glycol and light fuels are separated and collected.
By product: glycol is eventually reprocessed as a finished automotive grade product
5. Fuel Stripping
Heavier fuels are removed for industrial use. The used oil is now subjected to heat
and vacuum processes which extract middleweight oils. By product: fuel for
industrial heating.
6. Vacuum Distillation
Heavy materials are reclaimed for multiple uses. The heaviest impurities are
removed in a complex series of processes. The used oil is actually vaporized in an
extreme vacuum and then condensed. Different materials are then separated from the
oil. By product: heavy oil for industrial use, such as asphalt extenders, which are
made from the heaviest residual material.

8. Oil Spill

9. Oil is an ancient fossil fuel that we use to heat our homes, generate
electricity, and power large sectors of our economy. But
when oil accidentally spills into the ocean, it can cause big problems.
Oil spills can harm sea creatures, ruin a day at the beach, and make
seafood unsafe to eat. It takes sound science to clean up the oil,
measure the impacts of pollution, and help the ocean recover.

12. How and where do oil spills happen?
Oil spills that happen in rivers, bays and the ocean most often are caused by
accidents involving tankers, barges, pipelines, refineries, drilling rigs and
storage facilities, but also occur from recreational boats and in marinas.
Spills can be caused by:
 people making mistakes or being careless
 equipment breaking down
 natural disasters such as hurricanes, storm surge or high winds
 deliberate acts by terrorists, acts of war, vandals or illegal dumping.

14. Effect of Oil Spill on Local Industries

15. Adverse Effect of Oil Spill on Human Health

16. Adverse Effect of Oil Spill on Marine Life
Most oils float on the oceans’ saltwater or freshwater from rivers and lakes. Oil usually spreads
out rapidly across the water’s surface to form a thin oil slick. As the oil continues spreading, the
slick becomes thinner and thinner, finally becoming a very thin sheen, which often looks like a
rainbow.
• Oil spills can be very harmful to marine birds, sea turtles and mammals, and also can harm
fish and shellfish.
• Oil destroys the insulating ability of fur-bearing mammals.
• Many birds and animals also swallow oil and are poisoned
• Fish and shellfish can also digest oil, which could cause changes in reproduction, growth
rates or even death
• Commercially important species oysters, shrimp, mahi-mahi, grouper, swordfish and tuna
also could suffer population declines or become too contaminated.

17. Adverse Effect of Oil Spill on Marine Life
(Vegetation)
• Oil spills also have impacts on vegetation.
• Oil reaching the root areas of plants may be
harmful
• However, a thick coating of oil on the leaves
does almost no damage if it occurs outside the
growing season.
• Loss of sea grasses and other vegetation is
harmful as these are food supplies for
organisms.
• Living coral is also vulnerable to oil slicks. If
the living coral dies, then the reef of coral can
be destroyed by wave erosion. This means many
fish and animals lose their homes.

18. Adverse Effect of Oil Spill on Marine Life
(Mangroves)
• Are salt tolerant tress and shrubs and provide habitat for sea birds,
crabs, oysters, breeding ground for birds, Their complex root system
stabilizes and sediment, preventing soil erosion.
• They are vulnerable to oil spills as they obtain oxygen through
lenticels on aerial roots, which may become clogged and stop oxygen
supply.
• Toxic components in oil may also upset plants mechanism of
maintaining salt balance.
• There may be long term loss of habitat .

19. Adverse Effect of Oil Spill on Marine Life
(Sea Birds)
• Spend more time on or near effected shores.
• Oil causes feathers to collapse and matt. This may–
1. The insulation properties of feathers and down.
2. This can severely hamper the ability of birds to fly.
3. A breakdown in the water proofing and thermal insulation provided
by the feathers, causing hypothermia.
4. Seabirds lose buoyancy, sink and drown because of increased
weight or lack of air trapped in the feathers.
5. Body weight decreases quickly as the metabolism attempts to
counteract low body temperature.

20. Adverse Effect of Oil Spill on Marine Life
(Marine Mammals)
These include sea otters, sea lions, seals, walruses, sea cows (dugongs),
dolphins, porpoises and whales • Marine mammals are vulnerable to oil
spills because of their amphibious habits and their dependence on air •
They show migratory behaviors hence they show lesser impact due to
oil spills as compared to other animals • The rough skin surface, body
hair and grooming habits of some species increase the possibility of oil
contact, ingestion and associated toxicological effects.

