This document discusses occupational health and occupational hazards. It defines occupational health as promoting worker health and preventing job-related illness. It describes how work should be adapted to fit workers physically and psychologically. Common occupational hazards include physical (noise, radiation, etc.), chemical (metals, dusts, gases), biological (infections), and psychological risks. Specific diseases and injuries from these exposures are outlined, such as pneumoconiosis from inhaling dusts, lead poisoning, cancer, and dermatitis. Prevention strategies include exposure control, protective equipment, training, and health monitoring of workers.
n occupational disease is a disease or disorder that is caused by the work or working conditions. This means that the disease must have developed due to exposures in the workplace and that the correlation between the exposures and the disease is well known in medical research.
An occupational hazard is a hazard experienced in the workplace. Occupational hazards can encompass many types of hazards, including chemical hazards, biological hazards (biohazards), psychosocial hazards, and physical hazards. In the United States, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) conduct workplace investigations and research addressing workplace health and safety hazards resulting in guidelines. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) establishes enforceable standards to prevent workplace injuries and illnesses.
n occupational disease is a disease or disorder that is caused by the work or working conditions. This means that the disease must have developed due to exposures in the workplace and that the correlation between the exposures and the disease is well known in medical research.
An occupational hazard is a hazard experienced in the workplace. Occupational hazards can encompass many types of hazards, including chemical hazards, biological hazards (biohazards), psychosocial hazards, and physical hazards. In the United States, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) conduct workplace investigations and research addressing workplace health and safety hazards resulting in guidelines. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) establishes enforceable standards to prevent workplace injuries and illnesses.
Occupational health and occupational hazards by Dr. Sonam AggarwalDr. Sonam Aggarwal
• "Occupational health should aim at the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations;
• the prevention among workers of departures from health caused by their working conditions;
• the protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to health;
• the placing and maintenance of the worker in an occupational environment adapted to his physiological and psychological equipment, and,
• to summarize, the adaptation of work to man and of each man to his job.”
The Joint ILO/WHO Committee on Occupational Health,1995
Services entrusted with essentially preventive functions and responsible for advising employers, workers, and their representatives in the undertaking of the requirements for establishing and maintaining a safe and healthy working environment, which will facilitate optimal physical and mental health in relation to work and the adaptation of work to the capabilities of workers in light of their state of physical and mental health.
The ILO estimates that only 5-10% of workers in developing countries and 20-50% of those in industrialized countries have access to adequate OHSs.
Further, the levels of OHS coverage have not changed significantly over the last 10 years.
Occupational Health is the promotion and maintenance of
the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being
of workers in all occupations by preventing departures from
health, controlling risks and the adaptation of work to
people, and people to their jobs
Industrialization is a multifaceted phenomenon that have positive and negative impacts on health which includes: Economic Growth,
Technology, Population Growth
Urbanization. The extremely committed, wellinformed, well-funded, devolved and democratically responsive forms of local government and redistributive resources and authority of the central state is essential for effective management.
Accept industry not as an end in itself but as a means to the upliftment of social, economic and spiritual well-being.
According to WHO, Ergonomics is defined as “ that branch of community medicine, which deals with the study of health promotion, health protection & maintenance of highest degree of physical, mental & social well-being of workers in all occupations”
It is the study of humans at work in order to understand the complex relationship among people, machines, job demands and work methods in order to minimize gaps between task demands and human capacities in activities of work and daily living. [Maxcy-public health]
Ergonomics as the science of “designing the job to fit the worker, instead of forcing the worker to fit the job. [International Ergonomics Society]
Occupational health and occupational hazards by Dr. Sonam AggarwalDr. Sonam Aggarwal
• "Occupational health should aim at the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations;
• the prevention among workers of departures from health caused by their working conditions;
• the protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to health;
• the placing and maintenance of the worker in an occupational environment adapted to his physiological and psychological equipment, and,
• to summarize, the adaptation of work to man and of each man to his job.”
The Joint ILO/WHO Committee on Occupational Health,1995
Services entrusted with essentially preventive functions and responsible for advising employers, workers, and their representatives in the undertaking of the requirements for establishing and maintaining a safe and healthy working environment, which will facilitate optimal physical and mental health in relation to work and the adaptation of work to the capabilities of workers in light of their state of physical and mental health.
