This document discusses the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI), which aims to promote breastfeeding globally. The key goals of BFHI are to implement the Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding in hospitals and end the distribution of breastmilk substitutes. The Ten Steps provide guidelines for optimal breastfeeding practices in health facilities. The document also summarizes the International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes and the role of hospitals in upholding the Code. Finally, it discusses the Global Strategy on Infant and Young Child Feeding, which aims to improve nutrition and health through optimal breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices.
Immediate care involves: Drying the baby with warm towels or cloths, while being placed on the mother's abdomen or in her arms. This mother-child skin-to-skin contact is important to maintain the baby's temperature, encourage bonding and expose the baby to the mother's skin bacteria
it is uploaded for paramedics & nursing faculties to teach their students & also helps & create awareness about breast feeding practices to decrease the infant mortality rate.
Immediate care involves: Drying the baby with warm towels or cloths, while being placed on the mother's abdomen or in her arms. This mother-child skin-to-skin contact is important to maintain the baby's temperature, encourage bonding and expose the baby to the mother's skin bacteria
it is uploaded for paramedics & nursing faculties to teach their students & also helps & create awareness about breast feeding practices to decrease the infant mortality rate.
Childbirth, labour, delivery, birth, partus, or parturition is the culmination of a pregnancy period with the expulsion of one or more newborn infants from a woman's uterus. The process of normal childbirth is categorized in three stages of labour: the shortening and dilation of the cervix, descent and birth of the infant, and birth of the placenta.
When it comes to good positions to use while breastfeeding, your comfort as well as the ease with which your baby will be able to feed is the first and foremost concern. Finding a position that you are most comfortable and happy with will make it easier for your baby to latch on to your breasts and feed with ease. Here are some of the best breast-feeding positions that you might use when you are breastfeeding.
This is a PowerPoint Presentation that discusses how play is the most important process through which young children learn. Although toys are fun, they are also tools that can help children learn about themselves and the world around them.
Health facility practices to support breast feeding.pptxAhmed Nasef
this lecture is one of my lectures for the lactation specialist diploma students at Benha University
it involves simple and easy explanation of the health facilities practices that is needed to support breast feeding
the objectives for this lecture involves the following items:
Health facility practices to support breast feeding
WHO Guidelines for National implementation of BFHI (Baby-friendly Hospital Initiative) at national level
Ten steps to successful breastfeeding implemented by WHO & UNICEF organizations
Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative aims at improving the knowledge , attitude and practices of health care workers by providing them with knowledge and skills to promote exclusive
breastfeeding among infants up to the age of 6 months.
10 steps of successful breastfeeding -
1. Have a written breastfeeding policy that is routinely communicated to all health care staff.
2. Train all health care staff in skills necessary to implement this policy.
3. Inform all pregnant women about the benefits and management of breastfeeding.
4. Help mothers initiate breastfeeding with in ½ hour of birth.
5. Show mothers how to breastfeed and how to maintain lactation even if they should be separated from their infants.
6. Give newborn infants no food or drink other than breast milk unless medically indicated.
7. Practice rooming-in- allowing mothers and infants to remain together 24 hours a day.
8. Encourage breastfeeding on demand.
9. Give no artificial teats or pacifiers to breastfeeding infants.
10. Foster the establishment of breastfeeding support groups, and refer mothers to them on discharge from the hospital or clinic
"Experiência de paíse com a IHAC = BFHI"
Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative 2016
Experiência de 13 países são relatadas: Bolívia, Brasil, China, Gana, Irlanda, Quênia, Kuwait, Quirguistão, Nova Zelândia, Filipinas , Arábia Saudita, EUA e Vietname.
Demonstra que precisamos fortalecer e aprimorar esse programa mundial em defesa do estabelecimento da Amamentação nas Maternidades, Casas de Parto, Centros de Nascimento.
A WABA propôs como slogan esse ano como slogan da Semana Mundial de Aleitamento Materno:
“STEP up for breastfeeding: educate and support”.
Nós traduzimos como: "Fortalecer a Amamentação: Educando".
Colocaremos em evidência a importância da Educação – lato sensu, não apenas as capacitações (treinamentos) específicas de profissionais de saúde.
Em 1999, essa temática já havia sido proposta pela WABA (World Alliance for Breastfeeding Action): “Breastfeeding Education for Life” - Amamentar: Educar para a Vida e a primeira madrinha foi a modelo Luiza Brunet.
O folder será traduzido para o português e assim que estiver pronto publicaremos aqui.
