This document provides information on obesity prevention and education for school nurses. It defines obesity and discusses current obesity trends in the United States and Arkansas. It identifies risk factors for childhood obesity such as diet, inactivity, genetics, psychological factors, and environmental/media influences. The document outlines health consequences of obesity for children including risks for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, orthopedic issues, and psychosocial impacts. It provides guidance on assessing overweight and obese children, including measuring height, weight, BMI, blood pressure, and screening for Acanthosis nigricans. Resources for schools and nurses to address childhood obesity are also recommended.
This document outlines key information about childhood obesity including:
1. Definitions of overweight and obesity in children based on BMI percentiles. Almost 1/3 of US children are overweight or obese.
2. Causes of childhood obesity including genetic, environmental, and endocrine factors such as certain medications and diseases.
3. The pathophysiology involves genetic and environmental components impacting caloric intake and expenditure as well as hormones that regulate appetite and metabolism such as leptin, insulin, ghrelin, and PYY.
This document provides an overview of childhood obesity including prevalence, risks, environmental and genetic factors, critical periods of development, diet, physical activity, and recommendations for prevention. Some key points:
- Rates of childhood obesity in the US have increased 2-3 fold over the last 25 years. Approximately 18.8% of US children ages 6-11 are overweight.
- Risk factors for childhood obesity include family history, low income, lack of physical activity, excess calorie intake, excessive screen time, and lack of breastfeeding.
- Critical periods for the development of obesity are gestation, ages 5-6, and adolescence. Early life nutrition and growth patterns can impact future health.
Nutritional assessment in children is important to identify those at risk of malnutrition early, identify malnourished children, and develop healthcare plans. Malnutrition can be undernutrition or obesity and is caused by factors like illiteracy, poor diet, low income, and infections. Nutritional assessment uses the ABCD method: anthropometric measurements like height, weight, BMI; biochemical parameters; clinical examination; and dietary surveys like 24-hour recall. Anthropometric measurements are key indicators and World Health Organization classifications are used to grade malnutrition severity. Treatment follows 10 steps over initial stabilization and rehabilitation phases.
This document provides guidance on approaching very low birth weight infants. It defines low birth weight as under 2500g and very low birth weight as under 1500g. Causes of low birth weight include preterm birth and intrauterine growth restriction from medical issues in the mother or placenta, as well as social factors. Very low birth weight infants face risks like hypothermia, hypoglycemia, and infections. Their management involves careful monitoring, thermoregulation, infection control, nutrition support, and screening for complications like retinopathy of prematurity. Both hospital care and home care focus on supporting growth and development through frequent feeding and supplementation. Prevention strategies target improving maternal nutrition, anemia treatment, infection control, and family
Metabolic Syndrome and Dietary Guidelines for its preventionnutritionistrepublic
The document summarizes dietary guidelines for preventing metabolic syndrome, obesity, diabetes and related disorders in Asian Indians. It recommends a diet with 50-60% calories from complex carbohydrates, 10-15% from proteins, less than 30% from total fats including less than 7% from saturated fats. It emphasizes whole grains, pulses, vegetables and fruits, moderate intake of dairy and non-vegetarian foods, and healthy cooking oils like olive and canola oil. Regular physical activity and lifestyle modifications are also recommended.
The document summarizes obesity trends and statistics in the United States. It finds that approximately 66% of American adults are overweight or obese, with obesity rates doubling over the past 30 years. Obesity is associated with increased risk of diseases like hypertension, diabetes, and certain cancers. Minority groups and those of lower socioeconomic status tend to have higher obesity rates. Maintaining a healthy diet and active lifestyle can help address the national challenge of obesity.
Malimu nutrition related non communicable diseasesMiharbi Ignasm
This document discusses nutrition-related non-communicable diseases (NR-NCDs), which are chronic illnesses resulting from altered dietary patterns and lifestyles. It outlines the major NR-NCDs like obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, and some cancers. Risk factors associated with these diseases include diets high in fat, sugar and salt, physical inactivity, tobacco use, and genetics. The prevention of NR-NCDs involves education promoting healthy eating and living, screening populations, and policy measures to encourage physical activity and limit unhealthy foods.
This document discusses childhood obesity. Some key points:
- Childhood obesity is increasingly common and difficult to treat. It can lead to health issues like diabetes and persist into adulthood.
- Obesity in children is different than in adults and is influenced by growth. BMI percentiles must account for age and sex.
- Treatment aims for weight maintenance rather than loss to avoid impacting growth. Lifestyle changes like increased activity and healthier eating are recommended.
- Risk factors include sedentary behavior, high fat diets, and lower socioeconomic status. Prevention requires addressing societal and environmental contributors.
This document outlines key information about childhood obesity including:
1. Definitions of overweight and obesity in children based on BMI percentiles. Almost 1/3 of US children are overweight or obese.
2. Causes of childhood obesity including genetic, environmental, and endocrine factors such as certain medications and diseases.
3. The pathophysiology involves genetic and environmental components impacting caloric intake and expenditure as well as hormones that regulate appetite and metabolism such as leptin, insulin, ghrelin, and PYY.
This document provides an overview of childhood obesity including prevalence, risks, environmental and genetic factors, critical periods of development, diet, physical activity, and recommendations for prevention. Some key points:
- Rates of childhood obesity in the US have increased 2-3 fold over the last 25 years. Approximately 18.8% of US children ages 6-11 are overweight.
- Risk factors for childhood obesity include family history, low income, lack of physical activity, excess calorie intake, excessive screen time, and lack of breastfeeding.
- Critical periods for the development of obesity are gestation, ages 5-6, and adolescence. Early life nutrition and growth patterns can impact future health.
Nutritional assessment in children is important to identify those at risk of malnutrition early, identify malnourished children, and develop healthcare plans. Malnutrition can be undernutrition or obesity and is caused by factors like illiteracy, poor diet, low income, and infections. Nutritional assessment uses the ABCD method: anthropometric measurements like height, weight, BMI; biochemical parameters; clinical examination; and dietary surveys like 24-hour recall. Anthropometric measurements are key indicators and World Health Organization classifications are used to grade malnutrition severity. Treatment follows 10 steps over initial stabilization and rehabilitation phases.