The ILO estimates that only 5-10% of workers in developing countries and 20-50% of those in industrialized countries have access to adequate OHSs.
Further, the levels of OHS coverage have not changed significantly over the last 10 years.
Occupational Health is the promotion and maintenance of
the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being
of workers in all occupations by preventing departures from
health, controlling risks and the adaptation of work to
people, and people to their jobs
Industrialization is a multifaceted phenomenon that have positive and negative impacts on health which includes: Economic Growth,
Technology, Population Growth
Urbanization. The extremely committed, wellinformed, well-funded, devolved and democratically responsive forms of local government and redistributive resources and authority of the central state is essential for effective management.
Accept industry not as an end in itself but as a means to the upliftment of social, economic and spiritual well-being.
According to WHO, Ergonomics is defined as “ that branch of community medicine, which deals with the study of health promotion, health protection & maintenance of highest degree of physical, mental & social well-being of workers in all occupations”
It is the study of humans at work in order to understand the complex relationship among people, machines, job demands and work methods in order to minimize gaps between task demands and human capacities in activities of work and daily living. [Maxcy-public health]
Ergonomics as the science of “designing the job to fit the worker, instead of forcing the worker to fit the job. [International Ergonomics Society]
Occupational health & Toxicology deals with occupational related diseases such as silicosis, siderosis, asbestosis and poising by lead, Manganese, Nickel, Chromium and Magnesium
At the end of this session, you will be able to
1. Define Occupational Health
2. What is the occupational environment?
3. Classify and describe the various occupational hazards causing diseases in workplace.
4. Define Occupational Diseases
5. Classify occupational diseases
6. Describe the etiology, signs/symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of various common occupational diseases
Occupational health:The objective of an occupational health .LalrinchhaniSailo
Occupational health is essentially preventive medicine.The Joint ILO/WHO Committee on Occupational Health, in the course of its first session, held in 1950, gave the following definition: "Occupational health should aim at the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations; the prevention among workers of departures from health caused by their working conditions; the protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to health; the placing and maintenance of the worker in an occupational environment adapted to his physiological and psychological equipment, and, to summarize, the adaptation of work to man and of each man to his job (1).
ERGONOMICS: The term "ergonomics" is derived from the Greek ergon, meaning work and nomos, meaning law. It simply means: "fitting the job to the worker". The object of ergonomics is "to achieve the best mutual adjustment of man and his work, for the improvement of human efficiency and well-being".
HEALTH OF THE WORKER
One of the declared aims of occupational health is to provide a safe occupational environment' in order to safeguard the health of the workers and to step up industrial production.
Occupational environment
By occupational environment is meant the sum or external conditions and influences which prevail at the place of work and which have a bearing on the health of the Working population. Basically, there are three types of interaction in a working environment.
a) Man and physical, chemical and biological agents.
b) Man and machine.
c) Man and man.
MAN AND PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL AGENTS
(1) Physical agents
(2) Chemical agents
MAN AND MACHINE
An industry or factory implies the use of machines driven by power with emphasis on mass production. The
unguarded machines, protruding and moving parts, poor installation of the plant, lack of safety measures are the causes of accidents which is a major problem in industries.
Working for long hours in unphysiological postures is the cause of fatigue, backache, diseases of joints and muscles and impairment of the worker's health and efficiency.
MAN AND MAN
There are numerous psychosocial factors which operate at the place of work. These are the human relationships amongst workers themselves on the one hand, and those in authority over them on the other. In modern occupational health, the emphasis is upon the people, the conditions in which they live and work, their hopes and fears and their attitudes towards their job, their fellow-workers and employers (2).
OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS
An industrial worker may be exposed to five types of hazards, depending upon his occupation:
1. Physical hazards
2. Chemical hazards
3. Biological hazards
4. Mechanical hazards
5. Psychosocial hazards.
Dust is a health hazard producing after a variable period of exposure, a lung disease known as pneumoconiosis. Its main types are silicosis, anthracosis, byssinosis, bagassosis asbastosis, farmer's lung disease.
