Occupational health aims to promote workers' physical, mental, and social well-being. It focuses on preventing health issues, protecting workers, and maintaining their health and working capacity. Occupational health objectives include maintaining workers' health and capacity, improving the working environment and making it safer and more conducive to health, and enhancing productivity. Preventive measures include health promotion, specific protection, early diagnosis and treatment, disability limitation, and rehabilitation. Occupational health addresses physical, chemical, biological, psychosocial, and other workplace hazards that can impact worker health.
National Leprosy Eradication Programme (NLEP)Kavya .
Chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae.
It usually affects the skin and peripheral nerves
Long incubation period generally 5-7 years.
Classified as paucibacillary or multibacillary
permanent disability
Timely diagnosis and treatment of cases
At the end of this session, you will be able to
1. Define Occupational Health
2. What is the occupational environment?
3. Classify and describe the various occupational hazards causing diseases in workplace.
4. Define Occupational Diseases
5. Classify occupational diseases
6. Describe the etiology, signs/symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of various common occupational diseases
Occupational Health is the promotion and maintenance of
the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being
of workers in all occupations by preventing departures from
health, controlling risks and the adaptation of work to
people, and people to their jobs
According to WHO, Ergonomics is defined as “ that branch of community medicine, which deals with the study of health promotion, health protection & maintenance of highest degree of physical, mental & social well-being of workers in all occupations”
It is the study of humans at work in order to understand the complex relationship among people, machines, job demands and work methods in order to minimize gaps between task demands and human capacities in activities of work and daily living. [Maxcy-public health]
Ergonomics as the science of “designing the job to fit the worker, instead of forcing the worker to fit the job. [International Ergonomics Society]
Launched by the ministry of health & family welfare, government of India, under the national health mission.
It envisages Child Health Screening and Early Intervention Services
National Leprosy Eradication Programme (NLEP)Kavya .
Chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae.
It usually affects the skin and peripheral nerves
Long incubation period generally 5-7 years.
Classified as paucibacillary or multibacillary
permanent disability
Timely diagnosis and treatment of cases
At the end of this session, you will be able to
1. Define Occupational Health
2. What is the occupational environment?
3. Classify and describe the various occupational hazards causing diseases in workplace.
4. Define Occupational Diseases
5. Classify occupational diseases
6. Describe the etiology, signs/symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of various common occupational diseases
Occupational Health is the promotion and maintenance of
the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being
of workers in all occupations by preventing departures from
health, controlling risks and the adaptation of work to
people, and people to their jobs
According to WHO, Ergonomics is defined as “ that branch of community medicine, which deals with the study of health promotion, health protection & maintenance of highest degree of physical, mental & social well-being of workers in all occupations”
It is the study of humans at work in order to understand the complex relationship among people, machines, job demands and work methods in order to minimize gaps between task demands and human capacities in activities of work and daily living. [Maxcy-public health]
Ergonomics as the science of “designing the job to fit the worker, instead of forcing the worker to fit the job. [International Ergonomics Society]
Launched by the ministry of health & family welfare, government of India, under the national health mission.
It envisages Child Health Screening and Early Intervention Services
Occupational health & Toxicology deals with occupational related diseases such as silicosis, siderosis, asbestosis and poising by lead, Manganese, Nickel, Chromium and Magnesium
An occupational hazard is a hazard experienced in the workplace. Occupational hazards can encompass many types of hazards, including chemical hazards, biological hazards (biohazards), psychosocial hazards, and physical hazards. In the United States, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) conduct workplace investigations and research addressing workplace health and safety hazards resulting in guidelines. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) establishes enforceable standards to prevent workplace injuries and illnesses.
Occupational health and occupational hazards by Dr. Sonam AggarwalDr. Sonam Aggarwal
• "Occupational health should aim at the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations;
• the prevention among workers of departures from health caused by their working conditions;
• the protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to health;
• the placing and maintenance of the worker in an occupational environment adapted to his physiological and psychological equipment, and,
• to summarize, the adaptation of work to man and of each man to his job.”
The Joint ILO/WHO Committee on Occupational Health,1995
Occupational health:The objective of an occupational health .LalrinchhaniSailo
Occupational health is essentially preventive medicine.The Joint ILO/WHO Committee on Occupational Health, in the course of its first session, held in 1950, gave the following definition: "Occupational health should aim at the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations; the prevention among workers of departures from health caused by their working conditions; the protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to health; the placing and maintenance of the worker in an occupational environment adapted to his physiological and psychological equipment, and, to summarize, the adaptation of work to man and of each man to his job (1).