This document provides guidance on approaching very low birth weight infants. It defines low birth weight as under 2500g and very low birth weight as under 1500g. Causes of low birth weight include preterm birth and intrauterine growth restriction from medical issues in the mother or placenta, as well as social factors. Very low birth weight infants face risks like hypothermia, hypoglycemia, and infections. Their management involves careful monitoring, thermoregulation, infection control, nutrition support, and screening for complications like retinopathy of prematurity. Both hospital care and home care focus on supporting growth and development through frequent feeding and supplementation. Prevention strategies target improving maternal nutrition, anemia treatment, infection control, and family
Metabolic Syndrome and Dietary Guidelines for its preventionnutritionistrepublic
The document summarizes dietary guidelines for preventing metabolic syndrome, obesity, diabetes and related disorders in Asian Indians. It recommends a diet with 50-60% calories from complex carbohydrates, 10-15% from proteins, less than 30% from total fats including less than 7% from saturated fats. It emphasizes whole grains, pulses, vegetables and fruits, moderate intake of dairy and non-vegetarian foods, and healthy cooking oils like olive and canola oil. Regular physical activity and lifestyle modifications are also recommended.
The document summarizes obesity trends and statistics in the United States. It finds that approximately 66% of American adults are overweight or obese, with obesity rates doubling over the past 30 years. Obesity is associated with increased risk of diseases like hypertension, diabetes, and certain cancers. Minority groups and those of lower socioeconomic status tend to have higher obesity rates. Maintaining a healthy diet and active lifestyle can help address the national challenge of obesity.
Malimu nutrition related non communicable diseasesMiharbi Ignasm
This document discusses nutrition-related non-communicable diseases (NR-NCDs), which are chronic illnesses resulting from altered dietary patterns and lifestyles. It outlines the major NR-NCDs like obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, and some cancers. Risk factors associated with these diseases include diets high in fat, sugar and salt, physical inactivity, tobacco use, and genetics. The prevention of NR-NCDs involves education promoting healthy eating and living, screening populations, and policy measures to encourage physical activity and limit unhealthy foods.
This document discusses childhood obesity. Some key points:
- Childhood obesity is increasingly common and difficult to treat. It can lead to health issues like diabetes and persist into adulthood.
- Obesity in children is different than in adults and is influenced by growth. BMI percentiles must account for age and sex.
- Treatment aims for weight maintenance rather than loss to avoid impacting growth. Lifestyle changes like increased activity and healthier eating are recommended.
- Risk factors include sedentary behavior, high fat diets, and lower socioeconomic status. Prevention requires addressing societal and environmental contributors.
The document discusses obesity, including its prevalence, complications, and treatment. Some key points:
- Obesity is defined as having a BMI of over 30 or excess body fat of over 20%. It results from consuming more calories than expended.
- It is common worldwide and in countries like India and China. In the US, over 30% of adults are obese, costing $147 billion annually.
- Obesity increases the risk of conditions like diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, heart disease, stroke, arthritis, and some cancers.
- Treatment involves lifestyle changes like diet and exercise. For higher-risk patients, treatment may include medication or surgery to help with weight loss and reduce
Obesity is defined as having excessive amounts of body fat and a body mass index of 30 or higher. It can increase the risk of various health issues such as heart disease, diabetes, and some cancers. Obesity is caused by factors like genetics, unhealthy diet and eating habits, lack of physical activity, medications, and certain medical conditions. Treatment involves lifestyle changes like diet modification and exercise as well as weight loss medications or surgery in severe cases. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle can help prevent obesity.
Therapeutic play is an important mechanism for children to cope with traumatic experiences like hospitalization. It allows children to express emotions, understand procedures, communicate, and continue developing. Therapeutic play benefits both children and health professionals. For children, it enhances coping skills and reduces stress, fear, and trauma. For providers, it aids in cooperation, diagnosis, reassurance, and participation in care. Common types of therapeutic play include emotional outlet play, instructional play, and physiological play. Play therapy can be directive or non-directive. The document outlines various strategies to support children's psychological and developmental needs during hospitalization, including therapeutic play, child life programs, and parental involvement.
This document discusses the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI), which aims to promote breastfeeding globally. The key goals of BFHI are to implement the Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding in hospitals and end the distribution of breastmilk substitutes. The Ten Steps provide guidelines for optimal breastfeeding practices in health facilities. The document also summarizes the International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes and the role of hospitals in upholding the Code. Finally, it discusses the Global Strategy on Infant and Young Child Feeding, which aims to improve nutrition and health through optimal breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices.
The health hazards associated with obesity. Mortality morbidity
Complications related to obesity
type 2 diabetes.
high blood pressure.
heart disease and strokes.
certain types of cancer.
sleep apnea.
osteoarthritis.
fatty liver disease.
The document discusses the history and development of pediatric nursing. It begins by defining pediatrics and pediatric nursing. It then covers the treatment of children in primitive societies, ancient civilizations, and the impact of Christianity. The document also discusses the development of pediatric nursing in Europe, the United States, and developing countries. Key events and developments that shaped pediatric nursing are highlighted, such as the establishment of children's hospitals and the passing of laws to protect children's rights and welfare.
Malnutrition in children manifests in four main forms: wasting, stunting, underweight, and micronutrient deficiencies. Wasting is low weight-for-height and indicates recent severe weight loss. Stunting is low height-for-age and results from chronic undernutrition impairing physical and cognitive potential. Underweight refers to low weight-for-age. Micronutrient deficiencies lack vitamins and minerals essential for growth. The main types of severe acute malnutrition are kwashiorkor characterized by edema, and marasmus characterized by emaciation. Treatment involves correcting medical issues, providing nutrient-dense therapeutic foods, and addressing the social causes of malnutrition.
The document defines high risk neonates as newborns with a greater chance of morbidity or mortality due to complications surrounding birth. It classifies high risk neonates based on factors such as low birth weight, prematurity, growth issues, and mortality risk. Nursing diagnoses for high risk neonates include ineffective breathing and thermoregulation, high risk of infection, altered nutrition, and fluid imbalance risks due to immature development.