Silicosis in India: Defining the problem and developing solutions | By Dr. S....Jindal Chest Clinic
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2. INTRODUCTION
Occupational Health ( Joint Committee of ILO & WHO,1950 )
• Promotion & maintenance of the highest degree of physical,
mental & social well-being of workers in all occupations
• Prevention amongst workers of departures of health caused
by their working conditions
• Protection of workers in their employment from risks
resulting from factors adverse to health
• Placing & maintenance of workers in an occupational
environment adapted to his physiological & psychological
equipment
THE ADAPTATION OF WORK TO MAN & OF EACH MAN TO HIS JOB
5/27/2023 2
3. Ergonomics
• “fitting the job to the worker”
• To achieve the best mutual adjustment of man and his work,
for the improvement of human efficiency and well being.
• Application of ergonomics – reduced industrial accidents and
improved overall health and efficiency of workers.
4. Health of the worker
OCCUPATIONAL ENVIRONMENT
• Interactions in a working environment
Man and physical, chemical and biological
agents
Man and machine
Man and man
9. About 10% of accidents in
industry are said to be due to
mechanical causes
• Centre round machinery
• Protruding parts
• Moving parts
Mechanical hazards
5/27/2023 9
10. Factors affect health :
• Frustration
• Lack of job satisfaction
• Insecurity
• Poor human relationships
• Emotional tension
Health effects :
• Psychological and behavioural
changes
• Psychosomatic ill health
Psychological hazards
5/27/2023 10
13. OTHERS
Diseases due to biological
agents
Brucellosis, Ieptospirosis, anthrax,
actinomycosis, hydatidosis, psittacosis,
tetanus, encephalitis, fungal infections,
Occupational cancers Cancer of the skin, lungs and the
bladder
Occupational dermatosis Dermatitis, eczema
Diseases of psychological
origin
Industrial neurosis, hypertension,
peptic ulcer, etc.
5/27/2023 13
14. PNEUMOCONIOSIS
• Pneumons = lungs ; konia = dust
• Group of diseases occuring out of the specific occupation, caused by
inhalation of insoluble dust, over a long period of exposure
• Also knowm as ‘Dust diseases’
• Factors:
o Concentration of dust in the air
o Chemical composition of the dust
o Size of the dust particles
o Duration of exposure
o Health status of the exposed person
5/27/2023 14
16. Silicosis
• Also known as Grinder’s disease & Potter’s rot
• Commonest, major, most serious
• Due to inhalation of dust containing free silica or silicon dioxide, as
Quartz
• First reported in India – Kolar Gold mines (Mysore) in 1947
• Industries : Mining industries (34%)
Pottery & ceramic industry (15%)
Sand blasting
Metal grinding
Building & construction work
Rock mining
Iron & steel industry
5/27/2023 16
17. INCUBATION PERIOD :
Few months to 6years
CLINICAL FEATURES :
• Irritant cough
• Dyspnoea on exertion
• Pain in the chest
• Silico-tuberculosis
• Impairment of total lung capacity
• PATHOLOGY: Dense nodular fibrosis
5/27/2023 17
18. DIAGNOSIS :
X – ray chest –
Snow – storm appearance ( apex of lung )
5/27/2023 18
19. TREATMENT:
No treatment for silicosis
PREVENTIVE MEASURES :
• Rigorous dust control measures
o Substitution
o Complete enclosure
o Isolation
o Hydrobasting
o Good house keeping
o Personal protective measures
• Regular physical examination of workers
5/27/2023 19
20. Asbestosis
• Due to inhalation of asbestos dust over a long period of time
• It is commercial name given to fibrous mineral silicate – silica
combined with oxygen & other elements like calcium,
magnesium, iron, sodium or aluminium
• Industries: Asbestos cement factory
Fireproof textiles
Roof tilting
Brake lining
5/27/2023 20
21. DIAGNOSIS :
• Sputum – Asbestos bodies
• X – ray chest –
Ground glass appearance (lower two-third of lung)
5/27/2023 21
22. PREVENTIVE MEASURES:
• Use of safer types of asbestos (chrysolite and amosite)
• Substitution of other insulants: glass fibre, mineral wool,
calcium silicate, plastic foams, etc.