ERGONOMICS: The term "ergonomics" is derived from the Greek ergon, meaning work and nomos, meaning law. It simply means: "fitting the job to the worker". The object of ergonomics is "to achieve the best mutual adjustment of man and his work, for the improvement of human efficiency and well-being".
HEALTH OF THE WORKER
One of the declared aims of occupational health is to provide a safe occupational environment' in order to safeguard the health of the workers and to step up industrial production.
Occupational environment
By occupational environment is meant the sum or external conditions and influences which prevail at the place of work and which have a bearing on the health of the Working population. Basically, there are three types of interaction in a working environment.
a) Man and physical, chemical and biological agents.
b) Man and machine.
c) Man and man.
MAN AND PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL AGENTS
(1) Physical agents
(2) Chemical agents
MAN AND MACHINE
An industry or factory implies the use of machines driven by power with emphasis on mass production. The
unguarded machines, protruding and moving parts, poor installation of the plant, lack of safety measures are the causes of accidents which is a major problem in industries.
Working for long hours in unphysiological postures is the cause of fatigue, backache, diseases of joints and muscles and impairment of the worker's health and efficiency.
MAN AND MAN
There are numerous psychosocial factors which operate at the place of work. These are the human relationships amongst workers themselves on the one hand, and those in authority over them on the other. In modern occupational health, the emphasis is upon the people, the conditions in which they live and work, their hopes and fears and their attitudes towards their job, their fellow-workers and employers (2).
OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS
An industrial worker may be exposed to five types of hazards, depending upon his occupation:
1. Physical hazards
2. Chemical hazards
3. Biological hazards
4. Mechanical hazards
5. Psychosocial hazards.
Pneumoconiosis- dust with size and different types of occupational pneumoconic diseases, clinical features, diagnosis and prevention of pneumoconiosis.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
2. Definition
3
• "Occupational health should aim at the promotion
and maintenance of the highest degree of physical,
mental and social well-being of workers in all
occupations;
• The prevention of health
• The protection of workers in their employment
3. Objectives
• The maintenance and promotion of workers’ health and working
capacity
•
•
The improvement of working environment and work to become
conducive to safety and health
Development of work organizations and working which promotes
a positive social climate and smooth operation and may enhance
productivity of the undertakings.
—Joint ILO/WHO Committee on Occupational Health
11/20/15 5
4. Level of preventive measures
•Health promotion
•Specific protection
•Early diagnosis and treatment
•Disability limitation
•Rehabilitation
5. Ergonomics
Ergon- greek word- means work
Nomos- means law
Fiting the job to the worker
Training involves:
Machine designing
Tools
Equipments
Layout of work place
Method of work
environment
11. Light
The acute effects of poor illumination are
• Eye strain,
• Headache,
• Eye pain,
• Lacrymation,
• Congestion around the cornea
• Eye fatigue.
• The chronic effects on health include "miner's
nystagmus"
11/20/15 10
12. Noise
(i) Auditory effects
Temporary or permanent hearing
loss
(ii) Non auditory effects
Nervousness,
Fatigue,
Interference with communication
by speech,
Decreased efficiency
Annoyance 11
13. Vibration
• Exposure to vibration may also produce
injuries of the joints of the hands elbows and
shoulders.
12
15. Ionizing radiation
11/20/15 15
The radiation hazards comprise
• Genetic changes
• Malformation
• Cancer
• Leukaemia
• Depilation
• Ulceration
• Sterility
• in extreme cases death.
16. Ionizing radiation
11/20/15 16
The International Commission of Radiological
Protection has set the maximum permissible
level of occupational exposure at 5 rem per
year to the whole body.
20. Chemical hazards
11/20/15 20
• Dusts
Dusts are finely divided solid particles with size ranging from
0.1 to 150 microns
Dust particles larger than 10 microns settle down from the
air rapidly,
IndefinitelyParticles smaller than 5 microns are directly
inhaled into the lungs and are retained there and is mainly
responsible for pneumoconiosis.