The document discusses the care of hospitalized children. It emphasizes that children require specialized pediatric care due to anatomical, physiological, immunological, psychosocial and cognitive differences compared to adults. The hospital environment can impact children in various ways depending on their developmental stage. Nursing care aims to minimize stressors like separation from parents, loss of control, and pain/injury through measures like parental involvement, developmentally-appropriate activities, and clear communication. The goal is to help children benefit from hospitalization and cope with the experience in a healthy manner.
The document discusses school health services. It defines school health as a state of complete physical, mental, social and spiritual well-being among students, teachers and staff. School health services aim to promote, protect and maintain student health, prevent and control diseases, and create health awareness. Such services include providing a healthy environment, health education, disease prevention, early identification and treatment of issues, and involving parents and community. The roles of various individuals like the principal, teachers, nurses and doctors in managing school health are also outlined.
With obesity comes serious health, economic, and social consequences. Systems4PT explains these implications and the realities of obesity in the United States.
The document discusses the rise in childhood obesity and factors contributing to it. It notes that obesity rates have increased dramatically in recent decades across all ages and states in the US. Obesity is defined as an excess of body fat that can impair health and is evaluated based on standard values for age and sex. Obese children are more likely to become obese adults. Factors discussed as influencing obesity rates include changes in eating environments like more meals outside the home, community design affecting physical activity levels, and increased screen time. The document provides recommendations for parents to help prevent childhood obesity like providing healthy meals and nutrition education, increasing physical activity, focusing on overall health rather than weight goals, and making healthy eating and active lifestyles a family
This document discusses childhood obesity, including its definition, causes, effects, and prevention strategies. It provides information on physiological and environmental factors that contribute to childhood obesity, such as increased calorie intake, decreased physical activity, marketing of unhealthy foods, and decreased physical education. The document also examines the psychological and social impacts of childhood obesity on children, including increased risk of health issues and low self-esteem. Prevention strategies discussed include educating parents, increasing physical activity and healthy eating in schools, and reducing access to junk food and screen time. Overall responsibility for addressing childhood obesity is seen as falling on individuals, parents, and society.
Growth and development are influenced by many interdependent genetic and environmental factors. Genetic factors like sex, race, and hereditary conditions impact physical attributes. Prenatal factors such as maternal health, nutrition, infections and substance abuse can also affect fetal growth. Postnatally, nutrition, health, socioeconomic status, environment, and learning experiences further shape a child's development. Maintaining favorable conditions optimizes normal growth and maturation.
Growth and development is a continuous process that begins before birth and extends throughout the life cycle. It proceeds in predictable stages in a cephalocaudal and proximodistal direction, starting from general movements and developing into more specific skills. The rate of growth is most rapid during infancy and puberty. Both heredity and environmental factors influence development, which sees the largest changes from conception to adolescence. Growth involves the physical maturation and increase in size of the body through cell multiplication, while development refers to functional and skill-based maturation.
Obesity in Adolescent- Right Time to InterveneSujoy Dasgupta
Invited lecture by Dr Sujoy Dasgupta in a Webinar by Food, Drugs and Medicosurgical Equipment Committee of FOGSI (Federation of Obstetric and Gynaecological Societies of India) on “Adolescent Nutrition: Challenges and Way Forward” held in November, 2021.
This document discusses factors that define high risk newborns and their management and follow up. It identifies demographic, medical history, pregnancy, delivery, and neonatal factors that increase morbidity and mortality risks. It outlines assessments and interventions needed for different at-risk groups, including extra care to prevent hypothermia, hypoglycemia, and infection. High risk newborns require intensive care and multidisciplinary follow up after discharge to screen for developmental delays and other issues. The goal is early identification and intervention to optimize outcomes.
Malnutrition is defined as a cellular imbalance between nutrient supply and demand. It can manifest as undernutrition (marasmus or kwashiorkor) or overnutrition. Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) is the most common form, characterized by insufficient protein and calorie intake. PEM is a major cause of death in children under 5 worldwide. Severe acute malnutrition is defined as a weight-for-height below -3 SD of the median or bilateral pitting edema. Management of severe malnutrition involves treating hypoglycemia, hypothermia, shock, and infections while gradually increasing feeding from F-75 to F-100 over 1-2 weeks.
Child health nursing involves the care of children from conception through adolescence to promote health and treat illness. It focuses on preventative measures and caring for a vulnerable population that accounts for 35% of populations under age 15. Child health is influenced by maternal health, socioeconomic factors, environment, education, hygiene and more. Pediatric nursing aims to support a child's healthy development, integrate developmental needs, and deliver care to children and their families through a holistic and scientific approach while maintaining professional relationships with other healthcare providers.
'Lo último en obesidad'. Este es el título del Simposio Internacional que organizamos en la Fundación Ramón Areces los días 1 y 2 de diciembre de 2015. En colaboración con la Fundación General CSIC, reunió a algunos de los mayores expertos en la materia para analizar cómo reducir este grave problema de salud pública.
The document discusses obesity, including its prevalence, complications, and treatment. Some key points:
- Obesity is defined as having a BMI of over 30 or excess body fat of over 20%. It results from consuming more calories than expended.
- It is common worldwide and in countries like India and China. In the US, over 30% of adults are obese, costing $147 billion annually.
- Obesity increases the risk of conditions like diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, heart disease, stroke, arthritis, and some cancers.
- Treatment involves lifestyle changes like diet and exercise. For higher-risk patients, treatment may include medication or surgery to help with weight loss and reduce
Obesity is defined as having excessive amounts of body fat and a body mass index of 30 or higher. It can increase the risk of various health issues such as heart disease, diabetes, and some cancers. Obesity is caused by factors like genetics, unhealthy diet and eating habits, lack of physical activity, medications, and certain medical conditions. Treatment involves lifestyle changes like diet modification and exercise as well as weight loss medications or surgery in severe cases. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle can help prevent obesity.