• Rigorous dust control ( 2 fibres/ml of air )
• Periodic examination of workers
• Personal protective measures
• Health education of the workers
5/27/2023 22
23. Anthracosis
• Also known as Coal Workers’ pneumoconiosis or Miners’
black lung
• Due to inhalation of coal dust over a long period of time
• Two phases :
Simple pneumoconiosis
Progressive massive fibrosis
5/27/2023 23
24. DIAGNOSIS :
X ray chest – multiple nodular
densities ‘BLACK LUNG’
5/27/2023 24
25. Byssinosis
• Due to inhalation of cotton dust over
a long period of time
• It is also called ‘Monday Fever’
• Common in textile industries
• India – 35% workers in textile
industries
• Incidence – 7-8% of textile workers
• Aerobacter cloacae – contaminates
the cotton fibres
5/27/2023 25
26. Bagassosis
• Due to inhalation of cane-sugar dust (bagasse)
• Sugar factories, paper, cardboard and rayon factories
• First reported from Kolkata by Ganguly & Pal in a
cardboard factory, 1955
• Growth of fungi – Thermoactinomyces sacchari
5/27/2023 26
27. DIAGNOSIS :
X ray chest – Mottling appearance in lung fields
PREVENTIVE MEASURES :
• Dust control
• Personal protection
• Medical control
• Bagasse control
5/27/2023 27
28. Farmer’s lung
• Due to inhalation of mouldy hay or grain dust.
• Micropolyspora faeni (thermophlic
actinomycetes ) - main cause
• CLINICAL FEATURES :
Bronchial asthma - eosinophilia, allergic bronchitis
Repeated attacks - Pulmonary fibrosis and corpulmonale
• DIANOSIS :
X ray chest – fine nodular density
5/27/2023 28
29. LEAD POISONING
• Most toxic metal poisoning
• Also called as Saturnism, Plumbism, or Painter’s colic.
• Toxic lead compound – Lead arsenate
Lead carbonate
Lead oxide
• Least toxic – Lead sulphide
• Body stores – 150-400mg
• Adult ingest– 0.2-0.3mg / day
5/27/2023 29
30. SOURCES :
Occupational :
• Mines of lead ores
• Manufacture of storage batteries
• Glass manufacture
• Printing & potteries
• Rubber industry
• Ship building
• Plumbing works
5/27/2023 30
31. SOUCES :
Non- Occupational :
• Gasoline (leaded petrol)
• Drinking water
• Fruits & vegetables – insecticides
• Children – Pica
Chewing lead paint on
windows & toys
Lead pencils
5/27/2023 31
32. MODES OF ABSORPTION :
Inhalation
fumes, dusts or its compounds
Ingestion
contaminated hands – food and drinks
Skin
Tetraethyl lead
5/27/2023 32
33. CLINICAL FEATURES :
Inorganic lead poisoning :
Anaemia, Blue lines on the gums (Burton’s lines / Burtonian lines),
Colicky abdomen, Diarrhea, Encephalopathy, Fatigue, Growth
failure among children, Headache, Irritability, Joint pains, Kidney
damage, Lassitude, Mental retardation, Nausea, Oliguria, Paralysis
(Lead palsy – wrist drop ), Sterility, Tremors, Vertigo, Weakness
Organic lead poisoning :
Insomnia, Mental confusion, Delirium, Coma, Death
5/27/2023 33
34. LAB DIAGNOSIS :
Peripheral blood smear : Microcytic Hypochromic anaemia
Basophilic stippling of RBCs
NORMAL LEVEL DANGEROUS LEVEL
Blood level 25-40 mcg / 100ml > 70 mcg / 100ml
Urinary level 0.2-0.8 mg / L > 0.8 mg / L
Urinary Amino Levulinic
Acid (ALA)
6mg / L 60mg / L
Urinary corpoporphyrin < 150mcg / L > 250 mcg / L
5/27/2023 34
35. MANAGEMENT :
• Prevention of further exposure of
lead – change of job
• Saline purge
• Chelating agents :
Ca - EDTA
d - penicillamine
5/27/2023 35
36. PREVENTION & CONTROL :
• Pre-placement examination
• Periodical examination of workers
• Substitution
• Isolation
• Local exhaust ventilation
• Good house-keeping
• Working atmosphere ( 2mg /10 cubic
meter of air )
• Personal protective equipments
• Personal hygiene
• Use of unleaded petrol
• Health education
5/27/2023 36
37. OCCUPATIONAL CANCERS
• Also called as Industrial cancers
• The common ones are -
Skin cancer
Lung cancer
Cancer bladder
Leukaemia
5/27/2023 37
38. Skin cancer
• 75% of occupational cancers
• Carcinogens – anthracene,
coal tar, soot, oils & dyes,
acids, UV rays, X rays
• At risk – Gas workers, coke
oven workers, dye stuff
workers, road makers, oil
refiners, farmers, radiology
dept.