Realizaremos um Seminário preparatório em junho, veja o programa e como se inscrever no site exclusivo do evento:
www.agostodourado.com
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The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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1. Baby friendly Hospital Initiatives
Hari Prasad Kafle
Assistant Professor
Pokhara University
Harikafle07@gmail.com
2. Introduction
• BFHI is a global movement, spearheaded by
WHO and UNICEF that aims to give every baby
the best start in life by creating a health care
environment where breastfeeding is the norm.
3. Introduction
• The joint WHO/UNICEF statement on breastfeeding
and maternity services has become the centerpiece
for the BFHI.
• Maternity wards and hospitals applying the
principles described in the joint statement are being
designated Baby friendly to call public attention to
their support for sound infant feeding practices.
4. Goals of the BFHI
1. To transform hospitals and maternity
facilities through implementation of the “Ten
steps”.
2. To end the practice of distribution of free and
low-cost supplies of breast-milk substitutes
to maternity wards and hospitals.
Slide 3.4
5. Ten steps for successful Breastfeeding
• The “Ten steps to successful breastfeeding”
are a convenient yardstick to measure the
standards of maternity services.
• Every facility providing maternity services and
care for newborn infants should follow theseten steps to successful breastfeeding
6. Ten steps for successful Breastfeeding
1. Have a written breastfeeding policy that is routinely
communicated to all health care staff.
2. Train all health care staff in skills necessary to
implement this policy.
3. Inform all pregnant women about the benefits and
management of breastfeeding.
4. Help mothers initiate breastfeeding within a halfhour of birth.
5. Show mothers how to breastfeed, and how to
maintain lactation even if they should be separated
from their infants.
7. Ten steps for successful Breastfeeding
6. Give newborn infants no food or drink other than
breast milk, unless medically indicated.
7. Practise rooming-in — allow mothers and infants to
remain together — 24 hours a day.
8. Encourage breastfeeding on demand.
9. Give no artificial teats or pacifiers (also called
dummies or soothers) to breastfeeding infants.
10. Foster the establishment of breastfeeding support
groups and refer mothers to them on discharge
from the hospital or clinic.
8. Key dates in the history of
breastfeeding and BFHI
1979 – Joint WHO/UNICEF Meeting on Infant and
Young Child Feeding, Geneva
1981 – Adoption of the International Code of
Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes
1989 – Protecting, promoting and supporting breastfeeding. The special role of maternity services.
A Joint WHO/UNICEF Statement.
– Convention on the Rights of the Child
1990 – Innocenti Declaration
– World Summit for Children
9. Key dates in the history of
breastfeeding and BFHI
1991 – Launching of Baby-friendly Hospital Initiative
2000 – WHO Expert Consultation on HIV and
Infant Feeding
2001 –
WHO Consultation on the optimal duration
of exclusive breastfeeding
2002 – Endorsement of the Global Strategy for Infant
and Young Child Feeding by the WHA
2005 – Innocenti Declaration 2005
2007 – Revision of BFHI documents
10. THE INTERNATIONAL CODE OF
MARKETING OF BREAST MILK
SUBSTITUTES:
SUMMARY AND ROLE OF BABY
FRIENDLY HOSPITALS
11. Aim
• To contribute to the provision of safe and
adequate nutrition for infants by:
the protection and promotion of
breastfeeding, and
ensuring the proper use of breast-milk
substitutes, when these are necessary, on
basis of adequate information and through
appropriate marketing and distribution.
12. Scope
• Marketing, practices related, quality and
availability, and information concerning the
use of:
breast-milk substitutes, including infant
formula
other milk products, foods and
beverages, including bottle-fed
complementary foods, when intended for use
as a partial or total replacement of breast milk
feeding bottles and teats
13. Summary of the main points of the
International Code
No advertising of breast-milk substitutes
and other products to the public
No donations of breast-milk substitutes
and supplies to maternity hospitals
No free samples to mothers
No promotion in the health services
14. Summary of the main points of the
International Code
No company personnel to advise mothers
No gifts or personal samples to health workers
No use of space, equipment or education
materials sponsored or produced by companies
when teaching mothers about infant feeding.
No pictures of infants, or other pictures
idealizing artificial feeding on the labels of the
products.
15. Summary of the main points of the
International Code
Information to health workers should be
scientific and factual.
Information on artificial feeding, including
that on labels, should explain the benefits of
breastfeeding and the costs and dangers
associated with artificial feeding.
Unsuitable products, such as sweetened
condensed milk, should not be promoted for
babies.
16. The role of administrators and staffs
in upholding the International Code
• Free or low-cost supplies of breast-milk substitutes should
not be accepted in health care facilities.
• Breast-milk substitutes should be purchased by the health
care facility in the same way as other foods and
medicines, and for at least wholesale price.