Therapeutic play is an important mechanism for children to cope with traumatic experiences like hospitalization. It allows children to express emotions, understand procedures, communicate, and continue developing. Therapeutic play benefits both children and health professionals. For children, it enhances coping skills and reduces stress, fear, and trauma. For providers, it aids in cooperation, diagnosis, reassurance, and participation in care. Common types of therapeutic play include emotional outlet play, instructional play, and physiological play. Play therapy can be directive or non-directive. The document outlines various strategies to support children's psychological and developmental needs during hospitalization, including therapeutic play, child life programs, and parental involvement.
This document discusses the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI), which aims to promote breastfeeding globally. The key goals of BFHI are to implement the Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding in hospitals and end the distribution of breastmilk substitutes. The Ten Steps provide guidelines for optimal breastfeeding practices in health facilities. The document also summarizes the International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes and the role of hospitals in upholding the Code. Finally, it discusses the Global Strategy on Infant and Young Child Feeding, which aims to improve nutrition and health through optimal breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices.
The health hazards associated with obesity. Mortality morbidity
Complications related to obesity
type 2 diabetes.
high blood pressure.
heart disease and strokes.
certain types of cancer.
sleep apnea.
osteoarthritis.
fatty liver disease.
The document discusses the history and development of pediatric nursing. It begins by defining pediatrics and pediatric nursing. It then covers the treatment of children in primitive societies, ancient civilizations, and the impact of Christianity. The document also discusses the development of pediatric nursing in Europe, the United States, and developing countries. Key events and developments that shaped pediatric nursing are highlighted, such as the establishment of children's hospitals and the passing of laws to protect children's rights and welfare.
Malnutrition in children manifests in four main forms: wasting, stunting, underweight, and micronutrient deficiencies. Wasting is low weight-for-height and indicates recent severe weight loss. Stunting is low height-for-age and results from chronic undernutrition impairing physical and cognitive potential. Underweight refers to low weight-for-age. Micronutrient deficiencies lack vitamins and minerals essential for growth. The main types of severe acute malnutrition are kwashiorkor characterized by edema, and marasmus characterized by emaciation. Treatment involves correcting medical issues, providing nutrient-dense therapeutic foods, and addressing the social causes of malnutrition.
The document defines high risk neonates as newborns with a greater chance of morbidity or mortality due to complications surrounding birth. It classifies high risk neonates based on factors such as low birth weight, prematurity, growth issues, and mortality risk. Nursing diagnoses for high risk neonates include ineffective breathing and thermoregulation, high risk of infection, altered nutrition, and fluid imbalance risks due to immature development.
The document discusses the care of hospitalized children. It emphasizes that children require specialized pediatric care due to anatomical, physiological, immunological, psychosocial and cognitive differences compared to adults. The hospital environment can impact children in various ways depending on their developmental stage. Nursing care aims to minimize stressors like separation from parents, loss of control, and pain/injury through measures like parental involvement, developmentally-appropriate activities, and clear communication. The goal is to help children benefit from hospitalization and cope with the experience in a healthy manner.
The document discusses school health services. It defines school health as a state of complete physical, mental, social and spiritual well-being among students, teachers and staff. School health services aim to promote, protect and maintain student health, prevent and control diseases, and create health awareness. Such services include providing a healthy environment, health education, disease prevention, early identification and treatment of issues, and involving parents and community. The roles of various individuals like the principal, teachers, nurses and doctors in managing school health are also outlined.
With obesity comes serious health, economic, and social consequences. Systems4PT explains these implications and the realities of obesity in the United States.
The document discusses the rise in childhood obesity and factors contributing to it. It notes that obesity rates have increased dramatically in recent decades across all ages and states in the US. Obesity is defined as an excess of body fat that can impair health and is evaluated based on standard values for age and sex. Obese children are more likely to become obese adults. Factors discussed as influencing obesity rates include changes in eating environments like more meals outside the home, community design affecting physical activity levels, and increased screen time. The document provides recommendations for parents to help prevent childhood obesity like providing healthy meals and nutrition education, increasing physical activity, focusing on overall health rather than weight goals, and making healthy eating and active lifestyles a family
This document discusses childhood obesity, including its definition, causes, effects, and prevention strategies. It provides information on physiological and environmental factors that contribute to childhood obesity, such as increased calorie intake, decreased physical activity, marketing of unhealthy foods, and decreased physical education. The document also examines the psychological and social impacts of childhood obesity on children, including increased risk of health issues and low self-esteem. Prevention strategies discussed include educating parents, increasing physical activity and healthy eating in schools, and reducing access to junk food and screen time. Overall responsibility for addressing childhood obesity is seen as falling on individuals, parents, and society.
Growth and development are influenced by many interdependent genetic and environmental factors. Genetic factors like sex, race, and hereditary conditions impact physical attributes. Prenatal factors such as maternal health, nutrition, infections and substance abuse can also affect fetal growth. Postnatally, nutrition, health, socioeconomic status, environment, and learning experiences further shape a child's development. Maintaining favorable conditions optimizes normal growth and maturation.
Growth and development is a continuous process that begins before birth and extends throughout the life cycle. It proceeds in predictable stages in a cephalocaudal and proximodistal direction, starting from general movements and developing into more specific skills. The rate of growth is most rapid during infancy and puberty. Both heredity and environmental factors influence development, which sees the largest changes from conception to adolescence. Growth involves the physical maturation and increase in size of the body through cell multiplication, while development refers to functional and skill-based maturation.
Obesity in Adolescent- Right Time to InterveneSujoy Dasgupta
Invited lecture by Dr Sujoy Dasgupta in a Webinar by Food, Drugs and Medicosurgical Equipment Committee of FOGSI (Federation of Obstetric and Gynaecological Societies of India) on “Adolescent Nutrition: Challenges and Way Forward” held in November, 2021.
This document discusses factors that define high risk newborns and their management and follow up. It identifies demographic, medical history, pregnancy, delivery, and neonatal factors that increase morbidity and mortality risks. It outlines assessments and interventions needed for different at-risk groups, including extra care to prevent hypothermia, hypoglycemia, and infection. High risk newborns require intensive care and multidisciplinary follow up after discharge to screen for developmental delays and other issues. The goal is early identification and intervention to optimize outcomes.