21. Long Term Impacts
• Oil sinks and can have damaging effects on fragile underwater ecosystems, killing/
contaminating many fish and smaller organisms that are essential links in the global food
chain.
• Unbalanced Food Web When oil spills happen around breeding season, like the gulf oil
disaster, egg and larval populations are diminished or wiped out, effecting food web.
• Decreased Fish and Wildlife Populations -Herring population collapsed 4 years after the
1989 Exxon Valdez oil disaster that the herring population collapsed. Twenty years later, it
is still has not recovered.
• Decline in Recreation - Gulf states that relied on fishing and recreation have been
deprived of both from May to August, and state park closures dealt a serious blow to
tourism.

22. Spilled Oil Clean-up Method.
1. Chemical Method
1. Dispersants.
2. Physical Method
1. In-situ Burning
3. Biological Method
1. Bioremediation
4. Mechanical Method
1. Booms
2. Sorbents
3. Skimmers

23. Dispersants.
1. Dispersion of oil using either chemical or mineral additives can be an
effective way to enhance the natural biodegradation process for
removing oil from the environment in the case of a spill.
2. Dispersant are an effective solution in arctic environments.
3. Oil is naturally dispersed in water when waves and wind are strong
enough to break an oil slick into tiny droplets that mix into the water
below.
4. The extent to which this dispersion occurs depends on the type of oil
and the amount of "mixing energy" provided by wind and waves.
5. Chemical and mineral products, called dispersants, can enhance this
natural process to help reduce the effects of spills.

24. Mechanism of Dispersants.
An oil dispersant is a mixture of
emulsifiers and solvents that helps
break oil into small droplets
following an oil spill. Small
droplets are easier to disperse
throughout a water volume, and
small droplets may be more
readily biodegraded by microbes

25. Mechanism of In-situ Burning.
1. In-situ Burning is a response option that has proven safe and effective for
removing oil in the case of an oil spill.
2. In-situ burning (ISB) is a process that transforms oil into its primary
combustion products of water and carbon dioxide.
3. ISB is less labour intensive than other recovery techniques and requires
minimal equipment.
4. It has the advantage of being more versatile in its application, as it can be
applied in regions where there is a lack of infrastructure or where habitats are
particularly sensitive.
5. The presence of colder temperatures and calmer conditions may increase the
window of opportunity for the effective use of ISB

26. Mechanism of In-situ Burning.

27. Mechanism of Bioremediation.
1. Bioremediation is the application of nutrients (fertilizers containing nitrogen
and phosphorous) to the shoreline to accelerate the natural biodegradation of
the oil.
2. Oil biodegradation is the natural process by which micro-organism oxidizes
hydrocarbons, ultimately converting them to carbon dioxide and water.
3. The process is limited by the availability of oxygen, moisture and nutrients
needed by microbes.
4. The use of non-native bacteria is not recommended as most areas have
indigenous bacteria that are capable of degrading oil.
5. Bioremediation is typically used as a final treatment step after completing
conventional shoreline treatment or in areas where other methods are not
possible or recommended.

28. Mechanism of Bioremediation.

29. A containment boom is a temporary floating
barrier that is used to hold oil spills. Booms are
used to help reduce the likelihood of
contaminated coastline and other resources and
to facilitate recovery.
Booms help to condense oil into thicker surface
layers so that skimmers, vacuum or other
collection methods can be used more efficiently.
They come in a variety of shapes and sizes, with
different levels of functionality in different water
conditions
Mechanical Method Booms

30. Sorbents are materials used to absorb oil, and
include peat moss, vermiculate, and clay.
Synthetic varieties – usually plastic foams or
fibers – come in sheets, rolls, or booms.
Because oil-filled sorbents must be collected
and treated, they are most often used on small
spills or as "polishers" after other response
options have been used
Mechanical Method Sorbents

31. A skimmer is a device for recovering spilled oil
from the water's surface.
Skimmers may be self-propelled, used from
shore, or operated from vessels. The efficiency
of skimmers is highly dependent upon
conditions at sea. In moderately rough or
choppy water, skimmers tend to recover more
water than oil.
There are three types of skimmers
1. Weir skimmers
2. Oleophilic ("oil-attracting") skimmers
3. Suction skimmers
Mechanical Method Skimmers

32. Response
strategy for
onshore spill

33. Oil Spill Contingency
Plan (OSCP)
OSCP Provide a framework which draws together the
various resources to deal with any oil pollution incident.