• Promotional material for infant foods or drinks other than
breast milk should not be permitted in the facility.
• Pregnant women should not receive materials that
promote artificial feeding.
• Feeding with breast-milk substitutes should be
demonstrated by health workers only, and only to pregnant
women, mothers, or family members who need to use
them.
17. The role of administrators and staffs
in upholding the International Code
• Breast-milk substitutes in the health facility should be kept out of
the sight of pregnant women and mothers.
• The health facility should not allow sample gift packs with breastmilk substitutes or related supplies that interfere with
breastfeeding to be distributed to pregnant women or mothers.
• Financial or material inducements to promote products within the
scope of the Code should not be accepted by health workers or
their families.
• Manufacturers and distributors of products within the scope of the
Code should disclose to the institution any contributions made to
health workers such as fellowships, study tours, research
grants, conferences, or the like. Similar disclosures should be made
by the recipient.
18. The route to Baby-friendly designation
Meets most Global Criteria and
has at least 75% of mothers
exclusively breastfeeding from
birth to discharge
OR
Invites external assessment team to carry
out formal evaluation
Meets the global
criteria for Babyfriendly designation
Awarded Babyfriendly Status
Is unable to meet
the Global Criteria at
this time
Awarded Certificate of
Commitment and
encouraged to make
necessary modifications
prior to re-assessment
Recognizes need for
improvements but is unable to
meet the standard at this point
Requests Certificate of Commitment and
proceeds to analyse areas which need to
be modified
Implements plan of action to
raise standard, then carries
out further self-assessment
in preparation for evaluation
by the external assessors
19. Differences between
monitoring and reassessment
Monitoring
Measures progress on the
“10 steps”
Identifies areas needing
improvement and helps in
planning actions
Can be organized by the
hospital or by the national
BFHI coordination group
Reassessment
Evaluates whether the
hospital meets the Global
Criteria for the “10 steps”
Same, but also used to
decide if hospital should
remain designated “Babyfriendly”
Is usually organized by the
national BFHI coordination
group
20. Differences between
monitoring and reassessment
Monitoring
Reassessment
Can be performed by
Must be performed by
monitors “internal” to
“external” assessors
the hospital or from
Somewhat more
outside
costly, as requires
Quite inexpensive if
“external” assessors
performed “internally” Usually scheduled less
Can be done frequently
frequently
21. Role of hospital administrator in BFHI
Become familiar with the BFHI process
Decide where responsibility lies within the hospital
structure. This can be a coordinating
committee, working group, multidisciplinary
team, etc.
Establish the process within the hospital of working
with the identified responsible body
Work with key hospital staff to fill in the selfappraisal tool using the Global Criteria and interpret
results
Slide 3.21
22. Role of hospital administrator in BFHI
Support staff in decisions taken to achieve “Baby
friendliness”
Facilitate any BFHI-related training that may be
needed
Collaborate with national BFHI coordination group
and ask for an external assessment team when the
hospital is ready for assessment
Encourage staff to sustain adherence to the “10
steps”, arranging for refresher training and periodic
monitoring and reassessment
Slide 3.22
24. Global Strategy on Infant and Young Child
Feeding (IYCF): Aim
To improve – through optimal feeding – the
nutritional status, growth and
development, health, and thus the survival of infants
and young children.
Slide 3.24
25. Operational targets in the strategy
Develop, implement, monitor, and evaluate a comprehensive
policy on IYCF;
Ensure that the health and other relevant sectors
protect, promote and support exclusive breastfeeding for six
months and continued breastfeeding up to two years of age or
beyond, while providing women access to the support they
require;
Promote timely, adequate, safe, and appropriate
complementary feeding with continued breastfeeding;
Provide guidance on feeding infants and young children in
exceptionally difficult circumstances;
Consider what new legislation or other suitable measures may
be required, as part of a comprehensive policy on IYCF, to give
effect to the principles and aim of the International Code of
Marketing and to subsequent relevant Health Assembly
resolutions.
Slide 3.25
26. Further strengthening of BFHI
The Global Strategy urges that hospital routines and
procedures remain fully supportive of the
successful initiation and establishment of
breastfeeding through the:
implementation of the Baby-friendly Hospital
Initiative
monitoring and reassessing already designated
facilities; and
expanding the Initiative to include clinics, health
center, and paediatric hospitals
Slide 3.26
27. Further strengthening of BFHI
It also urges that support be given for feeding
infants and young children in exceptionally
difficult circumstances,
with one aspect of this being to adapt the BFHI by
taking account of HIV/AIDS,
and by ensuring that those responsible for
emergency preparedness are well trained to
support appropriate feeding practices consistent
with the Initiative’s universal principles.
Slide 3.27