24. Chemical hazards
11/20/15 24
• Metals and their compounds
Lead, antimony, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium,
cobalt, manganese, mercury, phosphorus,
chromium, zinc and others
25. Chemical hazards
11/20/15 25
(3) Ingestion:
Occupational diseases may also result from
ingestion of chemical substances such as lead,
mercury, arsenic, zinc, chromium, cadmium,
phosphorus etc.
32. OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
ARUN PIRAVOM 32 11/20/15
DISEASE DUE TO CHEMICALAGENT
Gases•
• Dusts (pneumoconiosis)
Inorganic dust: coal dust; silica; asbestos; iron
Organic(vegetable dust): cane fiber; cotton dust; tobacco; hay or
grain dust
•
•
• Metals and their compounds: lead ,mercury, cadmium, manganese,
beryllium, arsenic,chromium.
Chemicals: acids, alkalies, pesticides
Solvents: carbon bisulphide, chloroform , benzene
33. OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
ARUN PIRAVOM 33 11/20/15
III. DISEASE DUE TO BIOLOGICALAGENT
• Brucellosis, leptospirosis, anthrax, tetanus, encephalities,
fungal infection.
IV. OCCUPATIONAL CANCER
• Cancer of the skin, lungs, bladder
V. OCCUPATIONAL DERMATOSIS
• Dermatitis, eczema
VI. DISEASE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ORIGIN
• Industrial neurosis, hypertension, peptic ulcer.
34. PNEUMOCONIOSIS
ARUN PIRAVOM 34 11/20/15
• Dusts within the range of 0.5 micron to 3
micron is a health hazard producing, after a
variable period of exposure, a lung disease
known as pneumoconiosis, which may
gradually cripple a man by reducing his work
capacity due to lung fibrosis and other
complications.
36. Silicosis
• Major cause of morbidity
• First reported in 1947 in
kolar gold mines
• Caused by inhalation of dust
containing free silica or
silicon dioxide
11/20/15 36
37. Incubation period may be from few mths upto
6yrs
Chatageriseed by dense nodular fibrosis, 3-4 cm
dia nodules
SYMP:
irritant cough, exertional dyspnea, chest pain
Impaired TLC, Snow storm appearance in X ray
Advanced condition Silico TB
38. NO TREATMENT
Fibrotic changes cannot be reversed
Prevention:
1. Dust control by substitution, complete
enclosure, isolation, hydroblasting, protective
gears
2. Regular physical examination
39. Anthracosis
11/20/15 39
• It is caused by inhalation of dust containing
coal miners.
• First phase is called simple pneumoconiasis
which is associated with little impairment.
• Second phase is characterized by Progressive
massive fibrosis
40. Byssinosis
• Inhalation of cotton fibre dust over long periods
of time.
• 7-8% incidence
The symptoms are
• Chronic cough
• Progressive dyspnoea,
• Chronic bronchitis
1•1/20E/15mphysema. 37
41. Bagassosis
• Caused by inhalation of bagasse or sugar-cane
dust.
• Bagassosis has been shown to be due to a
thermophilic actinomycet for which the
name
The symptoms
• Breathlessness
• Cough
• haemoptysis
11•/20/s15light fever. 38
43. Asbestosis
• Asbestos is of two types- serpentine or chrysolite
variety and amphibole type.
• Clinically the disease is characterized by dyspnoea.
• Clubbing of fingers,
• Cardiac distress and cyanosis.
• The sputum shows "asbestos bodies"
• An X-ray of the chest shows a ground-glass
11/20
a/1
p5
pearance in the lower two thirds of the lung 40
44. Asbestosis
PREVENTIVE MEASURES
• Use of safer types of asbestos (chrysolite and amosite)
• Substitution of other insulants: glass fibre, mineral wool,
calcium silicate, plastic foams, etc.
Rigorous dust control•
• Periodic examination of workers; biological monitoring
(clinical, X-ray, lung function), and
11•/20/C15 ontinuing research. 41
48. LEAD POISONING
11/20/15 48
CLINICAL PICTURE
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
The toxic effects of inorganic exposure
abdominal colic
Constipation
loss of appetite
blue-line on the gums
stippling of red cells
Anaemia
wrist drop
foot drop.
49. LEAD POISONING
11/20/15 49
• The toxic effects of organic lead compounds
are mostly on the central nervous system
• Insomnia
• Headache
• Mental confusion
• Delirium.