Malnutrition is defined as a cellular imbalance between nutrient supply and demand. It can manifest as undernutrition (marasmus or kwashiorkor) or overnutrition. Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) is the most common form, characterized by insufficient protein and calorie intake. PEM is a major cause of death in children under 5 worldwide. Severe acute malnutrition is defined as a weight-for-height below -3 SD of the median or bilateral pitting edema. Management of severe malnutrition involves treating hypoglycemia, hypothermia, shock, and infections while gradually increasing feeding from F-75 to F-100 over 1-2 weeks.
Child health nursing involves the care of children from conception through adolescence to promote health and treat illness. It focuses on preventative measures and caring for a vulnerable population that accounts for 35% of populations under age 15. Child health is influenced by maternal health, socioeconomic factors, environment, education, hygiene and more. Pediatric nursing aims to support a child's healthy development, integrate developmental needs, and deliver care to children and their families through a holistic and scientific approach while maintaining professional relationships with other healthcare providers.
'Lo último en obesidad'. Este es el título del Simposio Internacional que organizamos en la Fundación Ramón Areces los días 1 y 2 de diciembre de 2015. En colaboración con la Fundación General CSIC, reunió a algunos de los mayores expertos en la materia para analizar cómo reducir este grave problema de salud pública.
Genetics play a significant role in obesity, accounting for 30-40% of cases. Twin studies show genetics have a strong influence on body mass index (BMI) with monozygotic twins having more similar BMIs than dizygotic twins. While single-gene defects cause rare cases of severe obesity, most common obesity is influenced by dozens to hundreds of genes interacting with environmental and behavioral factors. The roles of these genes are still being uncovered, but genetics are not destiny as lifestyle choices can counteract genetic effects, and not all carriers of obesity genes become overweight.
The regulation of food intake is a complex process involving both central and peripheral systems. In the brain, the hypothalamus integrates various hunger and satiety signals to control eating behaviors. Peripherally, organs like the gastrointestinal tract and adipose tissue release hormones that signal energy status to the brain. Key players in this process include the fat-derived hormone leptin, which signals satiety, and ghrelin from the stomach, which stimulates appetite. Understanding the many genetic and physiological factors involved in regulating food intake is important for developing new obesity treatments.
This document summarizes the management of morbid obesity. It defines obesity as an energy imbalance, classifies obesity by BMI, examines the genetic and environmental origins of obesity, discusses current treatment options including diet, pharmaceuticals, and bariatric surgery, and explores the effects and prevalence of obesity.
The document discusses childhood obesity. It defines childhood obesity and lists its main causes as sedentary lifestyles and unhealthy eating habits. It notes that childhood obesity can lead to various health complications. It also examines statistics on childhood obesity rates among minority groups and income brackets, finding higher rates for low-income and some minority children. The document outlines stakeholders in addressing childhood obesity and strategies like lifestyle changes, nutrition education, and physical activity promotion.
The document discusses the issue of childhood obesity. Some key points made include:
- Nearly 1 in 3 American children ages 2-9 are overweight or obese, putting them at higher risk for health problems.
- Being overweight as a child often leads to weight issues as an adult.
- Goals to address childhood obesity include promoting healthy eating, physical activity, and less screen time.
- However, efforts to address childhood obesity through school programs have faced challenges, as parents and children resist healthier options due to preferences for fatty and processed foods. Sustainable solutions are needed that can actually effect positive change for children.
The document discusses the rising rates of obesity in the United States from 1985 to 2007 based on data from the CDC. It notes that the percentage of adults classified as obese increased significantly over this period across many states. The text also addresses growing rates of childhood obesity and links it to poor dietary habits, excessive screen time, and aggressive food marketing to children. Additionally, it examines the role schools can play in addressing the issue through nutrition standards, health education, and making healthy foods more available and appealing to students.
What is the Best Approach to Treat the Childhood Obesity Epidemic?MadisonPerry11
The document discusses approaches to treating childhood obesity. It notes that childhood obesity rates in the US are high, affecting over 13 million children. Dr. William Dietz, an expert in childhood nutrition and obesity, will discuss strategies at a summit, including making healthy foods as accessible as unhealthy options. Effective approaches may include prevention efforts targeted at low-income areas, where obesity rates are highest, through improving school foods, adding farmers markets, and creating recreational spaces. Both prevention and treatment are needed, with a focus on early childhood prevention.
This document provides a summary of a presentation on childhood obesity trends globally and in Indonesia. It notes that the number of children and adolescents with obesity is predicted to increase significantly by 2030, with Indonesia being one of the top 4 countries predicted to have over 1 million school-aged children and adolescents living with obesity. It also discusses the relationship between obesity and severe COVID-19 outcomes in children and adolescents. Finally, it outlines approaches to treating childhood obesity, including standard behavioral interventions and additional therapies.
This document summarizes the epidemiology of obesity globally and in the United States. Key points include:
- Over 600 million adults and 43 million children worldwide are obese. In the US, over 78 million adults and 12.7 million children are obese.
- Obesity prevalence has increased significantly and far surpasses original Healthy People 2010 and 2020 targets.
- Obesity is associated with numerous health risks like diabetes, heart disease, and some cancers. It contributes to over 300,000 deaths annually in the US.
- Risk factors include genetics, low income, low education, geographic and cultural factors, sedentary lifestyles, and diets high in calories and sugars. Certain medications and disabilities can also
This document discusses childhood obesity as a new epidemic in the United States. It notes that approximately 12.7 million children and 78.6 million adults are overweight in the US, which ranks highest among industrialized countries for obesity rates. The rise in fast food consumption and portion sizes are contributing factors, as is increased screen time and marketing of unhealthy foods to children. Childhood obesity can lead to health issues like heart disease and diabetes. More prevention efforts are still needed to address this serious problem.
This document discusses childhood obesity as a global health concern. It provides information on what BMI is and how it is used to diagnose obesity in children. It describes the various health effects of childhood obesity, including psychological effects, cardiovascular issues, metabolic disorders and others. It discusses factors that contribute to childhood obesity such as genetics, diet, physical inactivity, and social determinants. Prevention strategies mentioned include improving access to healthy foods, increasing physical activity and making changes to the home and school environments.