34. Preparations to be made for the
possibility of an oil spill
01
Emergency response arrangements
to be implemented if an oil spill
occurs
02
Recovery arrangements to
be implemented if an oil
spill occurs
03
Current oil spill trajectory
modelling that applies to the
activity
04

35. Immediate response strategy
There are various actions required to respond to a spill incident, one of the most
important being the immediate response strategy.
• An immediate response strategy is an important reference tool that should be
located at the front of an OSCP to allow for easy access by personnel and
provide clear, immediate direction on how to respond to an incident.
• The information within the immediate response strategy should be succinct and
state the actions required to respond to a spill incident until such time that other
resources can be deployed (where required).

36. Immediate response strategy
• This includes the response actions required to minimise/ prevent impacts on the
environment. It is expected that this response will vary from location to location.
• In the immediate response strategy, information can be included
 Define the process for informing other site personnel –
 Define response strategy steps and actions
 Guide on how to use response strategy

37. Prevention
It is necessary to include spill sources and scenarios:
• transfer of hydrocarbons, chemicals, drilling muds
• equipment failure
• blowout
• damage of equipment/infrastructure from corrosion, dropped objects, or
collision
Preparedness
• It is important to understand the environment and sensitivities that are covered
under OSCP
• Its is important to manage a spill in the most effective way and to minimize the
potential environmental risks.

38. Defining and characterizing the classification levels for incidents
Level 1 incidents can be adequately responded to by the application of local or
initial resources only. (ie. the immediate response strategy)
Level 2 incidents are more complex in size, duration, resource management and
risk, and may require additional jurisdictional resources beyond that of the initial
response
Level 3 incidents require further assistance above that of a Level 2 incident and
may require the support of National and International resources.

39. The Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI), developed by RPI's senior
scientists in 1976, has become an integral component of oil-spill contingency
planning , response and coastal resource management in the USA and other
countries worldwide.
Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) maps are used to identify sensitive
shoreline resources prior to an oil spill event in order to set priorities for
protection and plan cleanup strategies. By planning spill response ahead of
time, the impact on the environment can be minimized or prevented.
ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITY INDEX (ESI) MAPPING

40. Environmental Sensitivity Index maps
are basically made up information within
the three following category :

41. EFFECTS OF OIL SPILLS ON LAND
On Flora:-
Crude oil affects germination and growth of some plants.
Crude oil creates anaerobic condition in the soil, results of which are toxic
to plant growth.
On Fauna:-
Volatile components implicated in the aggravation of asthma, bronchitis and
accelerating aging of the lungs.
Affect genetic integrity resulting in carcinogenesis, mutagenesis and
impairment of reproductive capacity.

42. RECOVERY OF LAND OIL SPILL POLLUTION
Inland spills can be very much more difficult to cleanup than marine spills.
A. Bioremediation of Oil Spills on Lands:-
1. In situ:-
This technology embraces the use of aerobic micro organisms to degrade
the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PHC) and other derivatives to carbon
dioxide and water, or other less toxic intermediates in the site of origin.
B. Phytoremediation
• This is an approach in which plants are used in cleanup of contaminated
environments.
• Plants resistant to crude oil toxicity such as black poplar and willows,
miscanthus grass (elephant grass)
• Dioscorea sp can metabolise petroleum hydrocarbons such as n-hexadecane.

43. TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN OIL
• Light weight components (bp< 150°C):
High acute toxicity, e.g., benzene, toluene, xylene
• Medium weight components (bp: 150-450°C):
Moderate acute and chronic toxicity , e.g., naphthalene
• High weight components( bp> 450°C):
Moderate acute toxicity
High chronic toxicity, e.g., benzopyrene

44. LIST OF FOUR MAJOR OIL SPILL IN HISTORY
• The Torrey canyon oil spill - march 18, 1967.
25 - 36 million gallons
• The sea star oil spill - December 19, 1972.
35.3 million gallons
• Odyssey oil spill - November 10, 1988.
40.7 million gallons
• M/T haven tanker oil spill - April 11, 1991.
45 million gallons