51. LEAD POISONING
11/20/15 51
DIAGNOSIS
(1) HISTORY
(2) CLINICAL FEATURES
(3) LABORATORY TESTS:
• Coproporphyrin in urine (CPU) :
• Amino levulinic acid in urine (ALAU) :
Lead in blood and urine:•
• Basophilic stipling of RBC
53. OCCUPATIONAL CANCER
• Skin cancer: gas workers, oil refiners, tar
distillers, oven workers.
• Lung cancer: gas industry, nickle and
chromium work, mining of radio active
substance
11/20/15ARUN PIRAVOM 50
54. OCCUPATIONAL CANCER
• Bladder cancer: dye stuff,
dyeing industries, rubber, gas
and electrical cable industry.
• Leukemia: benzol, roengent
rays and radioactive
substance.
11/20/15 51
55. OCCUPATIONAL CANCER
The control measures
•
•
•
•
•
•
• Elimination or control of industrial carcinogens.
Medical examinations
Inspection of factories,
Notification,
Licensing of establishments,
Personal hygiene measures,
Education of workers and management, research.
52
58. RADIATION HAZARDS
11/20/15
• Shielding of workers
• Monitoring the employees
• Protective clothing
• Adequate ventilation
• Replacement and periodic examination
• Avoidance of pregnant women to work
ARUN PIRAVOM 55
61. Accidents
Causes
a. Human factors
• Physical
• Physiological (age, Sex, time, experience,
working hrs)
• Psychological
• Environmental factors11/20/15 61
62. Accidents
Prevention
• Adequate preplacement examination
Adequate job training
Continuing education
•
•
• Ensure safe working conditions
• Establishing safety department in the organization under a
competent safety engineer.
• Periodic surveys for finding out hazards
•
11/2
C
0/1
a
5
reful reporting
59
63. HEALTH PROBLEM DUE TO
INDUSTRIALIZATION
• Environmental sanitation problems
• Communicable disease
• Food sanitation
• Mental health
• Accidents and social problems
• Morbidity and mortalityARUN PIRAVOM 63 11/20/15
64. MEASURES FOR HEALTH
PROMOTION OF WORKERS
• Nutrition
• Communicable disease control
• Environmental sanitation
• Mental health
• Measures for women and children
• Health education
• Family planning
ARUN PIRAVOM 64 11/20/15
65. Nutrition
• Under Indian factory act,
One canteen when number of
employees exceeds 250
• Education of workers on the
value of balanced diet.
11/20/15 65
67. Environmental sanitation
• Water supply
Installation of drinking water fountains
• Food
Sanitary preparation, storage and
handling of food
Education of food handlers
11/20/15 67
68. Environmental sanitation
11/20/15 68
• Toilet
One sanitary convenience for
25 employees for the first 100
employees and thereafter one
for 50
• General plant cleanliness
69. Environmental sanitation
11/20/15 69
• Sufficient space
The recommended standard is of minimum of 500cuft
• Lighting
Standards for illumination
High precision work 50-75 foot candles
Regular work- 6 to 12 foot candles
Corridoors and passages- 0.5 foot candles
71. Mental health
• To promote the health and happiness of the
workers.
• To detect signs of emotional stress and strain
and to secure relief of stress and strain where
possible
• The treatment of employees suffering from
mental illness and the rehabilitation of those
11/20w/15 ho become ill. 68
72. MEASURES FOR WOMEN AND
CHILDREN
(1)Expectant mothers are given maternity leave for 12
weeks,
(2) Provision of free antenatal, natal and postnatal services.
(3)The Factories Act (Section 66) prohibits night work
between 7 p.m. and 6 a.m.;
(4)The Indian Mines Act (1923) prohibits work
underground.
(5) The Factories Act, 1976 provides for creches in factories
11/2w0/1h5 ere more than 30 women workers are employed, 69
76. PREVENTION OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE
MEDICAL MEASURES
Pre-placement examination
Periodical examination
Medical and health care services
Notification
Supervision of working environment
Maintenance and analysis of records
Health education and counselingARUN PIRAVOM 76 11/20/15
77. PREVENTION OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE
• ENGINEERING MEASURES
Design of building
Good housekeeping
General ventilation
Mechanization
Substitution
ARUN PIRAVOM 77 11/20/15
78. PREVENTION OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE
ENGINEERING MEASURES
Dust-enclosure and isolation
Local exhaust ventilation
Protection device
Environmental monitoring
Statistical monitoring and research
11/20/15 75
80. FACTORIES ACT,1948
11/20/15 80
1. Scope
For purposes of the act, a factory means an establishment,
•
•
In which 10 or more workers have been employed during
the preceding 12 months in a manufacturing process,
operated on power Or
In which 20 or more workers have been employed during
the preceding 12 months in manufacturing process
without power.