1. Childhood obesity rates have significantly increased over the past few decades, with 1/3 of children being overweight or obese as of 2008.
2. Unhealthy school lunches that are high in saturated fat, sodium, and processed meats and low in nutrients contribute to the problem. Proposed changes to the school lunch program aimed to address this issue but were blocked by Congress.
3. Left unaddressed, childhood obesity can have long-term health effects like cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Educators can help by modeling good nutrition, providing healthy snacks, and increasing physical activity opportunities for students.
The document discusses childhood obesity, including its prevalence, definition, causes, medical complications, and approaches to management and prevention. Some key points are:
- The prevalence of childhood obesity has been increasing in the US since the 1980s and now affects around 15% of children and adolescents.
- Obesity is defined using BMI percentiles, with overweight being 85th percentile and obesity being 95th percentile or above based on age and sex.
- Causes include dietary, lifestyle, genetic, and medical factors. Screen time and decreased physical activity are significant contributors.
- Medical complications can include sleep apnea, joint problems, and increased risk of diabetes and heart disease.
- Management involves diet, exercise,
According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Americans now get nearly 1/3 of their calories—32%—from meals prepared outside the home, up from about 18% in 197
This document provides information about childhood obesity rates globally and in the United States, with a focus on rates in North Carolina and Pitt County. Some key points:
- Childhood obesity is considered one of the most serious public health challenges worldwide, with 42 million children under 5 estimated to be obese globally.
- In the US, over 1/3 of children and youth are overweight or obese. North Carolina has the 5th highest rate of obese youth ages 10-17 at 19.3%.
- In Pitt County, NC, over half the population is overweight or obese. The county has many fast food restaurants and sedentary lifestyles contribute to high obesity rates.
The document proposes
Understand more about:
1) The annual statistical report which presents a range of information on obesity, physical activity and diet. This report is drawn together from a variety of sources, including some data from the Health Survey for England 2012 as well as other relevant publications (compendium).
2) The Health Survey England 2012
3) The National Child Measurement Programme
Childhood obesity is defined as a BMI at or above the 95th percentile. Rates of childhood obesity have risen dramatically since the 1970s, with over 12 million children now considered obese. Potential causes include increased availability of unhealthy foods, large portion sizes, lack of physical activity, and excessive screen time. Consequences range from physical health issues to psychological effects. Prevention requires making healthy choices more available and accessible to children.
Speaker presentation from U.S. News Healthcare of Tomorrow leadership summit, Nov. 17-19, 2019 in Washington, DC. Find out more about this forum at www.usnewshot.com.
This document summarizes a panel discussion on tackling childhood obesity. The panelists were experts from major medical institutions across the US. They discussed trends showing rising rates of childhood obesity and the health risks that increase with severity of obesity. Treatment approaches discussed included lifestyle interventions, medications, and weight loss surgery. Barriers to care mentioned were lack of education and resources, as well as the need to address bias and stigma. The role of healthcare systems in population health approaches through primary care, advocacy, and supporting specialized obesity programs was also covered.
The document discusses childhood obesity as a national health crisis, providing statistics on the increasing rates of overweight and obese children. It then outlines diseases and health issues linked to being overweight, such as high cholesterol, diabetes, and low self-esteem. The document recommends screening children for obesity using BMI charts and provides tips for prevention, including educating caregivers, improving nutrition, increasing physical activity, and decreasing screen time.
This document discusses weight management in pediatrics. It notes that over 1/3 of US adults and 1/3 of youth are overweight or obese. Obesity is defined as a BMI at or above the 95th percentile, while overweight is between the 85th to 95th percentile. Obesity can lead to health conditions like heart disease and diabetes. Obesity prevalence varies by race, age, sex, education level and other factors. Extra weight can cause sleep issues in children like sleep apnea. Genetics and behaviors are the main causes of excess weight in youth as in adults. The document evaluates a patient's case and provides a treatment plan focusing on nutrition education and physical activity goals.
The document discusses obesity rates and causes in the Bronx county of New York. It finds that nearly 1 in 3 children and 1 in 4 adults in the South Bronx are obese. Obesity is linked to increased risk of diseases like diabetes and hypertension. Prevention strategies discussed include improving access to physical activity, nutrition education programs in schools and for parents, and making healthy foods like salad more available to children.
1) Childhood obesity has more than doubled in the past few decades and poses significant health risks.
2) Early identification of excessive weight gain is important through tracking BMI percentiles over time.
3) Pediatricians should discuss healthy eating and physical activity with families during routine visits to promote prevention and early recognition of obesity issues.
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Obesity prevention and education for school nurses
1. Obesity Prevention and Education for School Nurses
Dr. JayeshPatidar
www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com
2. The planning committee & faculty attest that no relevant financial, professional orpersonal conflict of interest exists, nor was sponsorship of commercial support obtained, in the preparation or presentation of this educational activity. 9/17/2014
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3. Objectives
•Define obesity and relate current trends in Arkansas and in the US.
•Discuss risk factors for childhood obesity.
•Explain health consequences of obesity.
•Describe importance of health assessment especially blood pressure monitoring in regards to childhood obesity.
•Explain the relationship between Acanthosisnigricansand obesity.
•Describe the process for appropriate height and weight measurement for children.
•Review pertinent legislation.
•List resources available for schools and school nurses to combat childhood obesity.
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5. Definition of Obesity
Obesity is defined as an increased body weight in relation to height, when compared to some standard of acceptable or desirable weight.
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6. Obesity / Overweight in Children
•Obesityin children / youth refers to age and gender-specific BMI that is equal to or greater than the 95thpercentile of the CDC BMI charts
•Overweight/at risk for obesitybetween 85th–94thpercentile
(IOM, 2007) 9/17/20146
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7. In the Past Three Decades…
Number of overweight:
•6-11 year olds tripled
•Adolescents tripled (Gerberding & Marks, 2004)
•Overweight adults tripled (>60%)
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8. Obesity in Children
16.3%of childrenand adolescents ages 2 -19 years are obese
•11%considered extremely obese
•12.4%2 -5 year old
•17.4%6-11 year olds
•17.6%12-19 year olds
31.9%are overweight / obese
(Ogden, JAMA, 2008)
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9. Obesity in the United States
http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/trends.html
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14. •9 million children >6 yrs obese(IOM, 2005)
•25 million children / adolescents are obese or overweight (NHANES, 2007)
»Males 18.2%
»Females 16.0 %
•HHS estimates that 20% of children / youth in the US will be obese by 2010.