Lung Cancer
• 9/10th of lung cancer –
tobacco smoking, air
pollution and occupational
exposure
• Carcinogens – arsenic,
asbestos, beryllium,
chromium,tobacco, coal tar,
nickel
• At risk – Asbestos factory,
uranium mines, nickel
refineries, gas industry,
tobacco industry
39. Bladder cancer
• Carcinogens – aromatic
amines, b- naphthylamine,
benzidine, para amino
diphenyl, auramine &
magenta
• At risk – dye stuffs & dyeing
industry, Rubber industry,
Gas industry, Electric cable
industry
Leukemia
• Carcinogens – benzol,
roentgen rays, radio-active
substances
• At risk – radiology dept,
atomic energy research
stations
40. OCCUPATIONAL DERMATITIS
• These are the diseases of the skin arising out of the occupation
or during the course of employment
• 40 – 70% of occupational diseases
• Agents causing dermatitis :
Primary irritants
Sensitizing substances
5/27/2023 40
41. PREVENTION :
• Pre-selection
• Personal protection : clothing, barrier creams
• Personal hygiene
• Periodic inspection
5/27/2023 41
42. RADIATION HAZARDS
Who are at risk ?
• Radiologists, X ray aides &
technicians
• Workers at mining fields
• Nuclear power plant operators
• Air craft worker
• Luminous dial painters
• Military personnel
• Manufacture of radioactive
paints
5/27/2023 42
Effects of Radiation:
• Acute burns
• Dermatitis
• Blood dyscrasias
• Genetic effects
• Malignancies
• Lung cancer
43. PREVENTIVE MEASURES:
• Avoid inhalation/ swallowing/ direct contact of skin.
• X-rays : shielding
• Monitoring employees at <6 month interval using film badge or
pocket electrometer devices
• Protective clothing
• Adequate ventilation
• Replacement and periodic examination of workers every 2 months
• Pregnant women NOT allowed
5/27/2023 43
RADIATION HAZARDS
44. AGRICULTURAL WORKERS
HEALTH PROBLEMS
• Zoonotic diseases : close contact with animals and their products
• Accidents : Use of agricultural machinery; Insect and snake bite
• Toxic hazards : Fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides poisoning
• Physical hazards : extreme climates – temperature, humidity,
solar radiation ; excessive noise & vibrations; inadequate
ventilation, uncomfortable position for long duration
• Respiratory diseases:
Brucellosis, Anthrax, Leptospirosis, Tetanus, TB, Q fever
Byssinosis, Bagassosis, Farmer’s lung, Occupational asthma
46. FOOD SANITATION :
Typhoid, viral hepatitis
MENTAL HEALTH :
Psychoneurosis, behavioral disorders,
delinquency
ACCIDENTS :
Congestion, increased vehicular traffic,
increased tempo of life
5/27/2023 46
47. SOCIAL PROBLEMS :
Alcoholism, drug addiction, gambling,
prostitution, increased divorce,
increased crime
MORBIDITY & MORTALITY :
Ch. Bronchitis, Ca lung
5/27/2023 47
48. ACCIDENTS IN INDUSTRY
HUMAN FACTORS :
85% of all accidents
• Physical: Impaired hearing, inadequate visual acuity
• Physiological: Age, Sex, Experience, Time, Duration of work
• Psychological: Carelessness, overconfidence, lack of
concentration, ignorance, emotional stress, accident
proneness
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS :
Temperature, poor illumination, humidity, noise, unsafe machines
5/27/2023 48
49. PREVENTION
• Adequate preplacement examination
• Adequate job training
• Continuing education
• Ensuring safe working environment
• Safety department in the organization under a competent safety
engineer
• Periodic surveys to find hazards
• Careful reporting, maintenance of records
50. SICKNESS ABSENTEEISM
It means remaining absent from the work by the
industrial worker due to certified sickness or injury, but
not due to pregnancy or confinement
CAUSES :
• Medical causes – occupational accidents
• Economic causes – privilege of sick leave with pay
• Social factors – festivals, weddings
• Non occupational - Addictions
5/27/2023 50
51. PREVENTION
• Good factory management and practices
• Adequate preplacement examination
• Good human relations
• Application of ergonomics
5/27/2023 51