82. FACTORIES ACT,1948
2. Health, safety and Welfare.
(Chapter iii, iv, ivA, v)
Provisions for Industrial workers
• Employment provisions
• Welfare provisions
• Safety provisions
• Sanitary provisions
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83. 3. Employment of young persons
•Children below 14 are prohibited
•b/w 15- 18 adolscent- “certificate of fittness”
by the doctors/ surgeon (6am- 7pm)
•Restriction of women & children in dangerous
job
84. 4. Hours of work
Max 48 hrs/ week
Not exceeding 9 hrs/day
½ hrs rest after 5 hrs of work
Adolescent 4n half – 5 hrs/day
1978 ammendment
Max 60 hrs a week
85. 5. Leave with wages
Weekly holiday
Adult- 1 day- 20days of work
Adolescent- day- days of work
86. 6. Occupational diseases
Information regarding accident, death ,injury
7. Employment and hazardeous process
Information regarding accident, deatg injury
87. ESI ACT
Employees’ State Insurance Act 1948
•Passed in 1949
•Amended in 1975, 84, 89
•Provides benefit in cash and kind to workers in
sickness, maternity, employment injury, thereby
removing economic and physical fear
88. Scope
•All India
•All employee (manual, clerical, supervisory)
with 7500/mth salary
•Factory, restaurant, cinema, shops
•State govt takes responsibility to intervene
•1-2.5% of salary is premium
89. Administration
Governed by autonomous body “ESI Corporation”
Following members
•Chairman, Vice Chairman,
•5 repres. Of Central Govt
•1 from each state govt
•1 from UT
•5 reprs from employee
• 5 “ “ employer
• 2 “ “ medical profession
• 3 MPs
90. ESI Act- Administration
Chief executive officer- Director general
Assisted by four principal officers
• Insurance commissiners
• Medical commissioners
• Finance commissioners
• Acturay11/20/15 83
91. Finance
Regional, sub regional, local offices
•Contribution by employees: 1.75% of wage
•Contribution by employers:4.75% of wage of
worker
•State govt: 1/8 total cost of medical expenditure
•ESI Corporation: 7/8 total cost of medical
expenditure
•Govt of India: 2/3 of administrative expenditure
92. Benefits
1. Sickness benefit
2. Maternity
3. Disablement
4. Dependent
5. Funeral
6. Medical
7. Rehabilitation
First 5 in case, 6th in kind
Only for employee with 7500/mth salary
93. THE EMPLOYEE STATE INSURANCE ACT,1948
11/20/15 93
Sickness benefit
• The benefit is payable for a maximum period of
91 days, in any continuous period of 365 days, the
daily rate being about 70% of the average daily
wages
• 34 diseases for which Extended Sickness Benefit
where the insured person has been in continuous
employment for 2 years:
94. THE EMPLOYEE STATE INSURANCE
ACT,1948
Maternity benefit (full wage)
• For confinement, the duration of benefit is 26
weeks,
• for miscarriage and premature birth 6 weeks and
• for sickness arising out of confinement etc. 30
days.
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95. THE EMPLOYEE STATE INSURANCE
ACT,1948
11/20/15 95
Disablement benefit
• The rate of temporary disablement benefit is about
90% of the wages as long as the temporary
disablement lasts.
• In case of total permanent disablement, the insured
person is given 90% life pension on the basis of
loss of earning capacity determined by a medical
board
96. THE EMPLOYEE STATE INSURANCE ACT,1948
11/20/15 96
Dependent’s benefit
• DB paid at the rate of 90% of wage in the form of
monthly payment to the dependants of a deceased
Insured person in cases where death occurs due to
employment injury or occupational hazards.
Funeral expenses
•The amount not exceeding Rs. 15000.
Rehabilitation
• On monthly payment of Rs 10
97. THE EMPLOYEE STATE INSURANCE
ACT,1948
Medical benefit•
• The services comprises
(1) out-patient care
(2) supply of drugs and dressings
(3) specialist services in all branches of medicine
(4) pathological and radiological investigations
(5) domiciliary services
11(/620)/15antenatal, natal and postnatal services 85
98. THE EMPLOYEE STATE INSURANCE ACT,1948
• Medical benefit
(7) immunization services
(8) family planning services
(9) emergency services
(10) ambulance services
(11) health education and
(12) in-patient treatment.