(GAO-07-260R Childhood Obesity and Physical Activity) http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d07260r.pdf
The Epidemic of Childhood Overweight and Obesity9/17/2014
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15. Risk Factors for Obesity9/17/2014
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16. Risk Factors for Obesity: DietInactivity
–High-calorie foods
–High-fat foods dense in calories
–Soft drinks, candy, desserts high in sugar / calories
–Sedentary kids more likely to gain weight
–Inactive leisure activities
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17. Risk Factors for Obesity: Genetics
•Overweight family and child may be genetically predisposed to gain excess weight
•environment of high-calorie foods
•physical activity may not be encouraged
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18. Heredity… / Genes
• 80%
of children with two overweight
parents will become overweight
• 40%
of children with one overweight parent
will become overweight
• 7–9%
of children with no overweight parents
will become overweight
http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/calltoaction/fact_adolescents.htm
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19. Percentage of Overweight Children and
Youth Who Become Overweight Adults
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Percentage
Preschool
School-age
Adolescent
(National Institute for Health Care Management, Nov 2003)
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20. • Some eat to cope with problems or deal
with emotions; stress or boredom
– Parents may have similar tendencies
Risk Factors for Obesity:
Psychological
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21. Environmental / Media
Temptation at Every Turn
• Chips, cookies, and other less healthy
food choices are marketed to children
via media.
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22. Behavioral/Socio-cultural
•Sedentary lifestyles
•Calorie-dense foods
•Large portion sizes
•Excessive television viewing / video games low energy expenditure
•Parent modeling -eating and exercise behaviors
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24. Health Consequences: Adult
Premature Death
• 500,000 deaths per year –
surpassing tobacco
• Risk increases with
increased weight
(USDHHS, 2001)
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25. Health Consequence: Children
Risk of CVD
• Hypertension
• Elevated insulin levels
• Dyslipidemia
– Elevated low density
lipoprotein (LDL)
– Abnormal triglyceride levels
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26. Other Health Consequences Children
•Sleep apnea
•Asthma
•Risk for Kidney problems
•Gastrointestinal
–fatty liver disease
–elevated liver enzymes
–gallstones and cholecystitis
–gastroesophageal reflux
–constipation
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27. Other Health Consequences Children
•Endocrine disorders
–T2DM
–Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
–Early sexual maturation
•Orthopedic disorders
•Skin conditions
•AN –seen in: 10% of obese white children 50% of obese black children
•Skin fungal infections
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28. Health Consequences: Psychosocial !!! Children
•Depression/Anxiety
•Quality of Life
•Negative self-esteem/Poor body image
•Feelings of chronic rejection / Withdrawal from interaction with peers/Behavioral problems
•Decreased endurance / involvement
•Social, academic and job discrimination (Deckelbaum and Williams, 2001)
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29. Health Consequences for Children–Risk of T2DM
•Clearly, the growth in the treatment of type 2 diabetes could signal the beginning of a multitude of long-term healthcare needs for many of these children.
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30. Economic Burden of Obesity
The Economic Estimates of the impact of obesity are astronomical:
•1995 -Approximately $52 billion was attributed to obesity
•2003 -This figure had increased to $75 billion(CDC, J. Gerberling, 2005)
According to one estimate total health care spending for children who receive a diagnosis of obesity is approximately $750 million a year
http://www.medstat.com/pdfs/childhood_obesity.pdf
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31. Economic Burden of Obesity
• Obesity is the No. 1 driver of increasing
health care costs in the US today
• Diabetes contributes to health care
disparities in the United States
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32. •Americans consume 300 more calories/ day than they did 25 years ago & eat less nutritious foods
•Nutritious foods are…more expensive than calorie- dense, less nutritious foods
•Americans walk less / drive more --even for trips of less than one mile
•Adults often work longer hours & commute farther
•Parks & recreation spaces are not considered safe or well maintained in many communities
•Many school lunches do not meet nutrition standards -children engage in less physical activity in school
•↑ screen time (TV, video games) contributes to ↓ activity…for children (F as in Fat, 2009)
Recap: Rising obesity rates -result of a number of trends in the US9/17/2014
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34. Assessment of the Overweight and Obese Child and Adolescent
•Hypertension
•Acanthosis Nigricans
•Nutrition and Physical Activity
•Child and Family History
•Height/Weight/BMI
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35. Definition of Hypertension
Average Systolic blood pressure (SBP) [higher number]and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP)[lowernumber]that is ≥ to the 95thpercentile for gender, age and height on 3 or more occasions
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36. Definition of Pre-Hypertension
Average SBPor DBPlevels that are greater than or equal to the 90thpercentile, but less than the 95thpercentile
Adolescents with BP levels greater than or equal to 120/80 mmHg should be considered pre-hypertensive
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/prof/heart/hbp/hbp_ped.htm
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37. Assessing for Hypertension in Children & Adolescents
Approximately 9-13% of overweight children have elevated blood pressure
Approximately 30% of obese children
(BMI >95th percentile) have hypertension
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39. Hypertension Overview
New national data added to the childhood BP database
Updated BP tables now include the 50th, 90th, 95th, and 99thpercentiles by gender, age and height
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/prof/heart/hbp/hbp_ped.htm
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42. How To Use The BP Tables
1.Use the standard height charts to determine the height percentile
2.Measure & record the child’s SBP and DBP
3.Use correct gender table for SBP and DBP
4.Find child’s age on the left side of the table
Follow the age row horizontally across the table to the intersection of the line for the height percentile (vertical column)
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/prof/heart/hbp/hbp_ped.htm
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43. 5.For SBP percentiles in the left columns and for DBP %tiles in the right columns:
–NormalBP = < 90thpercentile
–Pre-hypertension= BP between the 90th-94thpercentile or > 120/80 mmHgin adolescents
–Hypertension= BP 95thpercentile on repeated measurement
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/prof/heart/hbp/hbp_ped.htmHow To Use The BP Tables
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44. 6.BP > 90thpercentile should be repeated twice at the same office visit
7.BP > 95thpercentile should be staged:
–Stage 1 = the 95thpercentile to the 99thpercentile plus 5 mmHg.