11/20/15 98
99. Offensive trade:
•Offensive trades are premises that are used for
the production and/or processing of foods that
may cause some kind of offence, generally in
terms of odour, environmental pollution and in
general posing public health risk
100. Covers a range of potential public health risks
including:
physical risk e.g. noise, mechanical hazards,
radiation and vibration
chemical risk from either naturally occurring
or synthetic substances or
biological risk e.g. viruses, bacteria and
vermin.
101.
102. Permit requirement
No person may conduct an offensive trade in or on any premises, except in terms of a permit
authorizing.
Requirements for premises
No person may conduct an offensive trade in or on any premises unless
A. The floors of the premises are constructed of cement concrete or a similar impervious material,
brought to a smooth finish
B. The floors of the premises are adequately graded and drained for the disposal of effluent to an
approved disposal system;
C. The inside walls, except where glazed or glass brick or glazed tiles are used, are plastered,
brought to a smooth finish and painted with a light-coloured, washable paint
D. The surface of any backyard or open space is paved with concrete or similar impervious
material, brought to a smooth finish;
E. The premises are provided with adequate light and ventilation as prescribed
F. An adequate supply of running potable water is provided.
G. An adequate number of portable containers constructed of iron or another nonabsorbent
material, equipped with closely fitting lids, are provided for the removal of all waste and waste
water from the premises;
H. Adequate means are provided for the disposal of all effluent arising from the manufacturing or
other process performed on the premises
I. Adequate accommodation is provided for the storage of all finished products, articles or
materials which are used in the manufacturing or other process and which may Discharge
offensive or injurious effluent or liquid; or Decompose in the course of the work or trade
J. Adequate means are provided to control the discharge in the open air of any noxious,
103. injurious or offensive gas, fume, vapour or dust produced during any handling, preparation, drying, melting,
rendering, boiling or grinding process or storage of material:
K. Adequate sanitary fixtures are provided as prescribed in the National Building.
Regulations and Building Standards Act
1. A perimeter wall made of brick or some other impervious material, with a minimum height of 2 meters, is
constructed around the premises;
2. All gates to the premises are of solid construction with a minimum height of 2 meters;
3. All perimeter walls and gates adequately screen activities on the premises from public view
4. All materials are stacked or stored on the premises below the height of the perimeter
screening
5. Adequate separate change-rooms for males and females,where five or more persons
of the same sex are employed, must be provided containing -
a. An adequate metal locker for every employee;
b. A wash-hand basin provided with a supply of persons hot and cold potable water,
c. An adequate supply of soap and disposable towels at every wash-hand basin;
6. If no change-room has been provided in terms of paragraph (p) -
i A wash hand basin with a supply of running hot and cold potable water, must be provided in an accessible
position; and
ii. adequate metal locker must be provided for every employee in the work area.
Duties of offensive traders
Every offensive trader must -
A. Maintain the premises in a clean, hygienic and good condition at all times;
B. Maintain all walls and floors of the premises in a manner and condition that prevents
the absorption of any waste or waste water; C. Maintain all machinery, plant, apparatus, furniture, fittings,
tools, implements,
vessels,
containers, receptacles and vehicles in a clean, hygienic and good condition at all times:
D. Prevent any waste accumulating on the premises; and E. Prevent the emission of noxious, injurious or
offensive gases, fumes, vapours or dust generated during any handling, preparation, drying, melting,
rendering, boiling or
No mico bact tb is foud in sputum or Post ortem, but radiologcal findings ar same
V#8Ddv
Human factors are 85% of total accidents
Physical capability ot met by employe like eye sight hearing ,strength
5:24 female to male accident
Younger and very old are more prone to accidents
Early hrs of the day less accidents,
50 % accidents during first 6 months, 23 % in next 6 mths and only 3% in next 3 monthsh
Increse when daily/weekly hrs increase
Cleanliness, hygeine , lighting, ventilation
Waste treatment
Min 500 cuF of sapace for each worker
Safety
Power off
Lifts, crane protective gear,
Appointment of safety officer for 1000 workers
Welfare:
Washing drying cloths, stiing room, rest room, canteen lunch room
Welfare officer for 500 worker