–Stage 2 = >99thpercentile plus 5 mmHg. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/prof/heart/hbp/hbp_ped.htmHow To Use The BP Tables9/17/2014
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49. Classification of Hypertension in Children and Adolescents
SBP or DBP Percentile
Normal
< 90thpercentile
Prehypertension
90thpercentile to < 95thpercentile, or if BP exceeds 120/80 even if below the 90thpercentile up to < 95thpercentile
Stage 1 hypertension
95thpercentile to the 99thpercentile plus 5 mmHg
Stage 2 hypertension
>99thpercentile plus 5 mmHg
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/prof/heart/hbp/hbp_ped.htm
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50. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/prof/heart/hbp/hbp_ped.htm
Frequency of BP Measurement
Normal
Recheck at next scheduled physical examination
Pre-hypertension
Recheck in 6 months
Stage 1 hypertension
Recheck in 1–2 weeks or sooner if the patient is symptomatic; if BP is persistently elevated on two additional occasions, evaluate or refer to source of care within 1 month
Stage 2 hypertension
Evaluate or refer to source of care within 1 week or immediately if the patient is symptomaticClassification of Hypertension in Children and Adolescents9/17/201450www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com
51. Assessing for Hypertension in Children & Adolescents -recap
1.Choose appropriate cuff size
2.Take in upper right arm
3.Cuff should cover approx 2/3 of upper arm
4.Cuff bladder should cover 80–100 % of the arm circumference
5.Adolescent –adult cuff size
6.Large adolescent -extra large cuff
7.Student should sit for 3-5 minutes in a quiet environment before the BP is measured
Refer for BP above the 95thpercentile for either systolic or diastolic
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52. Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes
•Weight reduction-primary therapy for obesity- related hypertension. Prevention of excess weight gain can limit future increases in BP. Dietary modification strongly encouraged in children and adolescents with pre-hypertension and hypertension
•Physical activitycan improve efforts at weight managementand may prevent future increase in BP
•Family-based intervention improves success
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53. Acanthosis nigricans type III associated with obesity, insulin- resistant states and endocrinopathy
•Acanthosis nigricans is a disorder that may begin at any age
•Velvety thickening
•Gray to brown to black in body creases
–Neck, armpits, groin
–Darker skinned people have darker lesions(James, et al 2005) http://www.aocd.org/skin/dermatologic_diseases/acanthosis_nigrica.html9/17/201453
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54. •About 90% of children with type2 have dark shiny patches on the skin, most often found on the back of the neck ("dirty neck") and in axillary creaseshttp://www.childrenwithdiabetes.com
•Most commonly found in Hispanics, Native Americans, African Americans, Asian- American/Pacific Islanders
(Jones and Ficca, 2007) Acanthosis Nigricans (AN)
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55. Acanthosis Nigricans (AN)
•Most commonly associated with obesity or polycystic ovarian disease in women
•Can occasionally be found in people who have more serious underlying health problems or taking certain medications
•Treatment of the underlying medical condition usually resolves the skin lesions
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56. What can be done about AN?
•Acanthosis Nigricans is a marker that signals elevated insulin levels and a riskof developing type 2 diabetes and other conditions in the future
•Taking immediate action may help delay or prevent the health conditions associated with high insulin levels
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57. AN / T2DM = further evaluation
•The current research does not support that AN will lead to type 2 diabetes
(Jones and Ficca, 2007, CDC, 2005)
•Discuss findings with the student and family
•Refer the student to seek additional medical advice(Jones and Ficca, 2007)
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60. Quick Weight, Activity, Variety, & Excess Survey (WAVE) for Children
Evaluate eating practices:
•quantity
•quality
•timing of food intake
•identify foods/patterns of eating that may lead to
excessive calorie intake
A means for a quick assessment of diet and activity and may be useful for some clinicians and children
http://bms.brown.edu/nutrition/acrobat/wave.pdf
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61. Physical Activity Assessment
Assess daily activity levels
Include time spent on:
exercise and activity
sedentary behaviors, such as television, video
viewing, and computer use
Quick Activity, Variety, & Excess Survey (WAVE) For Kids
www.mypyramid.gov
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62. MyPyramid.gov
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2005, gives science-based advice on food and physical activity choices for health
MyPyramid Worksheet
Check how you did yesterday and set a goal to aim for tomorrow
www.mypyramid.gov
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64. Family History
Diabetes risk factors:
Parent or sibling diagnosed with diabetes
Grandparent or aunt/uncle diagnosed with diabetes
Mother diagnosed with gestational diabetes
Higher-known risk groups:
African American Asian American
Pacific Islander Native American
Hispanic/Latino
< 60 minutes/day of physical play or activity
> 2 hrs of TV/computer/video game use/day
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65. Family history of obesity& medical problems
Several obesity-related medical conditions are familial
Family history predicts type 2 diabetes mellitus or insulin resistance, and the prevalence of childhood diabetes.
Cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular disease risk factors -- (hyperlipidemia and hypertension) are also more common when family history is positive.
Consider history regarding first-and second-degree relatives (Barlow, 2007)
Family History
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66. Key Components of a Healthy Lifestyle - Education/Counseling
•60 minutes of physical activity everyday
•Recommended # of cups of fruits/vegetables per day http://www.mypyramid.gov/
•Limit high-fat / high-sugar food/drink
•Encourage water intake
•Limit “screen time” to less than 2 hours per day
•Provide counseling / educate students, families / school staff on the key components of a healthy lifestyle
•Provide written diabetes prevention materials in appropriate language(s) from the National Diabetes Education Program (NDEP) http://ndep.nih.gov/index.htm
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